1932

Abstract

Uncertainty about capabilities, intent, or resolve has long been linked to war. More recently, the bargaining model of war has established uncertainty, also referred to as asymmetric information, as one of the two major causes of costly conflict, the other being the dynamics of commitment in anarchy. A growing theoretical literature has made significant strides in fleshing out causal mechanisms and expanding our understanding of the role of information in conflict onset and how it relates to crisis bargaining and arms races. This article reviews these theoretical developments and describes current efforts to better understand the relationships between information, uncertainty, and war.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051215-022729
2017-05-11
2024-04-25
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/polisci/20/1/annurev-polisci-051215-022729.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051215-022729&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Acharya A, Ramsay KW. 2013. The calculus of the security dilemma. Q. J. Polit. Sci. 8:183–203 [Google Scholar]
  2. Arena P, Wolford S. 2012. Arms, intelligence, and war. Int. Stud. Q. 56:351–65 [Google Scholar]
  3. Aumann RJ. 1976. Agreeing to disagree. Ann. Stat. 4:1236–39 [Google Scholar]
  4. Baliga S, Sjöström T. 2004. Arms races and negotiations. Rev. Econ. Stud. 71:351–69 [Google Scholar]
  5. Baliga S, Sjöström T. 2012. The strategy of manipulating conflict. Am. Econ. Rev. 102:2897–922 [Google Scholar]
  6. Baliga S, Sjöström T. 2013. Bargaining and war: a review of some formal models. Korean Econ. Rev. 29:235–66 [Google Scholar]
  7. Banks JS. 1990. Equilibrium behavior in crisis bargaining games. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 34:3599–614 [Google Scholar]
  8. Beardsley K. 2011. The Mediation Dilemma Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press
  9. Benoit JP, Dubra J. 2011. Apparent overconfidence. Econometrica 79:1591–625 [Google Scholar]
  10. Benson BV, Meirowtiz A, Ramsay KW. 2016. Changing capabilities, uncertainty, and the risk of war in crisis bargaining. Res. Polit. 3:31–6 [Google Scholar]
  11. Blainey G. 1988. The Causes of War New York: Free Press
  12. Bondt WD, Thaler RH. 2011. Financial decision-making in markets and firms: a behavioral perspective. Handbooks in Operations Research and Management Science Vol. 9: Finance, ed. RA Jarrow, V Maksimovic, WT Ziemba pp. 385–410 Amsterdam: North Holland [Google Scholar]
  13. Brito DL, Intriligator MD. 1985. Conflict, war, and redistribution. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 79:943–57 [Google Scholar]
  14. Butterfield H. 1951. History and Human Relations New York: Macmillan
  15. Carlsson H, Van Damme E. 1993. Global games and equilibrium selection. Econometrica 61:989–1018 [Google Scholar]
  16. Chassang S, Padro i Miquel G. 2009a. Defensive weapons and defensive alliances. Am. Econ. Rev. 99:282–86 [Google Scholar]
  17. Chassang S, Padro i Miquel G. 2009b. Economic shocks and civil war. Q. J. Polit. Sci. 4:211–28 [Google Scholar]
  18. Chassang S, Padro i Miquel G. 2010. Conflict and deterrence under strategic risk. Q. J. Econ. 125:1821–58 [Google Scholar]
  19. Chen J, Fey M, Ramsay KW. 2016. A nonspeculation theorem with an application to committee design Unpublished manuscript, Dep. Polit., Princeton Univ.
