Women's Health in the Era of Mass Incarceration

Literature Cited

1. Adimora AA, Schoenbach VJ, Martinson FEA, Donaldson KH, Stancil TR, Fullilove RE. 2003. Concurrent partnerships among rural African Americans with recently reported heterosexually transmitted HIV infection. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 34:4423–29
   [Google Scholar]
2. Allen D. 2017. Cuz: The Life and Times of Michael A New York: Liveright
3. Black M, Basile K, Breiding M, Smith S, Walters M et al. 2011. National intimate partner and sexual violence survey: 2010 summary report Rep., Natl. Cent. Inj. Prev. Control, Cent. Dis. Control Prev Atlanta, GA:
4. Boch SJ, Ford JL. 2015. C-reactive protein levels among U.S. adults exposed to parental incarceration. Biol. Res. Nurs. 17:5574–84
   [Google Scholar]
5. Bonczar TP. 2003. Prevalence of imprisonment in the U.S. population, 1974–2001 Rep. NCJ 197976 Bureau Justice Stat., US Dep. Justice Washington, DC:
6. Braman D. 2004. Doing Time on the Outside: Incarceration and Family Life in Urban America Ann Arbor: Univ. Mich. Press
7. Brayne S. 2014. Surveillance and system avoidance: criminal justice contact and institutional attachment. Am. Sociol. Rev. 79:3367–91
   [Google Scholar]
8. Brown TN, Bell ML, Patterson EJ. 2016. Imprisoned by empathy: familial incarceration and psychological distress among African American men in the National Survey of American Life. J. Health Soc. Behav. 57:2240–56
   [Google Scholar]
9. Bruns A. 2017. Consequences of partner incarceration for women's employment. J. Marriage Fam. 79:51331–52
   [Google Scholar]
10. Bruns A, Lee H. 2020. Partner incarceration and women's substance use. J. Marriage Fam. 82:1178–96
    [Google Scholar]
11. Campbell JC. 2002. Health consequences of intimate partner violence. Lancet 359:93141331–36
    [Google Scholar]
12. Clear TR. 2007. Imprisoning Communities: How Mass Incarceration Makes Disadvantaged Neighborhoods Worse New York: Oxford Univ. Press
13. Coker AL, Davis KE, Arias I, Desai S, Sanderson M et al. 2002. Physical and mental health effects of intimate partner violence for men and women. Am. J. Prev. Med. 23:4260–68
    [Google Scholar]
14. Collins PH. 1998. The tie that binds: race, gender, and US violence. Ethn. Racial Stud. 21:5917–38
    [Google Scholar]
15. Comfort M. 2007. Punishment beyond the legal offender. Annu. Rev. Law Soc. Sci. 3:271–96
    [Google Scholar]
16. Comfort M. 2008. Doing Time Together: Love and Family in the Shadow of the Prison Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
17. Comfort M. 2016.. “ A twenty-hour-a-day job”: the impact of frequent low-level criminal justice involvement on family life. Ann. Am. Acad. Political Soc. Sci. 665:163–79
    [Google Scholar]
18. Connors C, Flores-Torres MH, Stern D, Validmarsdóttir U, Rider JR et al. 2020. Family member incarceration, psychological stress, and subclinical cardiovascular disease in Mexican women (2012–2016). Am. J. Public Health 110:51571–77
    [Google Scholar]
19. Crenshaw K. 2012. From private violence to mass incarceration: thinking intersectionally about women, race, and social control. UCLA Law Rev. 59:1418
    [Google Scholar]
20. Crenshaw K, Ritchie AJ, Anspach R, Gilber R, Harris L. 2016. Say her name: resisting police brutality against Black women Rep., Afr. Am. Policy Forum, Cent. Intersect. Soc. Policy Stud New York:
21. Cross CJ. 2018. Extended family households among children in the United States: differences by race/ethnicity and socio-economic status. Popul. Stud. 72:2235–51
    [Google Scholar]
22. Diez Roux AV 2001. Investigating neighborhood and area effects on health. Am. J. Public Health 91:111783–89
