Annual Review of Microbiology
Vol. 45:345-382 (Volume publication date October 1991)
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.mi.45.100191.002021
To Sing Fung and Ding Xiang Liu
Vol. 73, 2019
Human coronavirus (HCoV) infection causes respiratory diseases with mild to severe outcomes. In the last 15 years, we have witnessed the emergence of two zoonotic, highly pathogenic HCoVs: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and ...Read More
Figure 1: Taxonomy of HCoVs: the updated classification scheme of HCoV and other coronaviruses. The six known HCoVs are in blue. Abbreviations: BtCoV, bat coronavirus; BuCoV, bulbul coronavirus; HCoV,...
Figure 2: Genome structure of human coronaviruses (HCoVs). Schematic diagram showing the genome structure of six known HCoVs (not to scale). The 5′-cap structure (5′-C) and 3′-polyadenylation (AnAOH-3...
Figure 3: Replication cycle of human coronaviruses (HCoVs). Schematic diagram showing the general replication cycle of HCoVs. Infection starts with the attachment of HCoVs to the cognate cellular rece...
Figure 4: Induction and modulation of autophagy by HCoV infection. Schematic diagram showing the signaling pathway of autophagy and the modulatory mechanisms utilized by HCoV. Viruses and viral compon...
Figure 5: Apoptosis induced by HCoV infection and modulatory mechanisms. Schematic diagram showing the signaling pathway of intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis induction and the modulatory mechanisms ut...
Figure 6: Induction and modulation of unfolded protein response by HCoV infection. Schematic diagram showing the three branches of UPR signaling pathway activated and regulated by HCoV infection. Viru...
Figure 7: Activation and modulation of MAPK signaling pathways by HCoV infection. Schematic diagram showing the activation and modulation of MAPK signaling pathway by HCoV infection. Viruses and viral...
Figure 8: Type I interferon induction and signaling during HCoV infection and modulatory mechanisms. Schematic diagram showing the induction and signaling pathways of type I interferon during HCoV inf...
Roberto Kolter
Vol. 75, 2021
Microbiology began as a unified science using the principles of chemistry to understand living systems. The unified view quickly split into the subdisciplines of medical microbiology, molecular biology, and environmental microbiology. The advent of a ...Read More
William C. Campbell
Vol. 45, 1991
Melissa B. Miller and and Bonnie L. Bassler
Vol. 55, 2001
▪ Abstract Quorum sensing is the regulation of gene expression in response to fluctuations in cell-population density. Quorum sensing bacteria produce and release chemical signal molecules called autoinducers that increase in concentration as a function ...Read More
Figure 1: The Vibrio fischeri LuxI/LuxR quorum sensing circuit. There are five luciferase structural genes (luxCDABE) and two regulatory genes (luxR and luxI) required for quorum sensing–controlled l...
Figure 2: The Pseudomonas aeruginosa LasI/LasR-RhlI/RhlR quorum sensing system. P. aeruginosa uses two LuxI/LuxR-like autoinducer-sensor pairs for quorum sensing regulation of a variety of genes. The...
Figure 3: LuxI-directed biosynthesis of acylated homoserine lactone autoinducers. The LuxI family of proteins uses S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and specific acyl-acyl carrier proteins (acyl-ACP) as sub...
Figure 4: A general model for peptide-mediated quorum sensing in Gram-positive bacteria. In Gram-positive bacteria, a peptide signal precursor locus is translated into a precursor protein (black and ...
Figure 5: Quorum sensing control of competence and sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. B. subtilis employs two processed peptide autoinducers, ComX (gray circles) and CSF (white diamonds), to regulate ...
Figure 6: The hybrid HSL-two-component quorum sensing circuit of Vibrio harveyi. V. harveyi uses two autoinducers to regulate density-dependent light production. AI-1 is N-(3-hydroxybutanoyl)-homoser...
To Sing Fung and Ding Xiang Liu
Vol. 75, 2021
In less than two decades, three deadly zoonotic coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2, have emerged in humans, causing SARS, MERS, and coronavirus ...Read More
Figure 1: Genomic structures and taxonomy of selected CoVs. The generic CoV genome is shown with a 5′-cap structure and a 3′-polyadenylated tail (AnAOH 3′). ORF1a is translated to produce pp1a, wherea...
Figure 2: Topologies and domains of CoV structural proteins. Amino acid sequences flanking the S1/S2 sites of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV are shown. The arginines in the furin cleavage motifs o...
Figure 3: Schematic diagram showing the replication cycle of SARS-CoV-2. Variations in the replication cycle of other CoVs are indicated in orange boxes. The SARS-CoV-2 S protein binds to the receptor...
Figure 4: Simplified model of immunopathogenesis in COVID-19. Abbreviations: CoV, coronavirus; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; DAMP, damage-associated molecular pattern; G-CSF, granulocyte colony-...
Figure 5: Four types of programmed cell death activated by CoV infection. Induction of ROSs and free cytosolic iron by CoV infection is only speculative (dotted arrow). Abbreviations: CoV, coronavirus...
