1932

Abstract

Major advances in our understanding of plant viral genome expression strategies and the interaction of a virus with its host for replication and movement, induction of disease, and resistance responses have been made through the generation of infectious molecules from cloned viral sequences. Autonomously replicating viral vectors derived from infectious clones have been exploited to express foreign genes in plants. Applications of virus-based vectors include the production of human/animal therapeutic proteins in plant cells and the specific study of plant biochemical processes, including those that confer resistance to pathogens. Additionally, virus-induced gene silencing, which is RNA mediated and triggered through homology-dependent RNA degradation mechanisms, has been exploited as an efficient method to study the functions of host genes in plants and to deliver small RNAs to insects. New and exciting strategies for vector engineering, delivery, and applications of plant virus–based vectors are the subject of this review.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-virology-010720-054958
2020-09-29
2024-03-28
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/virology/7/1/annurev-virology-010720-054958.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-virology-010720-054958&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. 1. 
    Howell SH, Walker LL, Dudley RK 1980. Cloned cauliflower mosaic virus DNA infects turnips (Brassica rapa). Science 208:1265–67
    [Google Scholar]
  2. 2. 
    Howell SH, Walker LL, Walden RM 1981. Rescue of in vitro generated mutants of cloned cauliflower mosaic virus genome in infected plants. Nature 293:483–86
    [Google Scholar]
  3. 3. 
    Brisson N, Paszkowski J, Penswick JR, Gronenborn B, Potrykus I, Hohn T 1984. Expression of a bacterial gene in plants by using a viral vector. Nature 310:511–14
    [Google Scholar]
  4. 4. 
    Stanley J. 1983. Infectivity of the cloned geminivirus genome requires sequences from both DNAs. Nature 305:643–45
    [Google Scholar]
  5. 5. 
    Ward A, Etessami P, Stanley J 1988. Expression of a bacterial gene in plants mediated by infectious geminivirus DNA. EMBO J 7:1583–87
    [Google Scholar]
  6. 6. 
    Grimsley N, Hohn B, Hohn T, Walden R 1986. “Agroinfection,” an alternative route for viral infection of plants by using the Ti plasmid. PNAS 83:3282–86
    [Google Scholar]
  7. 7. 
    Lico C, Chen Q, Santi L 2008. Viral vectors for production of recombinant proteins in plants. J. Cell. Physiol. 216:366–77
    [Google Scholar]
  8. 8. 
    Taniguchi T, Palmieri M, Weissmann C 1978. QB DNA-containing hybrid plasmids giving rise to QB phage formation in the bacterial host. Nature 274:223–28
    [Google Scholar]
  9. 9. 
    Racaniello VR, Baltimore D. 1981. Cloned poliovirus complementary DNA is infectious in mammalian cells. Science 214:916–19
    [Google Scholar]
  10. 10. 
    Cress DE, Kiefer MC, Owens RA 1983. Construction of infectious potato spindle tuber viroid cDNA clones. Nucleic Acids Res 11:6821–35
    [Google Scholar]
  11. 11. 
    van Vloten-Doting L, Bol JF, Cornelissen B 1985. Plant-virus-based vectors for gene transfer will be of limited use because of the high error frequency during viral RNA synthesis. Plant Mol. Biol. 4:323–26
    [Google Scholar]
  12. 12. 
    Siegel A. 1985. Plant-virus-based vectors for gene transfer may be of considerable use despite a presumed high error frequency during RNA synthesis. Plant Mol. Biol. 4:327–29
    [Google Scholar]
  13. 13. 
    Scholthof HB, Scholthof K-BG, Jackson AO 1996. Plant virus gene vectors for transient expression of foreign proteins in plants. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 34:299–323
    [Google Scholar]
  14. 14. 
    Pogue GP, Lindbo JA, Garger SJ, Fitzmaurice WP 2002. Making an ally from an enemy: plant virology and the new agriculture. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 40:45–74
    [Google Scholar]
  15. 15. 
    Cody WB, Scholthof HB. 2019. Plant virus vectors 3.0: transitioning into synthetic genomics. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 57:211–30
    [Google Scholar]
  16. 16. 
    Ibrahim A, Odon V, Kormelink R 2019. Plant viruses in plant molecular pharming: toward the use of enveloped viruses. Front. Plant Sci. 10:803
    [Google Scholar]
  17. 17. 
