Neural Generation of the Breathing Rhythm

Figure 1: A schematic representation of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation. The subcellular location and the (enzymatic) role of the different proteins are displayed. The auxiliary enzymes, which ar...

Figure 2: The four steps (i–iv) of the fatty acid β-oxidation cycle with the structures of the different intermediates. The acyl-CoA dehydrogenases use enzyme-bound FAD as the electron acceptor. The r...

Figure 1: Developmental regulation of macrophages from monocytes. (a) Three outcomes can follow the seeding of tissues or inflammatory sites by monocytes: death, stable residency, and intermingling wi...

Figure 2: Timeline of research on macrophage polarization. Not all primary papers are cited herein due to space constraints. The selection of key findings and advances represents the author's interpre...

Figure 3: Extrinsic and intrinsic factors control macrophage polarization. (a) M2 macrophages and (b) M1 macrophages are shown with some of the factors linked to their development. It should be noted ...

Figure 4: TNF is a major anti-M2 factor. Exposure of macrophages to TNF blocks M2 polarization on two levels: (a) through its direct effects on macrophages and (b) through the indirect effects of TNF ...

Figure 1: Regulation and aging of somatic stem cells. (a) Intrinsic (cell-autonomous), local (niche), and systemic factors regulate somatic stem cell maintenance, quiescence, activation, lineage speci...

Figure 2: The Drosophila gastrointestinal (GI) tract and intestinal stem cell (ISC) regulation. The Drosophila GI tract is compartmentalized and exhibits regionally differentiated regeneration of the ...

Figure 3: Aging of the Drosophila GI tract. A model for the progressive decline of epithelial homeostasis and the development of epithelial dysplasia and barrier disruption. Loss of barrier function p...

Figure 4: Aging of the stem cell compartment of the small intestine of mice. (a) Current studies have described changes in crypts of the small intestine that can be reversed through specific perturbat...

Figure 1: Domain structure of alternatively spliced leptin receptor (Ob-R) isoforms. ObR isoforms (ObRa-Ob-Rf) share a common extracellular leptin-binding domain, but differ at the carboxy terminus (...

Figure 2: Role of leptin in the adaptation to starvation. The fall in leptin with starvation results in an increase in neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AGRP) levels, and a decrease in...