Arsenic: Signal Transduction, Transcription Factor, and Biotransformation Involved in Cellular Response and Toxicity

Figure 1: Age-adjusted rates of death related to prescription opioids (blue diamonds) and heroin drug poisoning (red squares) in the United States, 2000–2014. Modified with permission from Compton et ...

Figure 2: Rendering heroin antigenic through covalent attachment to KLH. Three vaccinations of this immunoconjugate (50 μg) with an alum/CpG adjuvant to mice on days 0, 14, and 28 shifted the antinoci...

Figure 3: TRV130 is a G protein–biased ligand at human μ opioid receptors. Compared with morphine (a), TRV130 (b) has similar G protein coupling efficacy (orange) with significantly reduced recruitmen...

Figure 1: Factors affecting the gut microbiota profile. Multiple factors may impact, both positively and negatively, the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota profile throughout the life spa...

Figure 2: Potential psychobiotic therapies. These include probiotics, live biotherapeutics, prebiotics, synbiotics, paraprobiotics, postbiotics, and fermented foods.

Figure 3: Screening for potential psychobiotic therapies. The search for psychobiotics is multimodal and commences with the identification of strains of interest, followed by a battery of testing to d...

Figure 1: The heme/HO-1 system. Free heme is a reactive Fe compound that can catalyze, through the Fenton reaction, the formation of cytotoxic hydroxyl radical (OH.) from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Eli...

Figure 2: Transcriptional regulation of HMOX1. The rate of HMOX1 transcription can be induced by heme as well as by a variety of other agonists (1-n) recognized by specific receptors (1-n). These trig...

Figure 3: Cytoprotective effects of HO-1. Upon engagement, tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR-1) induces the formation of multiprotein complex I, which activates the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)...

Figure 4: Free heme sensitization to TNF-mediated programmed cell death (154). (a) When exposed to ROS, some hemoproteins can release their prosthetic heme groups. These act as pro-oxidant catalysts t...

Figure 5: Cellular free heme regulation. Free heme can gain intracellular access via different mechanisms, including through endocytosis of hemoproteins, a process linked to intracellular heme import ...

Figure 6: Systemic regulation of free heme. Under homeostasis, cell-free Hb released from red blood cells is scavenged by haptoglobin. Under pathologic conditions associated with hemolysis, the protec...

Figure 1: Intubation and extubation timelines for self-poisoning with several particular OP insecticides. (a) Time to first intubation according to OP insecticide ingested, showing marked differences ...

Figure 2: Structure of representative OP insecticides. The figure demonstrates (a,c,f) thions (P=S) and (b,d,e) oxons (P=O), as well as (d) dimethoxy, (a,b,c) diethoxy, and (e,f) S-alkyl OP insecticid...

Figure 3: Inhibition, reactivation, and aging of AChE. A dimethoxy-phosphorylated OP oxon (methyl paraoxon) inhibits AChE by phosphorylating the serine hydroxyl group at the enzyme's active site (reac...

Figure 4: Effect of nebulized salbutamol on peripheral blood oxygen saturations in OP insecticide self-poisoned patients. (a) Mean (SEM) oxygen saturations of patients receiving no salbutamol (No Salb...

Figure 1: Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Microvesicles derive from the plasma membrane in a way reminiscent of the reverse of endocytosis. Exosomes are generated as intraluminal vesicles ...

Figure 2: Anatomy of EVs. EVs contain several characteristic lipids, proteins, and RNA molecules depicted here schematically. Because exosomes are generated when ILVs are released upon MVB fusion with...

Figure 3: EVs in bidirectional communication between stem and parenchymal cells. Stem cells may sense parenchymal cell injury or distress by receiving parenchymal EVs, and in turn, stem cell EVs harbo...

Figure 4: Bioengineering EVs for targeted therapy. EVs can be engineered to incorporate nucleic acids and POIs. To concentrate a protein in the lumen of EVs, its interacting partner can be fused with ...

Figure 5: Stem cell extracellular vesicles (EVs) for clinical applications. EVs are designed, manufactured, and quality controlled beforehand and stored as off-the-shelf medications to be infused in p...