    Ahlquist P, French R, Janda M, Loesch-Fries LS 1984. Multicomponent RNA plant virus infection derived from cloned viral cDNA. PNAS 81:7066–70
    [Google Scholar]
  18. 18. 
    Dawson WO, Beck DL, Knorr DA, Grantham GL 1986. cDNA cloning of the complete genome of tobacco mosaic virus and production of infectious transcripts. PNAS 83:1832–36
    [Google Scholar]
  19. 19. 
    Meshi T, Ishikawa M, Motoyoshi F, Semba K, Okada Y 1986. In vitro transcription of infectious RNAs from full-length cDNAs of tobacco mosaic virus. PNAS 83:5043–47
    [Google Scholar]
  20. 20. 
    Allison RF, Janda M, Ahlquist P 1988. Infectious in vitro transcripts from cowpea chlorotic mottle virus cDNA clones and exchange of individual RNA components with brome mosaic virus. J. Virol. 62:3581–88
    [Google Scholar]
  21. 21. 
    French R, Janda M, Ahlquist P 1986. Bacterial gene inserted in an engineered RNA virus: efficient expression in monocotyledonous plant cells. Science 231:1294–97
    [Google Scholar]
  22. 22. 
    Hull R. 2014. Plant viruses and technology. Plant Virology R Hull 877–926 London: Academic/Elsevier, 5th ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  23. 23. 
    Stanley J. 1993. Geminiviruses: plant viral vectors. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 3:91–96
    [Google Scholar]
  24. 24. 
    Porta C, Spall VE, Lin T, Johnson JE, Lomonossoff GP 1996. The development of cowpea mosaic virus as a potential source of novel vaccines. Intervirology 39:79–84
    [Google Scholar]
  25. 25. 
    Sainsbury F, Cañizares MC, Lomonossoff GP 2010. Cowpea mosaic virus: the plant virus–based biotechnology workhorse. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 48:437–55
    [Google Scholar]
  26. 26. 
    Peyret H, Lomonossoff GP. 2015. When plant virology met Agrobacterium: the rise of the deconstructed clones. Plant Biotechnol. J. 13:1121–35
    [Google Scholar]
  27. 27. 
    Yang Q-Y, Ding B, Zhou X-P 2017. Geminiviruses and their application in biotechnology. J. Integr. Agric. 16:2761–71
    [Google Scholar]
  28. 28. 
    Feng M, Cheng R, Chen M, Guo R, Li L et al. 2020. Rescue of tomato spotted wilt virus entirely from complementary DNA clones. PNAS 117:118190
    [Google Scholar]
  29. 29. 
    Gao Q, Xu WY, Yan T, Fang XD, Cao Q et al. 2019. Rescue of a plant cytorhabdovirus as versatile expression platforms for planthopper and cereal genomic studies. New Phytol 223:2120–33
    [Google Scholar]
  30. 30. 
    Dickmeis C, Fischer R, Commandeur U 2014. Potato virus X-based expression vectors are stabilized for long-term production of proteins and larger inserts. Biotechnol. J. 9:1369–79
    [Google Scholar]
  31. 31. 
    El-Mohtar C, Dawson WO. 2014. Exploring the limits of vector construction based on Citrus tristeza virus. . Virology 448:274–83
    [Google Scholar]
  32. 32. 
    Boyer JC, Haenni AL. 1994. Infectious transcripts and cDNA clones of RNA viruses. Virology 198:415–26
    [Google Scholar]
  33. 33. 
    Lim HS, Vaira AM, Domier LL, Lee SC, Kim HG, Hammond J 2010. Efficiency of VIGS and gene expression in a novel bipartite potexvirus vector delivery system as a function of strength of TGB1 silencing suppression. Virology 402:149–63
    [Google Scholar]
  34. 34. 
    Park CH, Ju HK, Han JY, Park JS, Kim IH et al. 2017. Complete nucleotide sequences and construction of full-length infectious cDNA clones of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) in a versatile newly developed binary vector including both 35S and T7 promoters. Virus Genes 53:286–99
    [Google Scholar]
  35. 35. 