  20. Cho IK, Kreps DM. 1987. Signaling games and stable equilibria. Q. J. Econ. 102:179–221 [Google Scholar]
  21. Churchill W. 1987 (1930). My Early Life: A Roving Commission. New York: Scribner's Sons
  22. Clausewitz C von. 1984. On War Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  23. Debs A, Weiss JC. 2016. Circumstances, domestic audiences, and reputational incentives in international crisis bargaining. J. Confl. Resolut. 60:403–33 [Google Scholar]
  24. Dixon NF. 2011. On the Psychology of Military Incompetence New York: Random House
  25. Fang S. 2008. The informational role of international institutions and domestic politics. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 52:304–21 [Google Scholar]
  26. Fearon JD. 1995. Rationalist explanations for war. Int. Organ. 49:379–414 [Google Scholar]
  27. Fey M, Ramsay KW. 2007. Mutual optimism and war. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 51:738–54 [Google Scholar]
  28. Fey M, Ramsay KW. 2010. When is shuttle diplomacy worth the commute? Information sharing through mediation. World Polit. 62:529–60 [Google Scholar]
  29. Fey M, Ramsay KW. 2011. Uncertainty and incentives in crisis bargaining: game-free analysis of international conflict. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 55:149–69 [Google Scholar]
  30. Fey M, Ramsay KW. 2016. Mutual optimism in the bargaining model of war Unpublished manuscript, Princeton Univ.
  31. Filson D, Werner S. 2002. A bargaining model of war and peace. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 46:819–38 [Google Scholar]
  32. Geanakoplos J. 1989. Game theory without partitions, and applications to speculation and consensus. Disc. Pap. No. 914, Cowles Found., New Haven, CT
  33. Gilligan M, Johns L, Rosendorff BP. 2010. Strengthening international courts and the early settlement of disputes. J. Confl. Resolut. 54:5–38 [Google Scholar]
  34. Glaser CL. 1994. Realists as optimists: cooperation as self-help. Int. Secur. 19:50–90 [Google Scholar]
  35. Glaser CL. 1997. The security dilemma revisited. World Polit. 50:171–201 [Google Scholar]
  36. Goemans HE, Fey M. 2009. Risky but rational: war as an institutionally induced gamble. J. Polit. 71:35–54 [Google Scholar]
  37. Gurantz R, Hirsch AV. 2017. Fear, appeasement, and the effectiveness of deterrence. J. Polit. In press
  38. Herz JH. 1950. Idealist internationalism and the security dilemma. World Polit. 2:157–80 [Google Scholar]
  39. Horner J, Morelli M, Squintani F. 2015. Mediation and peace. Rev. Econ. Stud. 82:1483–501 [Google Scholar]
  40. Jackson MO, Nei S. 2015. Networks of military alliances, wars, and international trade. PNAS 112:15277–84 [Google Scholar]
  41. Jervis R. 1976. Perception and Misperception in International Relations Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  42. Jervis R. 1978. Cooperation under the security dilemma. World Polit. 30:167–214 [Google Scholar]
  43. Jervis R. 1988. War and misperception. J. Interdisc. Hist. 18:675–700 [Google Scholar]
  44. Jervis R, Lebow RN, Stein JG. 1985. Psychology and Deterrence Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press
  45. Johnson DD. 2004. Overconfidence and War Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
  46. Keohane R. 1984. After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  47. Krainin C, Wiseman T. 2016. War and stability in dynamic international systems. J. Polit. 78:41139–52 [Google Scholar]
  48. Kydd A. 1997a. Game theory and the spiral model. World Polit. 49:371–400 [Google Scholar]
  49. Kydd A. 1997b. Sheep in sheep's clothing: why security seekers do not fight each other. Secur. Stud. 7:114–55 [Google Scholar]
  50. Kydd A. 2003. Which side are you on? Bias, credibility, and mediation. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 47:597–611 [Google Scholar]
  51. Kydd AH. 2005. Trust and Mistrust in International Relations Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  52. Mearsheimer JJ. 2001. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics New York: W.W. Norton
  53. Milgrom P, Stokey N. 1982. Information, trade and common knowledge. J. Econ. Theory 26:17–27 [Google Scholar]
  54. Minnozi W. 2013. Endogenous beliefs in models of politics. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 57:566–81 [Google Scholar]
  55. Moderer D, Samet D. 1989. Approximating common knowledge with common belief. Games Econ. Behav. 1:170–90 [Google Scholar]
