Annual Review of Cell Biology
Vol. 9:445-478 (Volume publication date November 1993)
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cb.09.110193.002305
Anthony A. Hyman, Christoph A. Weber, Frank Jülicher
Vol. 30, 2014
Cells organize many of their biochemical reactions in non-membrane compartments. Recent evidence has shown that many of these compartments are liquids that form by phase separation from the cytoplasm. Here we discuss the basic physical concepts necessary ...Read More
Figure 1: Schematic representation of important characteristics of ideal liquids (left) and ideal solids (right). Order: For a liquid, there is only short-range positional order. This means that one c...
Figure 2: Mixing and demixing. (a) Schematic representation of a demixed state where two regions of different compositions are separated by a partition (yellow). (b) A mixed state, which emerges owing...
Figure 3: P granules exhibit characteristics of liquid droplets. (a) P granules (green; GFP tagged) in the cytoplasm of a one cell–stage Caenorhabditis elegans embryo. (b) Two P granules (white) fuse ...
Figure 4: Thermodynamics of mixing and demixing. (a) The free energy F as a function of volume fraction of the red molecules ϕ (the volume fraction of blue molecules is 1 − ϕ). Both molecular species ...
Figure 5: Coexistence of two phases of different composition. In equilibrium, there are two cases in which the chemical potential is constant in space: (a) a single droplet embedded in a homogeneous p...
Eric Wieschaus and Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
Vol. 32, 2016
In large-scale mutagenesis screens performed in 1979–1980 at the EMBL in Heidelberg, we isolated mutations affecting the pattern or structure of the larval cuticle in Drosophila. The 600 mutants we characterized could be assigned to 120 genes and ...Read More
Figure 1: Cuticle preparation of a Drosophila first-instar larva. (a) Dark-field image of the ventral side. (b) Phase-contrast detail of the ventral (top) and the dorsal (bottom) aspect of the posteri...
Figure 2: Genetics of embryonic patterning. Maternal and zygotic genes can be distinguished by their genetic behavior. (Left panel) All embryos from females that are homozygous mutant for maternally a...
Figure 3: Replica plating egg collections from multiple mutant stocks. Flies from different mutagenized lines are transferred to tubes glued together in a block formation. Females lay eggs in defined ...
Figure 4: The relationship between the cuticle pattern of the hatching embryo and the fate map at the blastoderm stage. The primordium for the segmented epidermis represents a substantial fraction of ...
Figure 5: Crossing schemes to produce inbred lines to be tested for homozygous mutant embryos with altered patterns. The left panel provides a general schematic of the crosses, and the right panels gi...
Figure 6: The altered segmentation patterns of embryos homozygous for paired and for knirps, shown flanking a wild-type pattern in the cover illustration of the Nature paper describing the first mutan...
Figure 7: Saturation curve. The plot shows the number of pattern mutants isolated over the numbers of lines (chromosomes) scored (closed circles) as well as the numbers of new loci identified (open ci...
Figure 8: Mutants affected in AP patterning: 20 mutants of genes listed in Table 1 represent the following classes: gap genes [giant (gt) and Krüppel (Kr)], pair rule genes [runt (run), even-skipped (...
Figure 9: Gap and pair rule mutants: gap mutants Krüppel (Kr) (strong phenotype), hunchback (hb) (weak phenotype), odd-skipped (odd) (strong phenotype), and even-skipped (eve) [weak (eveID) and strong...
Figure 10: Pattern deletions in an embryo homozygous mutant for genes (a) in the segment polarity class (gooseberry and patched), (b) in the pair rule class (even-skipped, odd-skipped, paired, and run...
Figure 11: Schematic representation of deletion patterns in pair rule mutants. The shaded areas indicate the regions lost in the mutant patterns of strong alleles. Gene abbreviations (from top left to...
Figure 12: Segment polarity mutants: details from the ventral anterior abdomen of (a) wild-type (+), (b) gooseberry (gsb), and (c) patched (ptc) larvae (phase contrast).
