The COP9 Signalosome

Figure 1: Schematic representation of important characteristics of ideal liquids (left) and ideal solids (right). Order: For a liquid, there is only short-range positional order. This means that one c...

Figure 2: Mixing and demixing. (a) Schematic representation of a demixed state where two regions of different compositions are separated by a partition (yellow). (b) A mixed state, which emerges owing...

Figure 3: P granules exhibit characteristics of liquid droplets. (a) P granules (green; GFP tagged) in the cytoplasm of a one cell–stage Caenorhabditis elegans embryo. (b) Two P granules (white) fuse ...

Figure 4: Thermodynamics of mixing and demixing. (a) The free energy F as a function of volume fraction of the red molecules ϕ (the volume fraction of blue molecules is 1 − ϕ). Both molecular species ...

Figure 5: Coexistence of two phases of different composition. In equilibrium, there are two cases in which the chemical potential is constant in space: (a) a single droplet embedded in a homogeneous p...

Figure 1: Cuticle preparation of a Drosophila first-instar larva. (a) Dark-field image of the ventral side. (b) Phase-contrast detail of the ventral (top) and the dorsal (bottom) aspect of the posteri...

Figure 2: Genetics of embryonic patterning. Maternal and zygotic genes can be distinguished by their genetic behavior. (Left panel) All embryos from females that are homozygous mutant for maternally a...

Figure 3: Replica plating egg collections from multiple mutant stocks. Flies from different mutagenized lines are transferred to tubes glued together in a block formation. Females lay eggs in defined ...

Figure 4: The relationship between the cuticle pattern of the hatching embryo and the fate map at the blastoderm stage. The primordium for the segmented epidermis represents a substantial fraction of ...

Figure 5: Crossing schemes to produce inbred lines to be tested for homozygous mutant embryos with altered patterns. The left panel provides a general schematic of the crosses, and the right panels gi...

Figure 6: The altered segmentation patterns of embryos homozygous for paired and for knirps, shown flanking a wild-type pattern in the cover illustration of the Nature paper describing the first mutan...

Figure 7: Saturation curve. The plot shows the number of pattern mutants isolated over the numbers of lines (chromosomes) scored (closed circles) as well as the numbers of new loci identified (open ci...

Figure 8: Mutants affected in AP patterning: 20 mutants of genes listed in Table 1 represent the following classes: gap genes [giant (gt) and Krüppel (Kr)], pair rule genes [runt (run), even-skipped (...

Figure 9: Gap and pair rule mutants: gap mutants Krüppel (Kr) (strong phenotype), hunchback (hb) (weak phenotype), odd-skipped (odd) (strong phenotype), and even-skipped (eve) [weak (eveID) and strong...

Figure 10: Pattern deletions in an embryo homozygous mutant for genes (a) in the segment polarity class (gooseberry and patched), (b) in the pair rule class (even-skipped, odd-skipped, paired, and run...

Figure 11: Schematic representation of deletion patterns in pair rule mutants. The shaded areas indicate the regions lost in the mutant patterns of strong alleles. Gene abbreviations (from top left to...

Figure 12: Segment polarity mutants: details from the ventral anterior abdomen of (a) wild-type (+), (b) gooseberry (gsb), and (c) patched (ptc) larvae (phase contrast).

Figure 13: Segment pattern and homeotic mutants: posterior thorax and anterior abdomen of orthodenticle (otd) (abdominal denticle belts reduced) and extradenticle (exd) (posterior transformations). Ot...

Figure 14: Mutants affected in dorsal-ventral patterning: 20 mutants of genes listed in Table 2 represent the following classes: gastrulation dorsalized group [twist (twi) and snail (sna)], gastrulati...

Figure 15: Gastrulation and ventral pattern mutants: gastrulation dorsalized twist (twi) and gastrulation ventralized decapentaplegic (dpp) (weak allele) and tolloid (tld); spitz group faint little ba...

Figure 16: Mutants affected in epidermal structure and integrity: 20 mutants of genes listed in Table 3 represent the following classes: cell polarity [bazooka (baz), stardust (sdt)], cell adhesion [m...

Figure 17: Denticle and hair mutants: (a) ventral and (b) dorsal aspects of anterior abdomen of crinkled (ck) (top) and shavenoid (sha) (bottom) (phase contrast). For wild type, see Figures 1 and

Figure 18: Eric Wieschaus and Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard in 1979, at the time of the mutagenesis screen.

Figure 1: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) of different intracellular origins can be released by eukaryotic cells. (a) Schematic representation of the different types of membrane vesicles released by euka...

Figure 2: Overall composition of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Schematic representation of the composition (families of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) and membrane orientation of EVs. Examples o...

Figure 3: Molecular machineries of exosome/extracellular vesicle (EV) biogenesis. Multiple machineries are involved in biogenesis of intraluminal vesicles of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and thus of e...

Figure 4: Molecular machineries of exosome/extracellular vesicle (EV) secretion. Multiple secretion machineries of EVs have been described. For multivesicular body (MVB)-dependent secretion, proteins ...

Figure 1: Metabolic pathways active in proliferating cells. This schematic represents our current understanding of how glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, the pentose phosphate pathway, and glutami...

Figure 2: Schematic showing the approximate contributions of glucose carbons as well as glutamine carbons and nitrogens to biomass, lactate, and CO2 in a proliferating cell.

Figure 1: Domain architecture of PD proteins linked to membrane trafficking. Protein domains of human (a) α-syn (140 aa), (b) PINK1 (581 aa), (c) Parkin (465 aa), (d) LRRK2 (2,527 aa), (e) VPS35 (796 ...

Figure 2: Vesicular trafficking mechanisms of α-syn aggregation–mediated neurotoxicity. (a) α-Syn aggregates can be transmitted to other neurons through endocytic mechanisms or exosomes, or they can b...

Figure 3: The regulation and downstream function of LRRK2. Pathogenic mutations of LRRK2 have been identified in PD that lead to various trafficking perturbations. Rab29 can activate LRRK2, which lead...

Figure 4: The PINK1-Parkin signaling pathway. Under healthy conditions, PINK1 is degraded in the cytosol after its cleavage following precursor import into mitochondria by the intramembrane protease P...