    [Google Scholar]
23. Dumont DM, Wildeman C, Lee H, Gjelsvik A, Valera P, Clarke JG. 2014. Incarceration, maternal hardship, and perinatal health behaviors. Matern. . Child Health J 18:92179–87
    [Google Scholar]
24. Eichelberger KY, Doll K, Ekpo GE, Zerden ML. 2016. Black lives matter: claiming a space for evidence-based outrage in obstetrics and gynecology. Am. J. Public Health 106:101771–72
    [Google Scholar]
25. Enns PK, Yi Y, Comfort M, Goldman AW, Lee H et al. 2019. What percentage of Americans have ever had a family member incarcerated?: evidence from the Family History of Incarceration Survey (FamHIS). Socius https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023119829332
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
26. Fang X, Brown DS, Florence CS, Mercy JA. 2012. The economic burden of child maltreatment in the United States and implications for prevention. Child Abuse Negl 36:2156–65
    [Google Scholar]
27. Geller A, Jaeger K, Pace GT. 2016. Surveys, records, and the study of incarceration in families. Ann. Am. Acad. Political Soc. Sci. 665:122–43
    [Google Scholar]
28. Gilbert R, Widom CS, Browne K, Fergusson D, Webb E, Janson S 2009. Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries. Lancet 373:965768–81
    [Google Scholar]
29. Goldman AW. 2019. Linked lives in double jeopardy: child incarceration and maternal health at midlife. J. Health Soc. Behav. 601:4398–415
    [Google Scholar]
30. Grant JM, Mottet LA, Tanis J, Harrison J, Herman JL, Keisling M. 2011. Injustice at every turn: a report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey. Rep., Natl. Cent. Transgender Equal. Natl. Gay Lesbian Task Force Washington, DC:
31. Green KM, Ensminger ME, Robertson JA, Juon H-S. 2006. Impact of adult sons’ incarceration on African American mothers’ psychological distress. J. Marriage Fam. 68:2430–41
    [Google Scholar]
32. Grinstead OA, Zack B, Faigeles B, Grossman N, Blea L. 1999. Reducing postrelease HIV risk among male prison inmates: a peer-led intervention. Crim. Justice Behav. 26:4453–65
    [Google Scholar]
33. Groves AK, Zhan W, del Río-González AM, Rosenberg A, Blankenship KM. 2017. Dual incarceration and condom use in committed relationships. AIDS Behav 21:123549–56
    [Google Scholar]
34. Gunja MZ, Tikkanen R, Seervai S, Collins SR. 2018. What is the status of women's health and health care in the U.S. compared to ten other countries? Issue Brief, Commonw. Fund New York:
35. Harding DJ, Morenoff JD, Nguyen AP, Bushway SD 2017. Short- and long-term effects of imprisonment on future felony convictions and prison admissions. PNAS 114:4211103–8
    [Google Scholar]
36. Harding DJ, Morenoff JD, Nguyen AP, Bushway SD. 2018. Imprisonment and labor market outcomes: evidence from a natural experiment. Am. J. Sociol. 124:149–110
    [Google Scholar]
37. Harman JJ, Smith VE, Egan LC. 2007. The impact of incarceration on intimate relationships. Crim. Justice Behav. 34:6794–815
    [Google Scholar]
38. Haskins AR, Jacobsen WC. 2017. Schools as surveilling institutions? Paternal incarceration, system avoidance, and parental involvement in schooling. Am. Sociol. Rev. 82:4657–84
    [Google Scholar]
39. Hatzenbuehler ML, Keyes K, Hamilton A, Uddin M, Galea S. 2015. The collateral damage of mass incarceration: risk of psychiatric morbidity among nonincarcerated residents of high-incarceration neighborhoods. Am. J. Public Health 105:1138–43
    [Google Scholar]
40. Heaton K. 2014. The sibling experience: grief and coping with sibling incarceration MSW Clin. Res. Pap., St. Catherine Univ., St. Paul, Minn .