  56. Morrow JD. 1989. Capabilities, uncertainty, and resolve: a limited information model of crisis bargaining. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 33:4941–72 [Google Scholar]
  57. Niou EMS, Ordeshook PC, Rose GF. 1989. The Balance of Power: Stability in International Systems New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  58. Patty JW, Weber RA. 2006. Agreeing to fight: an explanation of the democratic peace. Polit. Philos. Econ. 5:227–47 [Google Scholar]
  59. Powell R. 1987. Crisis bargaining, escalation, and MAD. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 81:717–36 [Google Scholar]
  60. Powell R. 1999. In the Shadow of Power: States and Strategies in International Politics Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  61. Powell R. 2002. Bargaining theory and international conflict. Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci. 5:1–30 [Google Scholar]
  62. Powell R. 2004. Bargaining and learning while fighting. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 48:344–61 [Google Scholar]
  63. Ramsay KW. 2011. Cheap talk diplomacy, voluntary negotiations, and variable bargaining power. Int. Stud. Q. 55:1003–23 [Google Scholar]
  64. Reed W. 2003. Information, power, and war. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 97:633–41 [Google Scholar]
  65. Rubinstein A. 1998. Modeling Bounded Rationality Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
  66. Rubinstein A, Wolinsky A. 1990. On the logic of “agreeing to disagree” type results. J. Econ. Theory 51:1184–93 [Google Scholar]
  67. Sartori AE. 2002. The might of the pen: a reputational theory of communication in international disputes. Int. Organ. 56:121–49 [Google Scholar]
  68. Savun B. 2008. Information, bias, and mediation success. Int. Stud. Q. 52:25–47 [Google Scholar]
  69. Schelling TC. 1960. The Strategy of Conflict Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
  70. Schweller RL. 1996. Neorealism's status-quo bias: What security dilemma?. Secur. Stud. 5:90–121 [Google Scholar]
  71. Sebenius JK, Geanakoplos J. 1983. Don't bet on it: contingent agreements with asymmetric information. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 78:424–26 [Google Scholar]
  72. Slantchev BL. 2003. The principle of convergence in wartime negotiation. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 97:621–32 [Google Scholar]
  73. Slantchev BL, Tarar A. 2011. Mutual optimism as a rationalist explanation of war. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 55:135–48 [Google Scholar]
  74. Smith A. 1998. International crises and domestic politics. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 92:623–38 [Google Scholar]
  75. Smith A, Stam AC. 2004. Bargaining and the nature of war. J. Confl. Resolut. 48:783–813 [Google Scholar]
  76. Tirole J. 1982. On the possibility of speculation under rational expectations. Econometrica 50:1163–82 [Google Scholar]
  77. Trager RF. 2011. Multidimensional diplomacy. Int. Organ. 65:469–506 [Google Scholar]
  78. Trager RF. 2016. The diplomacy of war and peace. Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci. 19:205–28 [Google Scholar]
  79. Vagts A. 1956. Defense and Diplomacy: The Soldier and the Conduct of Foreign Relations New York: King's Crown
  80. Evera S. Van 1999. Causes of War: Power and the Roots of Conflict Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press
  81. Wagner RH. 1994. Peace, war and the balance of power. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 88:593–607 [Google Scholar]
  82. Wagner RH. 2000. Bargaining and war. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 44:469–84 [Google Scholar]
  83. Waltz K. 1954. Man, the State, and War New York: Columbia Univ. Press
  84. Werner S. 1998. Negotiating the terms of settlement: war aims and bargaining leverage. J. Confl. Resolut. 42:321–43 [Google Scholar]
  85. Werner S, Yuen A. 2005. Making and keeping peace. Int. Organ. 58:261–92 [Google Scholar]
  86. Wittman D. 1979. How wars end. J. Confl. Resolut. 23:743–63 [Google Scholar]
  87. Wittman D. 2009. Bargaining in the shadow of war: When is a peaceful resolution most likely?. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 55:588–602 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051215-022729
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051215-022729
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error