    Yu HH, Wong SM. 1998. Synthesis of biologically active cDNA clones of cymbidium mosaic potexvirus using a population cloning strategy. Arch. Virol. 143:1617–20
    [Google Scholar]
  36. 36. 
    Lim HS, Vaira AM, Reinsel MD, Bae H, Bailey BA et al. 2010. Localization of Alternanthera mosaic virus pathogenicity determinants to RdRp and TGB1, and separation of TGB1 silencing suppression from movement functions. J. Gen. Virol. 91:277–87
    [Google Scholar]
  37. 37. 
    Cervera H, Elena SF. 2016. Genetic variation in fitness within a clonal population of a plant RNA virus. Virus Evol 2:vew006
    [Google Scholar]
  38. 38. 
    Komatsu K, Yamaji Y, Ozeki J, Hashimoto M, Kagiwada S et al. 2008. Nucleotide sequence analysis of seven Japanese isolates of Plantago asiatica mosaic virus (PlAMV): a unique potexvirus with significantly high genomic and biological variability within the species. Arch. Virol. 153:193–98
    [Google Scholar]
  39. 39. 
    Bouton C, King RC, Chen H, Azhakanandam K, Bieri S et al. 2018. Foxtail mosaic virus: a viral vector for protein expression in cereals. Plant Physiol 177:1352–67
    [Google Scholar]
  40. 40. 
    Chapman S, Kavanagh T, Baulcombe D 1992. Potato virus X as a vector for gene expression in plants. Plant J 2:549–57
    [Google Scholar]
  41. 41. 
    Qiao W, Falk B. 2018. Efficient protein expression and virus-induced gene silencing in plants using a crinivirus-derived vector. Viruses 10:216
    [Google Scholar]
  42. 42. 
    Liu Z, Kearney CM. 2010. An efficient Foxtail mosaic virus vector system with reduced environmental risk. BMC Biotechnol 10:88
    [Google Scholar]
  43. 43. 
    Sempere RN, Gómez P, Truniger V, Aranda MA 2011. Development of expression vectors based on pepino mosaic virus. Plant Methods 7:6
    [Google Scholar]
  44. 44. 
    Hammond J, Kim I-H, Lim H-S 2017. Alternanthera mosaic virus—an alternative ‘model’ potexvirus of broad relevance. Korean J. Agric. Sci. 44:145–80
    [Google Scholar]
  45. 45. 
    Marillonnet S, Giritch A, Gils M, Kandzia R, Klimyuk V, Gleba Y 2004. In planta engineering of viral RNA replicons: efficient assembly by recombination of DNA modules delivered by Agrobacterium. . PNAS 101:6852–57
    [Google Scholar]
  46. 46. 
    Cruz SS, Chapman S, Roberts AG, Roberts IM, Prior DA, Oparka KJ 1996. Assembly and movement of a plant virus carrying a green fluorescent protein overcoat. PNAS 93:6286–90
    [Google Scholar]
  47. 47. 
    Luke GA, Roulston C, Tilsner J, Ryan MD 2015. Growing uses of 2A in plant biotechnology. Biotechnology D Ekinci 165–93 Rijeka, Croatia: InTech
    [Google Scholar]
  48. 48. 
    Ruiz-Ramón F, Sempere RN, Méndez-López E, Sánchez-Pina MA, Aranda MA 2019. Second generation of pepino mosaic virus vectors: improved stability in tomato and a wide range of reporter genes. Plant Methods 15:58
    [Google Scholar]
  49. 49. 
    O'Brien GJ, Bryant CJ, Voogd C, Greenberg HB, Gardner RC, Bellamy AR 2000. Rotavirus VP6 expressed by PVX vectors in Nicotiana benthamiana coats PVX rods and also assembles into viruslike particles. Virology 270:444–53
    [Google Scholar]
  50. 50. 
    Röder J, Dickmeis C, Fischer R, Commandeur U 2018. Systemic infection of Nicotiana benthamiana with Potato virus X nanoparticles presenting a fluorescent iLOV polypeptide fused directly to the coat protein. Biomed. Res. Int. 2018:9328671
    [Google Scholar]
  51. 51. 
    Zhao Y, Hammond RW. 2005. Development of a candidate vaccine for Newcastle disease virus by epitope display in the Cucumber mosaic virus capsid protein. Biotechnol. Lett. 27:375–82
    [Google Scholar]
  52. 52. 
