Annual Review of Physiology
Vol. 23:71-96 (Volume publication date March 1961)
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.23.030161.000443
Sander M. Houten, Sara Violante, Fatima V. Ventura, Ronald J.A. Wanders
Vol. 78, 2016
Mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) is the major pathway for the degradation of fatty acids and is essential for maintaining energy homeostasis in the human body. Fatty acids are a crucial energy source in the postabsorptive and fasted states when ...Read More
Figure 1: A schematic representation of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation. The subcellular location and the (enzymatic) role of the different proteins are displayed. The auxiliary enzymes, which ar...
Figure 2: The four steps (i–iv) of the fatty acid β-oxidation cycle with the structures of the different intermediates. The acyl-CoA dehydrogenases use enzyme-bound FAD as the electron acceptor. The r...
Peter J. Murray
Vol. 79, 2017
Macrophage polarization refers to how macrophages have been activated at a given point in space and time. Polarization is not fixed, as macrophages are sufficiently plastic to integrate multiple signals, such as those from microbes, damaged tissues, and ...Read More
Figure 1: Developmental regulation of macrophages from monocytes. (a) Three outcomes can follow the seeding of tissues or inflammatory sites by monocytes: death, stable residency, and intermingling wi...
Figure 2: Timeline of research on macrophage polarization. Not all primary papers are cited herein due to space constraints. The selection of key findings and advances represents the author's interpre...
Figure 3: Extrinsic and intrinsic factors control macrophage polarization. (a) M2 macrophages and (b) M1 macrophages are shown with some of the factors linked to their development. It should be noted ...
Figure 4: TNF is a major anti-M2 factor. Exposure of macrophages to TNF blocks M2 polarization on two levels: (a) through its direct effects on macrophages and (b) through the indirect effects of TNF ...
Heinrich Jasper
Vol. 82, 2020
Regenerative processes that maintain the function of the gastrointestinal (GI) epithelium are critical for health and survival of multicellular organisms. In insects and vertebrates, intestinal stem cells (ISCs) regenerate the GI epithelium. ISC function ...Read More
Figure 1: Regulation and aging of somatic stem cells. (a) Intrinsic (cell-autonomous), local (niche), and systemic factors regulate somatic stem cell maintenance, quiescence, activation, lineage speci...
Figure 2: The Drosophila gastrointestinal (GI) tract and intestinal stem cell (ISC) regulation. The Drosophila GI tract is compartmentalized and exhibits regionally differentiated regeneration of the ...
Figure 3: Aging of the Drosophila GI tract. A model for the progressive decline of epithelial homeostasis and the development of epithelial dysplasia and barrier disruption. Loss of barrier function p...
Figure 4: Aging of the stem cell compartment of the small intestine of mice. (a) Current studies have described changes in crypts of the small intestine that can be reversed through specific perturbat...
Rexford S. Ahima and Jeffrey S. Flier
Vol. 62, 2000
▪ Abstract The discovery of the adipose-derived hormone leptin has generated enormous interest in the interaction between peripheral signals and brain targets involved in the regulation of feeding and energy balance. Plasma leptin levels correlate with ...Read More
Figure 1: Domain structure of alternatively spliced leptin receptor (Ob-R) isoforms. ObR isoforms (ObRa-Ob-Rf) share a common extracellular leptin-binding domain, but differ at the carboxy terminus (...
Figure 2: Role of leptin in the adaptation to starvation. The fall in leptin with starvation results in an increase in neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AGRP) levels, and a decrease in...
Susanne A. Wolf, H.W.G.M. Boddeke, Helmut Kettenmann
Vol. 79, 2017
As the immune-competent cells of the brain, microglia play an increasingly important role in maintaining normal brain function. They invade the brain early in development, transform into a highly ramified phenotype, and constantly screen their ...Read More