41. Hicken MT, Kravitz-Wirtz N, Durkee M, Jackson JS. 2018. Racial inequalities in health: framing future research. Soc. Sci. Med. 199:11–18
    [Google Scholar]
42. Horney J, Osgood DW, Marshall IH. 1995. Criminal careers in the short-term: intra-individual variability in crime and its relation to local life circumstances. Am. Sociol. Rev. 60:5655–73
    [Google Scholar]
43. Hunt G, Levine C, Naiditch L. 2005. Young caregivers in the U.S.: report of findings Rep., Natl. Alliance Caregiv., United Hosp. Found Washington, DC:
44. Hussey JM, Chang JJ, Kotch JB. 2006. Child maltreatment in the United States: prevalence, risk factors, and adolescent health consequences. Pediatrics 118:3933–42
    [Google Scholar]
45. Jackson JS, Knight KM, Rafferty JA. 2010. Race and unhealthy behaviors: chronic stress, the HPA axis, and physical and mental health disparities over the life course. Am. J. Public Health 100:5933–39
    [Google Scholar]
46. Johnson RC, Raphael S 2009. The effects of male incarceration dynamics on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome infection rates among African American women and men. J. Law Econ. 52:2251–93
    [Google Scholar]
47. Kavanaugh MS, Stamatopoulos V, Cohen D, Zhang L. 2016. Unacknowledged caregivers: a scoping review of research on caregiving youth in the United States. Adolesc. Res. Rev. 1:129–49
    [Google Scholar]
48. Kelch-Oliver K. 2011. African American grandchildren raised in grandparent-headed families: an exploratory study. Fam. J. 19:4396–406
    [Google Scholar]
49. Khan MR, Epperson MW, Mateu-Gelabert P, Bolyard M, Sandoval M, Friedman SR. 2011. Incarceration, sex with an STI- or HIV-infected partner, and infection with an STI or HIV in Bushwick, Brooklyn, NY: a social network perspective. Am. J. Public Health 101:61110–17
    [Google Scholar]
50. Khan MR, Wohl DA, Weir SS, Adimora AA, Moseley C et al. 2008. Incarceration and risky sexual partnerships in a southern US city. J. Urban Health 85:1100–13
    [Google Scholar]
51. Kim H, Wildeman C, Jonson-Reid M, Drake B 2017. Lifetime prevalence of investigating child maltreatment among US children. Am. J. Public Health 107:2274–80
    [Google Scholar]
52. Kirk DS. 2006. Examining the divergence across self-report and official data sources on inferences about the adolescent life-course of crime. J. Quant. Criminol. 22:2107–29
    [Google Scholar]
53. Kruttschnitt C. 2010. The paradox of women's imprisonment. Daedalus 139:332–42
    [Google Scholar]
54. Lee H, McCormick T, Hicken MT, Wildeman C. 2015. Racial inequalities in connectedness to imprisoned individuals in the United States. Du Bois Rev 12:2269–82
    [Google Scholar]
55. Lee H, Wildeman C. 2013. Things fall apart: health consequences of mass imprisonment for African American women. Rev. Black Political Econ. 40:139–52
    [Google Scholar]
56. Lee H, Wildeman C, Wang EA, Matusko N, Jackson JS. 2014. A heavy burden: the cardiovascular health consequences of having a family member incarcerated. Am. J. Public Health 104:3421–27
    [Google Scholar]
57. Light MT, Marshall J. 2018. On the weak mortality returns of the prison boom: comparing infant mortality and homicide in the incarceration ledger. J. Health Soc. Behav. 59:13–19
    [Google Scholar]
58. Loeffler CE. 2013. Does imprisonment alter the life course? Evidence on crime and employment from a natural experiment. Criminology 51:1137–66
    [Google Scholar]
59. Lopoo LM, Western B. 2005. Incarceration and the formation and stability of marital unions. J. Marriage Fam. 67:3721–34
    [Google Scholar]
60. Mangoma A, Wilson-Prangley A. 2019. Black tax: understanding the financial transfers of the emerging black middle class. Dev. South. Afr. 36:4443–60
    [Google Scholar]
61. Massoglia M, Pridemore WA. 2015. Incarceration and health. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 41:291–310
    [Google Scholar]
62. Max W, Rice DP, Finkelstein E, Bardwell RA, Leadbetter S. 2004. The economic toll of intimate partner violence against women in the United States. Violence Vict 19:3259–72
    [Google Scholar]
63. McKay T, Landwehr J, Lindquist C, Feinberg R, Comfort M et al. 2018. Intimate partner violence in couples navigating incarceration and reentry. J. Offender Rehabil. 57:5273–93
    [Google Scholar]
64. Mezuk B, Rafferty JA, Kershaw KN, Hudson D, Abdou CM et al. 2010. Reconsidering the role of social disadvantage in physical and mental health: stressful life events, health behaviors, race, and depression. Am. J. Epidemiol. 172:111238–49
    [Google Scholar]
65. Murray J, Farrington DP. 2008. The effects of parental imprisonment on children. Crime Justice 37:1133–206
    [Google Scholar]