    Gleba Y, Klimyuk V, Marillonnet S 2007. Viral vectors for the expression of proteins in plants. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 18:134–41
    [Google Scholar]
  53. 53. 
    Peyret H, Lomonossoff GP. 2013. The pEAQ vector series: the easy and quick way to produce recombinant proteins in plants. Plant Mol. Biol. 83:51–58
    [Google Scholar]
  54. 54. 
    Marillonnet S, Thoeringer C, Kandzia R, Klimyuk V, Gleba Y 2005. Systemic Agrobacterium tumefaciens–mediated transfection of viral replicons for efficient transient expression in plants. Nat. Biotechnol. 23:718–23
    [Google Scholar]
  55. 55. 
    Putlyaev EV, Smirnov AA, Karpova OV, Atabekov JG 2015. Double subgenomic promoter control for a target gene superexpression by a plant viral vector. Biochemistry (Mosc.) 80:1039–46
    [Google Scholar]
  56. 56. 
    Kagale S, Uzuhashi S, Wigness M, Bender T, Yang W et al. 2012. TMV-Gate vectors: Gateway compatible tobacco mosaic virus based expression vectors for functional analysis of proteins. Sci. Rep. 2:874
    [Google Scholar]
  57. 57. 
    Bordat A, Houvenaghel MC, German-Retana S 2015. Gibson assembly: an easy way to clone potyviral full-length infectious cDNA clones expressing an ectopic VPg. Virol. J. 12:89
    [Google Scholar]
  58. 58. 
    Shi X, Cordero T, Garrigues S, Marcos JF, Daròs JA, Coca M 2019. Efficient production of antifungal proteins in plants using a new transient expression vector derived from tobacco mosaic virus. Plant Biotechnol. J. 17:1069–80
    [Google Scholar]
  59. 59. 
    Ko NY, Kim HS, Kim JK, Cho S, Seo EY et al. 2015. Developing an Alternathera mosaic virus vector for efficient cloning of whitefly cDNA RNAi to screen gene function. J. Fac. Agric. Kyushu Univ. 60:139–49
    [Google Scholar]
  60. 60. 
    Csorba T, Kontra L, Burgyán J 2015. Viral silencing suppressors: tools forged to fine-tune host-pathogen coexistence. Virology 479:85–103
    [Google Scholar]
  61. 61. 
    Turner R, Foster GD. 1995. The potential exploitation of plant viral translational enhancers in biotechnology for increased gene expression. Mol. Biotechnol. 3:225–36
    [Google Scholar]
  62. 62. 
    Diamos AG, Rosenthal SH, Mason HS 2016. 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions strongly enhance performance of geminiviral replicons in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Front. Plant Sci. 7:200
    [Google Scholar]
  63. 63. 
    Diamos AG, Mason HS. 2018. Chimeric 3′ flanking regions strongly enhance gene expression in plants. Plant Biotechnol. J. 16:1971–82
    [Google Scholar]
  64. 64. 
    Avesani L, Marconi G, Morandini F, Albertini E, Bruschetta M et al. 2007. Stability of Potato virus X expression vectors is related to insert size: implications for replication models and risk assessment. Transgenic Res 16:587–97
    [Google Scholar]
  65. 65. 
    Mortimer CL, Dugdale B, Dale JL 2015. Updates in inducible transgene expression using viral vectors: from transient to stable expression. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 32:85–92
    [Google Scholar]
  66. 66. 
    Seo JK, Lee HG, Kim KH 2009. Systemic gene delivery into soybean by simple rub-inoculation with plasmid DNA of a Soybean mosaic virus-based vector. Arch. Virol. 154:87–99
    [Google Scholar]
  67. 67. 
    Satyanarayana T, Gowda S, Boyko VP, Albiach-Marti MR, Mawassi M et al. 1999. An engineered closterovirus RNA replicon and analysis of heterologous terminal sequences for replication. PNAS 96:7433–38
    [Google Scholar]
  68. 68. 
    Satyanarayana T, Bar-Joseph M, Mawassi M, Albiach MR, Ayllon MA et al. 2001. Amplification of Citrus tristeza virus from a cDNA clone and infection of citrus trees. Virology 280:87–96
    [Google Scholar]
  69. 69. 
