Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
Vol. 9:265-321 (Volume publication date November 1978)
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.09.110178.001405
Lenore Fahrig
Vol. 34, 2003
▪ Abstract The literature on effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity is huge. It is also very diverse, with different authors measuring fragmentation in different ways and, as a consequence, drawing different conclusions regarding both the ...Read More
Figure 1: The process of habitat fragmentation, where “a large expanse of habitat is transformed into a number of smaller patches of smaller total area, isolated from each other by a matrix of habita...
Figure 2: Illustration of habitat loss resulting in some, but not all, of the other three expected effects of habitat fragmentation on landscape pattern. Expected effects are (a) an increase in the n...
Figure 3: Illustration of the typical relationships between habitat amount and various measures of fragmentation. Individual data points correspond to individual landscapes. Based on relationships in...
Figure 4: (A) Patch-scale study. Each observation represents the information from a single patch. Only one landscape is studied, so sample size for landscape-scale inferences is one. (B) Landscape-sc...
Figure 5: Both habitat loss and habitat fragmentation per se (independent of habitat loss) result in smaller patches. Therefore, patch size itself is ambiguous as a measure of either habitat amount o...
Figure 6: Landscape in southern Ontario (from Tischendorf 2001) showing that regions where forest patches (black areas) are small typically correspond to regions where there is little forest. Compare...
Figure 7: Illustration of the relationship between patch isolation and amount of habitat in the landscape immediately surrounding the patch. Gray areas are forest. Isolated patches (black patches lab...
Figure 8: Illustration of the extinction threshold hypothesis in comparison to the proportional area hypothesis.
Jane Elith and John R. Leathwick
Vol. 40, 2009
Species distribution models (SDMs) are numerical tools that combine observations of species occurrence or abundance with environmental estimates. They are used to gain ecological and evolutionary insights and to predict distributions across landscapes, ...Read More
This supplement provides additional references for the information in our review, following the same structure as the main article. We have selectively listed papers that will either lead to a useful breadth or depth of others, illustrate a particular concept or application, or represent different environments, model uses or promising new approaches. Read More
Figure 1: The relationship between mapped species and environmental data (left), environmental space (center), and mapped predictions from a model only using environmental predictors (right). Note tha...
Figure 2: Dissimilarities between 2000 A.D. climates and those (within 500 km of a target site) estimated for 2100 A.D. using multimodel ensembles for the A2 scenario of the IPCC fourth assessment rep...
Camille Parmesan
Vol. 37, 2006
AbstractEcological changes in the phenology and distribution of plants and animals are occurring in all well-studied marine, freshwater, and terrestrial groups. These observed changes are heavily biased in the directions predicted from global warming and ...Read More
David Tilman, Forest Isbell, Jane M. Cowles
Vol. 45, 2014
Species diversity is a major determinant of ecosystem productivity, stability, invasibility, and nutrient dynamics. Hundreds of studies spanning terrestrial, aquatic, and marine ecosystems show that high-diversity mixtures are approximately twice as ...Read More
Figure 1: Relationships among species richness, functional composition, and ecosystem function. Increasing species number (a) increases drought resistance; high resistance is associated with a low rat...
Figure 2: Theoretical considerations of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. (a) Species coexistence and overyielding for the Lotka-Volterra competition model, with N1 and N2 representing abundance...
Figure 3: Diversity and stability of communities and species. (a,b) Predictions based on a model of resource competition in a temporally fluctuating environment, showing dependence of (a) community te...
Figure 4: Case study of the big Cedar Creek biodiversity experiment. (a,c) Aboveground and (b,d) root biomass responses in 2006, the thirteenth year of the experiment, as dependent on (a,b) number of ...
Figure 5: Multifunctionality and diversity. At each of eight European sites, different sets of species were involved in the provisioning of different ecosystem services. Because of this, many more spe...
Figure 6: Importance of biodiversity relative to other ecological factors. Differences in biomass production between various treatment and control plots, showing effects of 16-versus-1-, 16-versus-2-,...
C S Holling
Vol. 4, 1973
