1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Anthropology
  4. Volume 43, 2014
  5. Article

Annual Review of Anthropology

Volume 43, 2014

Informed Consent: The Politics of Intent and Practice in Medical Research Ethics*

Abstract

Informed consent is a key feature of risk management in medical research. This review outlines the history of the consent requirement and describes its diverse forms through a review of anthropological studies of consent practices. We make a distinction between the politics of intent and the politics of practice to show how the consent requirement has become entrenched in practices through insistence on particular morally sanctioned intentions regardless of whether these intentions are ever realized. We draw attention to the importance of socioeconomic contexts, material practices, and the ethicopolitical dynamics that undergird the resilience of informed consent. We conclude that informed consent has become so ubiquitous thanks to an ability to conjure a stable image of a recognizable and manageable procedure with a particular moral appeal, while simultaneously serving as an empty signifier: an image onto which people can project very different hopes, concerns, and expectations.

Keyword(s): ethics, medical anthropology, medical research, policy analysis
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102313-030413
2014-10-21
2024-04-25
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/anthro/43/1/annurev-anthro-102313-030413.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102313-030413&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Alderson P. 1993. Children's Consent to Surgery Buckingham, PA: Open Univ. Press
  2. Amit V. 2000. The university as panopticon: moral claims and attacks on academic freedom. See Strathern 2000a 215–35
  3. Annas GJ. 1992. The Nuremberg Code in the United States courts: ethics versus expediency. See Annas & Grodin 1992 201–22
  4. Annas GJ, Grodin MA. 1992. The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
  5. Anspach RR. 1993. Deciding Who Lives: Fateful Choices in the Intensive-Care Nursery. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
  6. Appelbaum PS, Lidz CW. 2008. Twenty-five years of therapeutic misconception. Hastings Cent. Rep. 38:25–7 [Google Scholar]
  7. Appelbaum PS, Roth LH, Lidz CW, Benson P, Winslade W. 1987. False hopes and best data: consent to research and the therapeutic misconception. Hastings Cent. Rep. 17:220–24 [Google Scholar]
  8. Barr M. 2006. “I'm not really read up on genetics”: biobanks and the social context of informed consent. BioSocieties 1:251–62 [Google Scholar]
  9. Beauchamp TL, Childress J. 2001. Principles of Biomedical Ethics Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
  10. Beecher HK. 1966. Ethics and clinical research. N. Engl. J. Med. 274:241354–60 [Google Scholar]
  11. Bister MD, Felt U, Strassing M, Wagner U. 2009. Refusing the information paradigm: informed consent, medical research, and patient participation. Health 13:87–106 [Google Scholar]
  12. Boulton M, Parker M. 2007. Informed consent in a changing environment. Soc. Sci. Med. 65:2187–98 [Google Scholar]
  13. Brekke OA, Sirnes T. 2006. Population biobanks: the ethical gravity of informed consent. BioSocieties 1:385–98 [Google Scholar]
  14. Brenneis D. 2005. Documenting ethics. See Meskell & Pels 2005 239–52
  15. Brenneis D. 2006. Partial measures. Am. Ethnol. 33:4538–40 [Google Scholar]
  16. Brodwin P. 2003. Biotechnology and Culture. Bodies, Anxieties, Ethics. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press
  17. Busby H. 2006. Consent, trust and ethics: reflections on the findings of an interview based study with people donating blood for genetic research for research within NHS. Clin. Ethics 1:211–15 [Google Scholar]
  18. Callaway E. 2013. Deal done over HeLa cell line. Nature 500:7461132–33 [Google Scholar]
  19. Callon M. 1986. Some elements of a sociology of translation: domestication of the scallops and the fishermen of St. Brieuc Bay. Power, Action and Belief J Law 196–233 London: Routledge/Kegan Paul [Google Scholar]
  20. Caplan P. 2003. The Ethics of Anthropology: Debates and Dilemma London: Routledge
  21. Conn LG. 2008. Ethics policy as audit in Canadian clinical settings: exiling the ethnographic method. Qual. Res. 8:4499–514 [Google Scholar]
  22. Corrigan O. 2003. Empty ethics: the problem with informed consent. Sociol. Health Illn. 25:3768–92 [Google Scholar]
  23. Counc. Eur 1997. Convention for the protection of human rights and dignity of the human being with regard to the application of biology and medicine: convention of human rights and biomedicine Eur. Treaty Ser. 164. http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/164.htm
  24. Counc. Int. Org. Med. Sci., World Health Org 2002. International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects Geneva: Counc. Int. Org. Med. Sci.
  25. Cunningham H. 1998. Colonial encounters in postcolonial contexts. Crit. Anthropol. 18:2205–33 [Google Scholar]
  26. Das V. 1999. Public good, ethics, and everyday life: beyond the boundaries of bioethics. Daedalus 128:499–134 [Google Scholar]
  27. de Vries R, Turner L, Orfali K, Bosk C. 2006. Social science and bioethics: the way forward. Sociol. Health Illn. 28:6665–77 [Google Scholar]
  28. Dean M. 2010. Governmentality: Power and Rule in Modern Society London: Sage
  29. Dep. Health Educ. Welf 1979. The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research. Washington, DC: US Dep. Health Hum. Serv http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/belmont.html
  30. Ducournau P. 2007. The viewpoint of DNA donors on the consent procedure. New Genet. Soc. 26:105–16 [Google Scholar]