66. Orford J, Velleman R, Natera G, Templeton L, Copello A 2013. Addiction in the family is a major but neglected contributor to the global burden of adult ill-health. Soc. Sci. Med. 78:170–77
    [Google Scholar]
67. Pager D. 2003. The mark of a criminal record. Am. J. Sociol. 108:5937–75
    [Google Scholar]
68. Pettit B, Western B. 2004. Mass imprisonment and the life course: race and class inequality in U.S. incarceration. Am. Sociol. Rev. 69:2151–69
    [Google Scholar]
69. Pilkauskas NV, Cross C. 2018. Beyond the nuclear family: trends in children living in shared households. Demography 55:2283–97
    [Google Scholar]
70. Pittman L. 2015. How well does the “safety net” work for family safety nets? Economic survival strategies among grandmother caregivers in severe deprivation. RSF 1:178–97
    [Google Scholar]
71. Porter LC, King RD. 2015. Absent fathers or absent variables? A new look at paternal incarceration and delinquency. J. Res. Crime Delinq. 52:3414–43
    [Google Scholar]
72. Poulin F, Denault A-S. 2012. Other-sex friendships as a mediator between parental monitoring and substance use in girls and boys. J. Youth Adolesc. 41:111488–501
    [Google Scholar]
73. Provencher A, Conway JM. 2019. Health effects of family member incarceration in the United States: a meta-analysis and cost study. Child. Youth Serv. Rev. 103:87–99
    [Google Scholar]
74. Roberts DE. 2001. Criminal justice and black families: the collateral damage of over-enforcement. UC Davis Law Rev. 34:1005
    [Google Scholar]
75. Roettger ME, Boardman JD. 2012. Parental incarceration and gender-based risks for increased body mass index: evidence from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health in the United States. Am. J. Epidemiol. 175:7636–44
    [Google Scholar]
76. Roettger ME, Swisher RR, Kuhl DC, Chavez J. 2011. Paternal incarceration and trajectories of marijuana and other illegal drug use from adolescence into young adulthood: evidence from longitudinal panels of males and females in the United States. Addiction 106:1121–32
    [Google Scholar]
77. Rogers SM, Khan MR, Tan S, Turner CF, Miller WC, Erbelding E. 2012. Incarceration, high-risk sexual partnerships and sexually transmitted infections in an urban population. Sex. Transm. Infect. 88:163–68
    [Google Scholar]
78. Rowell-Cunsolo TL, Long Y, Szeto B, Mkuu R, El-Bassel N. 2018. Examining factors associated with unprotected sexual behavior among Black Americans postrelease from incarceration in New York City. J. Offender Rehabil. 57:5330–42
    [Google Scholar]
79. Sampson RJ. 2011. The incarceration ledger: toward a new era in assessing societal consequences. Criminol. Public Policy 10:3819–28
    [Google Scholar]
80. Sampson RJ, Laub JH. 1993. Crime in the Making: Pathways and Turning Points Through Life Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press. , 3rd ed..
81. Sampson RJ, Loeffler C. 2010. Punishment's place: the local concentration of mass incarceration. Daedalus 139:320–31
    [Google Scholar]
82. Schnittker J, Uggen C, Shannon SKS, McElrath SM. 2015. The institutional effects of incarceration: spillovers from criminal justice to health care. Milbank Q 93:3516–60
    [Google Scholar]
83. Sealy-Jefferson S, Butler B, Price-Spratlen T, Dailey RK, Misra DP. 2020. Neighborhood-level mass incarceration and future preterm birth risk among African American women. J. Urban Health 97:2271–78
    [Google Scholar]
84. Sharkey P. 2010. The acute effect of local homicides on children's cognitive performance. PNAS 107:2611733–38
    [Google Scholar]
85. Sharkey P, Faber JW. 2014. Where, when, why, and for whom do residential contexts matter? Moving away from the dichotomous understanding of neighborhood effects. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 40:559–79
    [Google Scholar]
86. Sharkey PT, Tirado-Strayer N, Papachristos AV, Raver CC. 2012. The effect of local violence on children's attention and impulse control. Am. J. Public Health 102:122287–93
    [Google Scholar]
87. Sirois C. 2020. The strain of sons’ incarceration on mothers’ health. Soc. Sci. Med. 264:113264
    [Google Scholar]
88. Stack CB. 1975. All Our Kin: Strategies for Survival in a Black Community New York: Basic Books
89. Stuckler D, Basu S, McKee M, King L 2008. Mass incarceration can explain population increases in TB and multidrug-resistant TB in European and central Asian countries. PNAS 105:3613280–85
    [Google Scholar]
90. Sun S, Crooks N, Kemnitz R, Westergaard RP. 2018. Re-entry experiences of Black men living with HIV/AIDS after release from prison: intersectionality and implications for care. Soc. Sci. Med. 211:78–86
    [Google Scholar]