    Yamagishi N, Li C, Yoshikawa N 2016. Promotion of Apple latent spherical virus vector and virus elimination at high temperature allow accelerated breeding of apple and pear. Front. Plant Sci. 7:171
    [Google Scholar]
  70. 70. 
    Prüfer D, Wipf-Scheibel C, Richards K, Guilley H, Lecoq H, Jonard G 1995. Synthesis of a full-length infectious cDNA clone of cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus and its use in gene exchange experiments with structural proteins from other luteoviruses. Virology 214:150–58
    [Google Scholar]
  71. 71. 
    Leiser RM, Ziegler-Graff V, Reutenauer A, Herrbach E, Lemaire O et al. 1992. Agroinfection as an alternative to insects for infecting plants with beet western yellows luteovirus. PNAS 89:9136–40
    [Google Scholar]
  72. 72. 
    Louie R. 1995. Vascular puncture of maize kernels for the mechanical transmission of maize white line mosaic virus and other viruses of maize. Phytopathology 85:139–43
    [Google Scholar]
  73. 73. 
    Redinbaugh MG, Louie R, Ngiwra P, Edema R, Gordon DT, Bisaro D 2001. Transmission of viral RNA and cDNA to maize kernels by vascular puncture inoculation. J. Virol. Methods 98:135–43
    [Google Scholar]
  74. 74. 
    Edwards MC, Weiland JJ, Todd J, Stewart LR 2015. Infectious Maize rayado fino virus from cloned cDNA. Phytopathology 105:833–39
    [Google Scholar]
  75. 75. 
    Cheuk A, Houde M. 2017. A rapid and efficient method for uniform gene expression using the barley stripe mosaic virus. Plant Methods 13:24
    [Google Scholar]
  76. 76. 
    Goodin MM, Dietzgen RG, Schichnes D, Ruzin S, Jackson AO 2002. pGD vectors: versatile tools for the expression of green and red fluorescent protein fusions in agroinfiltrated plant leaves. Plant J 31:375–83
    [Google Scholar]
  77. 77. 
    Wang J, Turina M, Stewart LR, Lindbo JA, Falk BW 2009. Agroinoculation of the Crinivirus, Lettuce infectious yellows virus, for systemic plant infection. Virology 392:131–36
    [Google Scholar]
  78. 78. 
    Palmer KE, Rybicki EP. 2001. Investigation of the potential of Maize streak virus to act as an infectious gene vector in maize plants. Arch. Virol. 146:1089–104
    [Google Scholar]
  79. 79. 
    Ryu C-M, Anand A, Kang L, Mysore KS 2004. Agrodrench: a novel and effective agroinoculation method for virus-induced gene silencing in roots and diverse Solanaceous species. Plant J 40:322–31
    [Google Scholar]
  80. 80. 
    Azhakanandam K, Weissinger SM, Nicholson JS, Qu R, Weissinger AK 2007. Amplicon-plus targeting technology (APTT) for rapid production of a highly unstable vaccine protein in tobacco plants. Plant Mol. Biol. 63:393–404
    [Google Scholar]
  81. 81. 
    Meng B, Venkataraman S, Li C, Wang W, Dayan-Glick C, Mawassi M 2013. Construction and biological activities of the first infectious cDNA clones of the genus Foveavirus. . Virology 435:453–62
    [Google Scholar]
  82. 82. 
    Muruganantham M, Moskovitz Y, Haviv S, Horesh T, Fenigstein A et al. 2009. Grapevine virus A-mediated gene silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana and Vitis vinifera. . J. Virol. Methods 155:167–74
    [Google Scholar]
  83. 83. 
    Zhang L, Jelkmann W. 2017. Construction of full-length infectious cDNA clones of Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus and their agroinoculation to woody plants by a novel method of vacuum infiltration. Plant Dis 101:2110–15
    [Google Scholar]
  84. 84. 
    Robertson CJ, Garnsey SM, Satyanarayana T, Folimonova S, Dawson WO 2005. Efficient infection of citrus plants with different cloned constructs of Citrus tristeza virus amplified in Nicotiana benthamiana protoplasts. Proceedings of the 16th Conference of International Organization of Citrus Virologists Conference187–95 Riverside, CA: Univ. Calif., Riverside
    [Google Scholar]
  85. 85. 
    Folimonova SY, Robertson CJ, Shilts T, Folimonov AS, Hilf ME et al. 2010. Infection with strains of Citrus tristeza virus does not exclude superinfection by other strains of the virus. J. Virol. 84:1314–25
    [Google Scholar]
  86. 86. 
    Ambrós S, Ruiz-Ruiz S, Peña L, Moreno P 2013. A genetic system for Citrus tristeza virus using the non-natural host Nicotiana benthamiana: an update. Front. Microbiol. 4:165
    [Google Scholar]
  87. 87. 
    Vives MC, Martin S, Ambros S, Renovell A, Navarro L et al. 2008. Development of a full-genome cDNA clone of Citrus leaf blotch virus and infection of citrus plants. Mol. Plant Pathol. 9:787–97
    [Google Scholar]
  88. 88. 
    Sasaya T, Torrance L, Cowan G, Ziegler A 2000. Aphid transmission studies using helper component proteins of Potato virus Y expressed from a vector derived from Potato virus X. J. Gen. . Virol 81:1115–19
    [Google Scholar]
  89. 89. 
    Rabindran S, Dawson WO. 2001. Assessment of recombinants that arise from the use of a TMV-based transient expression vector. Virology 284:182–89
    [Google Scholar]
  90. 90. 
    Kurth EG, Peremyslov VV, Prokhnevsky AI, Kasschau KD, Miller M et al. 2012. Virus-derived gene expression and RNA interference vector for grapevine. J. Virol. 86:6002–9
    [Google Scholar]
  91. 91. 
    Harries PA, Palanichelvam K, Bhat S, Nelson RS 2010. Tobacco mosaic virus 126-kDa protein increases the susceptibility of Nicotiana tabacum to other viruses and its dosage affects virus-induced gene silencing. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 21:1539–48
    [Google Scholar]
  92. 92. 
    Everett AL, Scholthof HB, Scholthof KB 2010. Satellite panicum mosaic virus coat protein enhances the performance of plant virus gene vectors. Virology 396:37–46
    [Google Scholar]
  93. 93. 
    Senshu H, Ozeki J, Komatsu K, Hashimoto M, Hatada K et al. 2009. Variability in the level of RNA silencing suppression caused by triple gene block protein 1 (TGBp1) from various potexviruses during infection. J. Gen. Virol. 90:1014–24
    [Google Scholar]
  94. 94. 
    Dommes AB, Gross T, Herbert DB, Kivivirta KI, Becker A 2019. Virus-induced gene silencing: empowering genetics in non-model organisms. J. Exp. Bot. 70:757–70
    [Google Scholar]
  95. 95. 
    Ratcliff F, Martin-Hernandez AM, Baulcombe DC 2001. Tobacco rattle virus as a vector for analysis of gene function by silencing. Plant J 252:237–45
    [Google Scholar]
  96. 96. 
    Igarashi A, Yamagata K, Sugai T, Takahashi Y, Sugawara E et al. 2009. Apple latent spherical virus vectors for reliable and effective virus-induced gene silencing among a broad range of plants including tobacco, tomato, Arabidopsis thaliana, cucurbits, and legumes. Virology 386:407–16
    [Google Scholar]
  97. 97. 
    Yuan C, Li C, Yan L, Jackson AO, Liu Z et al. 2011. A high throughput Barley stripe mosaic virus vector for virus induced gene silencing in monocots and dicots. PLOS ONE 6:e26468
    [Google Scholar]
  98. 98. 
    Mahadevan C, Jaleel A, Deb L, Thomas G, Sakuntala M 2015. Development of an efficient virus induced gene silencing strategy in the non-model wild ginger-Zingiber zerumbet and investigation of associated proteome changes. PLOS ONE 10:e0124518
    [Google Scholar]
  99. 99. 
    Lu HC, Chen HH, Tsai WC, Chen WH, Su HJ et al. 2007. Strategies for functional validation of genes involved in reproductive stages of orchids. Plant Physiol 143:558–69
    [Google Scholar]
  100. 100. 