  31. Durkheim E. 1979. Introduction to ethics. Essays on Morals and Education WSF Pickering London: Routledge [Google Scholar]
  32. Edel M, Edel A. 1959. Anthropology and Ethics Springfield, IL: CC Thomas
  33. Evans JH. 2012. The History and Future of Bioethics New York: Oxford Univ. Press
  34. Faden R, Beauchamp TL. 1986. A History and Theory of Informed Consent Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
  35. Fairhead J, Leach M, Small M. 2006. Where techno-science meets poverty: medical research and the economy of blood in the Gambia, West Africa. Soc. Sci. Med. 63:1109–20 [Google Scholar]
  36. Farquhar J, Lock M. 2007. Introduction. Beyond the Body Proper. Reading the Anthropology of Material Life J Farquhar, M Lock 1–16 Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  37. Fassin D. 2011. A contribution to the critique of moral reason. Anthropol. Theory 11:481–91 [Google Scholar]
  38. Felt U, Bister MD, Strassing M, Wagner U. 2009. Refusing the information paradigm: informed consent, medical research, and patient participation. Health 13:87–106 [Google Scholar]
  39. Ferguson J. 2013. Declarations of dependence: labour, personhood, and welfare in southern Africa. J. R. Anthropol. Inst. 19:2223–42 [Google Scholar]
  40. Fisher JA. 2009. Medical Research for Hire: The Political Economy of Pharmaceutical Clinical Trials New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press
  41. Fluehr-Lobban C. 1994. Informed consent in anthropological research: We are not exempt. Hum. Organ. 53:1–10 [Google Scholar]
  42. Fortun M. 2008. Promising Genomics Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
  43. Foucault M. 2002. Overvågning og Straf: Fængslets Fødsel [Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison] Copenhagen, Den.: Det Lille [Google Scholar]
  44. Fox M, McHale J. 2001. Regulating human body parts and products. Health Care Anal. 8:83–86 [Google Scholar]
  45. Fox RC, Swazey JP. 1984. Medical morality is not bioethics: medical ethics in China and the United States. Perspect. Biol. Med. 27:336–60 [Google Scholar]
  46. Gammeltoft T. 2001. Between “science” and “superstition”: moral perceptions of induced abortion among young adults in Vietnam. Cult. Med. Psychiatry 26:313–38 [Google Scholar]
  47. Geissler PW. 2013. Public secrets in public health: knowing not to know while making scientific knowledge. Am. Ethnol. 40:13–34 [Google Scholar]
  48. Gikonyo C, Bejon P, Marsh V, Molyneux S. 2008. Taking social relationships seriously: lessons learned from the informed consent practices of a vaccine trial on the Kenyan Coast. Soc. Sci. Med. 67:5708–20 [Google Scholar]
  49. Glantz LH. 1992. The influence of the Nuremberg Code on U.S. statutes and regulations. See Annas & Grodin 1992 183–200
  50. Gold ER. 1996. Body Parts: Property Rights and the Ownership of Human Biological Materials Washington, DC: Georgetown Univ. Press
  51. Greely H. 2001. Informed consent and other ethical issues in human population genetics. Annu. Rev. Genet. 35:785–800 [Google Scholar]
  52. Greely HT. 2007. The uneasy ethical and legal underpinnings of large-scale genomic biobanks. Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet. 8:343–64 [Google Scholar]
  53. Halpern SA. 2004. Lesser Harms Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
  54. Hammond SP, Cooper NJ. 2011. Participant information clips: a role for digital video technologies to recruit, inform and debrief research participants and disseminate research findings. Int. J. Soc. Res. Methodol. 14:4259–70 [Google Scholar]
  55. Hansson MG, Dillner J, Bartram CR, Carlson JA, Helgesson G. 2006. Should donors be allowed to give broad consent to future biobank research?. Lancet Oncol. 7:266–69 [Google Scholar]
  56. Harcourt BE. 2011. Making willing bodies: the University of Chicago human experiments at Stateville Penitentiary. Soc. Res. 78:2443–78 [Google Scholar]
  57. Harper R. 1998. Inside the IMF: An Ethnography of Documents, Technology and Organization San Diego, CA: Academic
  58. Herranz G. 1998. The inclusion of the ten principles of Nuremberg in professional codes of ethics: an international comparison. Ethics Codes in Medicine: Foundations and Achievements of Codification Since 1947 U Tröhler, S Reiter-Theil, E Herych 127–39 Aldershot, UK: Ashgate [Google Scholar]
  59. Hogle LF. 2012. Concepts of risk in nanomedicine. J. Law Med. Ethics 40:4809–22 [Google Scholar]
  60. Howell S. 1997. The Ethnography of Moralities London: Routledge
  61. Hoeyer K. 2002. Conflicting notions of personhood in genetic research. Anthropol. Today 18:59–13 [Google Scholar]
  62. Hoeyer K. 2003. “Science is really needed—that's all I know”: informed consent and the non-verbal practices of collecting blood for genetic research in Sweden. New Genet. Soc. 22:3229–44 [Google Scholar]
  63. Hoeyer K. 2009. Informed consent: the making of a ubiquitous rule in medical practice. Organization 16:2267–88 [Google Scholar]
  64. Hoeyer K, Tutton R. 2005. ‘Ethics was here’: studying the language-games of ethics in the case of UK Biobank. Crit. Public Health 15:4385–97 [Google Scholar]
  65. Hudson KL, Collins FS. 2013. Family matters. Nature 500:7461141–42 [Google Scholar]
  66. Hull M. 2012. Government of Paper: The Materiality of Bureaucracy in Urban Pakistan Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
  67. Jacob M-A. 2007. Form-made persons: consent forms as consent's blind spot. PoLAR 30:2249–68 [Google Scholar]
  68. Jacob M-A, Riles A. 2007. The new bureaucracies of virtue: introduction. PoLAR 30:2181–91 [Google Scholar]
  69. Jain SL. 2006. Injury: The Politics of Product Design and Safety Law in the United States Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  70. