Engineering Plant Disease Resistance Based on TAL Effectors

Figure 1: Schematic representation of biologically induced resistance triggered by pathogen infection (red arrow), insect herbivory (blue arrow), and colonization of the roots by beneficial microbes (...

Figure 2: Schematic representation of molecular components and mechanisms involved in pathogen-induced systemic acquired resistance (SAR), herbivore-induced resistance (HIR), and induced systemic resi...

Figure 3: Diagram of the main phases involved in root colonization by beneficial soilborne bacteria and their functions. (I) Plant roots selectively secrete organic compounds that function as semioche...

Figure 4: Plant growth–promoting effect of plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strain Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS417r on Arabidopsis. (a) Colonization of Arabidopsis roots by P. fluorescens WC...

Figure 5: (a) Confocal image of Arabidopsis root epiphytically colonized by induced systemic resistance (ISR)-inducing Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS417r bacteria expressing yellow fluorescent protein (Y...

Figure 1: Institutional forces (arrows) alter the balance of (a) research and development (R&D) investments by the public relative to the private sector, (b) R&D emphasis on crops with low-value relat...

Figure 1: Recently harvested yams disfigured and galled due to root-knot nematode infection. Photo: Beatrice Aighewi.

Figure 2: (a) Maize root infected with Meloidogyne incognita, showing the swollen female and egg sac protruding from the root but without any obvious galling or deformation of the root, unlike the (b)...

Figure 3: Carrots grown in sandy coastal soils under intensive peri-urban systems in Benin and deformed by Meloidogyne spp., resulting in the loss of the whole crop.

Figure 1: Interactions of Trichoderma with plants and plant pathogens. Induction of systemic responses by Trichoderma helps protect aerial parts of plants from the attacks of (a) biotrophic and (b) ne...

Figure 2: Timeline of Trichoderma research. Abbreviation: ISR, induced system resistance; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; NGS, next-generation sequencing; NRPS, nonribosomal peptide synthetase...

Figure 3: Evolutionary relationships of the seven sequenced Trichoderma species. The evolutionary history was inferred using the minimum evolution method. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengt...

Figure 4: Examples of secondary metabolism–related gene clusters in Trichoderma virens (Tv). (a) The vir cluster in Tv and in Aspergillus oryzae (Ao). (b)The SirP/GliP cluster in Tv, Leptosphaera macu...

Figure 5: Organization of Tex15 gene cluster and its relatedness to orthologous nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs). (a) Relatedness of the first “A” domain of Tex15 of Trichoderma virens (Tv), T...

Figure 6: Expression of Trichoderma genes in transgenic plants imparts tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. (a) Tolerance of cotton roots expressing an endochitinase from Trichoderma virens. Plea...