    Lentz EM, Kuon JE, Alder A, Mangel N, Zainuddin IM et al. 2018. Cassava geminivirus agroclones for virus-induced gene silencing in cassava leaves and roots. Plant Methods 14:73
    [Google Scholar]
  101. 101. 
    Holzberg S, Brosio P, Gross C, Pogue GP 2002. Barley stripe mosaic virus-induced gene silencing in a monocot plant. Plant J 30:315–27
    [Google Scholar]
  102. 102. 
    Tai Y-S, Bragg J, Meinhardt SW 2007. Functional characterization of ToxA and molecular identification of its intracellular targeting protein in wheat. Am. J. Plant Physiol. 2:76–89
    [Google Scholar]
  103. 103. 
    Scofield SR, Nelson RS. 2009. Resources for virus-induced gene silencing in the grasses. Plant Physiol 149:152–57
    [Google Scholar]
  104. 104. 
    Lee WS, Hammond-Kosack KE, Kanyuka K 2012. Barley stripe mosaic virus-mediated tools for investigating gene function in cereal plants and their pathogens: virus-induced gene silencing, host-mediated gene silencing, and virus-mediated overexpression of heterologous protein. Plant Physiol 160:582–90
    [Google Scholar]
  105. 105. 
    Lawrence DM, Jackson AO. 2001. Requirements for cell-to-cell movement of Barley stripe mosaic virus in monocot and dicot hosts. Mol. Plant Pathol. 2:65–75
    [Google Scholar]
  106. 106. 
    Cheuk A, Houde M. 2018. A new barley stripe mosaic virus allows large protein overexpression for rapid function analysis. Plant Physiol 176:1919–31
    [Google Scholar]
  107. 107. 
    Lacorte C, Ribeiro SG, Lohuis D, Goldbach R, Prins M 2010. Potato virus X and Tobacco mosaic virus-based vectors compatible with the Gateway cloning system. J. Virol. Methods 164:7–13
    [Google Scholar]
  108. 108. 
    Wang Y, Cong QQ, Lan YF, Geng C, Li XD et al. 2014. Development of new potato virus X-based vectors for gene over-expression and gene silencing assay. Virus Res 191:62–69
    [Google Scholar]
  109. 109. 
    Mei Y, Zhang C, Kernodle BM, Hill JH, Whitham SA 2016. A foxtail mosaic virus vector for virus-induced gene silencing in maize. Plant Physiol 171:760–72
    [Google Scholar]
  110. 110. 
    Liu N, Xie K, Jia Q, Zhao J, Chen T et al. 2016. Foxtail mosaic virus-induced gene silencing in monocot plants. Plant Physiol 171:1801–7
    [Google Scholar]
  111. 111. 
    Chen TH, Chen TH, Hu CC, Liao JT, Lee CW et al. 2012. Induction of protective immunity in chickens immunized with plant-made chimeric Bamboo mosaic virus particles expressing very virulent Infectious bursal disease virus antigen. Virus Res 166:109–15
    [Google Scholar]
  112. 112. 
    Liou MR, Huang YW, Hu CC, Lin NS, Hsu YH 2014. A dual gene-silencing vector system for monocot and dicot plants. Plant Biotechnol. J. 12:330–43
    [Google Scholar]
  113. 113. 
    Zhang C, Bradshaw JD, Whitham SA, Hill JH 2010. The development of an efficient multipurpose bean pod mottle virus viral vector set for foreign gene expression and RNA silencing. Plant Physiol 153:52–65
    [Google Scholar]
  114. 114. 
    Pflieger S, Blanchet S, Meziadi C, Richard MM, Thareau V et al. 2014. The “one-step” Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV)-derived vector is a functional genomics tool for efficient overexpression of heterologous protein, virus-induced gene silencing and genetic mapping of BPMV R-gene in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). BMC Plant Biol 14:232
    [Google Scholar]
  115. 115. 
    Meziadi C, Blanchet S, Geffroy V, Pflieger S 2017. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and foreign gene expression in Pisum sativum L. using the “one-step” Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) viral vector. Methods Mol. Biol. 1654:311–19
    [Google Scholar]
  116. 116. 
    Yamagishi N, Kishigami R, Yoshikawa N 2014. Reduced generation time of apple seedlings to within a year by means of a plant virus vector: a new plant-breeding technique with no transmission of genetic modification to the next generation. Plant Biotechnol. J. 12:60–68
    [Google Scholar]
  117. 117. 