91. Taylor J, Meschede T. 2018. Inherited prospects: the importance of financial transfers for white and black college-educated households’ wealth trajectories. Am. J. Econ. Sociol. 77:3–41049–76
    [Google Scholar]
92. Taylor RJ, Chatters LM, Woodward AT, Brown E. 2013. Racial and ethnic differences in extended family, friendship, fictive kin and congregational informal support networks. Fam. Relat. 62:4609–24
    [Google Scholar]
93. Turney K. 2014a. The intergenerational consequences of mass incarceration: implications for children's co-residence and contact with grandparents. Soc. Forces 93:1299–327
    [Google Scholar]
94. Turney K. 2014b. Stress proliferation across generations? Examining the relationship between parental incarceration and childhood health. J. Health Soc. Behav. 55:3302–19
    [Google Scholar]
95. Turney K, Wildeman C. 2013. Redefining relationships: explaining the countervailing consequences of paternal incarceration for parenting. Am. Sociol. Rev. 78:6949–79
    [Google Scholar]
96. Umberson D, Olson JS, Crosnoe R, Liu H, Pudrovska T, Donnelly R 2017. Death of family members as an overlooked source of racial disadvantage in the United States. PNAS 114:5915–20
    [Google Scholar]
97. Wacquant L. 2001. Deadly symbiosis: when ghetto and prison meet and mesh. Punishm. Soc. 3:195–133
    [Google Scholar]
98. Western B. 2002. The impact of incarceration on wage mobility and inequality. Am. Sociol. Rev. 67:4526–46
    [Google Scholar]
99. Western B. 2006. Punishment and Inequality in America New York: Russell Sage
100. Whiteford HA, Degenhard L, Rehm J, Baxter AJ, Ferrari AJ et al. 2013. Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study; 2010. Lancet 382:99041575–86
     [Google Scholar]
101. WHO (World Health Organ.) 1948. Preamble. Constitution of the World Health Organization1–2 Geneva: WHO
     [Google Scholar]
102. Wildeman C. 2009. Parental imprisonment, the prison boom, and the concentration of childhood disadvantage. Demography 46:2265–80
     [Google Scholar]
103. Wildeman C. 2010. Paternal incarceration and children's physically aggressive behaviors: evidence from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Soc. Forces 89:1285–309
     [Google Scholar]
104. Wildeman C. 2012. Imprisonment and (inequality in) population health. Soc. Sci. Res. 41:174–91
     [Google Scholar]
105. Wildeman C. 2014. Parental incarceration, child homelessness, and the invisible consequences of mass imprisonment. Ann. Am. Acad. Political Soc. Sci. 651:174–96
     [Google Scholar]
106. Wildeman C. 2016. Incarceration and population health in wealthy democracies. Criminology 54:2360–82
     [Google Scholar]
107. Wildeman C. 2020. The intergenerational transmission of criminal justice contact. Annu. Rev. Criminol. 3:217–44
     [Google Scholar]
108. Wildeman C, Andersen SH. 2017. Paternal incarceration and children's risk of being charged by early adulthood: evidence from a Danish policy shock. Criminology 55:132–58
     [Google Scholar]
109. Wildeman C, Andersen SH, Lee H, Karlson KB. 2014a. Parental incarceration and child mortality in Denmark. Am. J. Public Health 104:3428–33
     [Google Scholar]
110. Wildeman C, Emanuel N, Leventhal JM, Putnam-Hornstein E, Waldfogel J, Lee H. 2014b. The prevalence of confirmed maltreatment among US children, 2004 to 2011. JAMA Pediatr 168:8706–13
     [Google Scholar]
111. Wildeman C, Goldman AW, Lee H. 2019. Health consequences of family member incarceration for adults in the household. Public Health Rep 134:15S–21S
     [Google Scholar]
112. Wildeman C, Goldman AW, Turney K. 2018. Parental incarceration and child health in the United States. Epidemiol. Rev. 40:1146–56
     [Google Scholar]
113. Wildeman C, Lee H, Comfort M 2013. A new vulnerable population? The health of female partners of men recently released from prison. Women's Health Issues 23:6e335–40
     [Google Scholar]
114. Wildeman C, Schnittker J, Turney K. 2012. Despair by association? The mental health of mothers with children by recently incarcerated fathers. Am. Sociol. Rev. 77:2216–43
     [Google Scholar]
115. Wildeman C, Turney K. 2014. Positive, negative, or null? The effects of maternal incarceration on children's behavioral problems. Demography 51:31041–68
     [Google Scholar]
116. Wildeman C, Wang EA. 2017. Mass incarceration, public health, and widening inequality in the USA. Lancet 389:100771464–74
     [Google Scholar]
117. Woolf SH, Aron L eds 2013. U.S. Health in International Perspective: Shorter Lives, Poorer Health. Panel on Understanding Cross-National Health Differences Among High-Income Countries Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press