Pharmacology of Vitamin C

Figure 1: Potential mechanisms linking intermittent fasting with obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer. Figure modified from Reference 79 with permission.

Figure 2: Circadian regulation of behaviors, hormones, physiology, metabolism, and energetics. Figure modified from Reference 79 with permission.

Figure 1: Chemical structures of the fat-soluble vitamins and phytochemicals discussed in this review. For the sake of space, only sitosterol is presented to illustrate the general structure of phytos...

Figure 2: The fate of fat-soluble vitamins and phytochemicals in the lumen of the upper gastrointestinal tract during digestion. Shown are the different vehicles assumed to transport these compounds i...

Figure 3: Proteins involved in the uptake, transport, and secretion pathways of fat-soluble vitamins and phytochemicals (VA, VD, and VE; carotenoids; and phytosterols) across enterocytes. VD and VE, c...

Figure 4: Procedure and guidelines for performing studies dedicated to identifying genetic variations involved in the bioavailability of fat-soluble vitamins and phytochemicals. Abbreviations: CNV, co...

Figure 5: Current population-wide requirement curve and theoretical population-tailored recommended dietary allowance (RDA) curve. (a) The current population-wide requirement curve, which is assumed, ...

Figure 1: Molecular pathways modulated by chronic and acute administration of omega-3 FAs. Both chronic and acute administration of omega-3 FAs show protective effects on the prevention and treatment ...

Figure 2: SPMs in heart, brain, and spinal cord injuries. SPMs, classified as protectins, resolvins, and maresins, are produced from the enzymatic oxygenation of EPA and DHA (116). SPM levels can be e...

Figure 1: The center portion of the diagram (top to bottom) depicts the mechanism of cytosine methylation from an unmethylated CpG dinucleotide by DNA methyl transferases (DNMTs), using S-adenosyl met...

Figure 2: The molecular fossil record hypothesis for age- and environment-related epigenetic modifications and their relationship to cancer. Each individual is assumed to have been born with some leve...

Figure 1: The five metabolic stages between the postabsorptive state and the near-steady state of prolonged starvation (62).

Figure 2: Concentrations of ketone bodies and plasma free fatty acids (FFA) in transition from the postabsorptive state to 4–6 weeks of starvation in a large number of subjects, male and female. Note ...

Figure 3: Brain substrate utilization in three fasting obese volunteers after several weeks of starvation (48, 49). Many studies suggest human brain cells can survive with little to no glucose, but pr...

Figure 4: Overall scheme of starvation fuel metabolism. Liver derives its major energy by partial oxidation of FFA to β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate; muscle and kidney by complete oxidation of FFA...

Figure 5: Glucogenesis in starvation in liver and kidney. Precursors in liver via mitochondrial pyruvate carboxylation (white “P” in blue circle) are acetone, recycling lactate and pyruvate, and pyruv...

Figure 6: Levels of β-hydroxybutyrate in starving subjects of different ages (5, 13, 30, 54, 59, 66). Not shown is the accelerated ketosis in fasting pregnant or lactating women or in any subject with...

Figure 7: Inhibition of starvation metabolism by administration of 150 grams of glucose daily for seven days either before a fast (Figure 7a) or following three weeks of starvation (Figure 7b) (horizo...