    Li C, Yamagishi N, Kasajima I, Yoshikawa N 2019. Virus-induced gene silencing and virus-induced flowering in strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa) using apple latent spherical virus vectors. Hortic. Res. 6:18
    [Google Scholar]
  118. 118. 
    Li C, Yamagishi N, Kaido M, Yoshikawa N 2014. Presentation of epitope sequences from foreign viruses on the surface of apple latent spherical virus particles. Virus Res 190:118–26
    [Google Scholar]
  119. 119. 
    Lim S, Nam M, Kim KH, Lee SH, Moon JK et al. 2016. Development of a new vector using Soybean yellow common mosaic virus for gene function study or heterologous protein expression in soybeans. J. Virol. Methods 228:1–9
    [Google Scholar]
  120. 120. 
    Zhao F, Lim S, Igori D, Yoo RH, Kwon SY, Moon JS 2016. Development of tobacco ringspot virus-based vectors for foreign gene expression and virus-induced gene silencing in a variety of plants. Virology 492:166–78
    [Google Scholar]
  121. 121. 
    Choi B, Kwon SJ, Kim MH, Choe S, Kwak HR et al. 2019. A plant virus-based vector system for gene function studies in pepper. Plant Physiol 181:867–80
    [Google Scholar]
  122. 122. 
    Brewer HC, Hird DL, Bailey AM, Seal SE, Foster GD 2018. A guide to the contained use of plant virus infectious clones. Plant Biotech. J. 16:832–43
    [Google Scholar]
  123. 123. 
    Adair D, Irwin R. 2008. A Practical Guide to Containment: Plant Biosafety in Research Greenhouses Blacksburg, VA: Inf. Syst. Biotechnol, 2nd ed..
  124. 124. 
    US Dep. Agric. Anim. Plant Health Insp. Serv 2010. Containment Facility Guidelines for Viral Plant Pathogens and Their Vectors Washington, DC: US Dep. Agric.
  125. 125. 
    Pasin F, Menzel W, Daròs JA 2019. Harnessed viruses in the age of metagenomics and synthetic biology: an update on infectious clone assembly and biotechnologies of plant viruses. Plant Biotech. J. 17:1010–26
    [Google Scholar]
  126. 126. 
    Touriño A, Sánchez F, Fereres A, Ponz F 2008. High expression of foreign proteins from a biosafe viral vector derived from Turnip mosaic virus. Span. J. Agric. Res 6:48–58
    [Google Scholar]
  127. 127. 
    Manske U, Schiemann J. 2005. Development and assessment of a Potato virus X-based expression system with improved biosafety. Environ. Biosafety Res. 4:45–57
    [Google Scholar]
  128. 128. 
    Hernández C, Visser PB, Brown DJ, Bol JF 1997. Transmission of tobacco rattle virus isolate PpK20 by its nematode vector requires one of the two non-structural genes in the viral RNA 2. J. Gen. Virol. 78:465–67
    [Google Scholar]
  129. 129. 
    Willemsen A, Swart MP. 2019. On the stability of sequences inserted into viral genomes. Virus Evol 5:2vez045
    [Google Scholar]
  130. 130. 
    Tepfer M, Jacquemond M, Garcia-Arenal F 2015. A critical evaluation of whether recombination in virus-resistant transgenic plants will lead to the emergence of novel viral diseases. New Phytol 207:536–41
    [Google Scholar]
  131. 131. 
    Bahnemann HG. 1990. Inactivation of viral antigens for vaccine preparation with reference to the application of binary ethyleneimine. Vaccine 8:299–303
    [Google Scholar]
  132. 132. 
    Palmer KE, Banko A, Doucette SA, Cameron TI, Foster T et al. 2006. Protection of rabbits against cutaneous papillomavirus infection using recombinant tobacco mosaic virus containing L2 capsid epitopes. Vaccine 24:5516–52
    [Google Scholar]
  133. 133. 
    Reeves RG, Voeneky S, Caetano-Anollés D, Beck F, Boëte C 2018. Agricultural research, or a new bioweapon system. ? Science 362:35–37
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-virology-010720-054958
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-virology-010720-054958
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplemental Material

Supplementary Data

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error