Figure 13: Segment pattern and homeotic mutants: posterior thorax and anterior abdomen of orthodenticle (otd) (abdominal denticle belts reduced) and extradenticle (exd) (posterior transformations). Ot...
Figure 14: Mutants affected in dorsal-ventral patterning: 20 mutants of genes listed in Table 2 represent the following classes: gastrulation dorsalized group [twist (twi) and snail (sna)], gastrulati...
Figure 15: Gastrulation and ventral pattern mutants: gastrulation dorsalized twist (twi) and gastrulation ventralized decapentaplegic (dpp) (weak allele) and tolloid (tld); spitz group faint little ba...
Figure 16: Mutants affected in epidermal structure and integrity: 20 mutants of genes listed in Table 3 represent the following classes: cell polarity [bazooka (baz), stardust (sdt)], cell adhesion [m...
Figure 17: Denticle and hair mutants: (a) ventral and (b) dorsal aspects of anterior abdomen of crinkled (ck) (top) and shavenoid (sha) (bottom) (phase contrast). For wild type, see Figures 1 and
Figure 18: Eric Wieschaus and Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard in 1979, at the time of the mutagenesis screen.
Marina Colombo, Graça Raposo, Clotilde Théry
Vol. 30, 2014
In the 1980s, exosomes were described as vesicles of endosomal origin secreted from reticulocytes. Interest increased around these extracellular vesicles, as they appeared to participate in several cellular processes. Exosomes bear proteins, lipids, and ...Read More
Figure 1: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) of different intracellular origins can be released by eukaryotic cells. (a) Schematic representation of the different types of membrane vesicles released by euka...
Figure 2: Overall composition of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Schematic representation of the composition (families of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) and membrane orientation of EVs. Examples o...
Figure 3: Molecular machineries of exosome/extracellular vesicle (EV) biogenesis. Multiple machineries are involved in biogenesis of intraluminal vesicles of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and thus of e...
Figure 4: Molecular machineries of exosome/extracellular vesicle (EV) secretion. Multiple secretion machineries of EVs have been described. For multivesicular body (MVB)-dependent secretion, proteins ...
Sophia Y. Lunt and Matthew G. Vander Heiden
Vol. 27, 2011
Warburg's observation that cancer cells exhibit a high rate of glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen (aerobic glycolysis) sparked debate over the role of glycolysis in normal and cancer cells. Although it has been established that defects in ...Read More
Figure 1: Metabolic pathways active in proliferating cells. This schematic represents our current understanding of how glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, the pentose phosphate pathway, and glutami...
Figure 2: Schematic showing the approximate contributions of glucose carbons as well as glutamine carbons and nitrogens to biomass, lactate, and CO2 in a proliferating cell.
Pawan Kishor Singh and Miratul M.K. Muqit
Vol. 36, 2020
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a leading cause of neurodegeneration that is defined by the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons and the accumulation of protein aggregates called Lewy bodies (LBs). The unequivocal identification of Mendelian inherited ...Read More
Figure 1: Domain architecture of PD proteins linked to membrane trafficking. Protein domains of human (a) α-syn (140 aa), (b) PINK1 (581 aa), (c) Parkin (465 aa), (d) LRRK2 (2,527 aa), (e) VPS35 (796 ...
Figure 2: Vesicular trafficking mechanisms of α-syn aggregation–mediated neurotoxicity. (a) α-Syn aggregates can be transmitted to other neurons through endocytic mechanisms or exosomes, or they can b...
Figure 3: The regulation and downstream function of LRRK2. Pathogenic mutations of LRRK2 have been identified in PD that lead to various trafficking perturbations. Rab29 can activate LRRK2, which lead...
Figure 4: The PINK1-Parkin signaling pathway. Under healthy conditions, PINK1 is degraded in the cytosol after its cleavage following precursor import into mitochondria by the intramembrane protease P...
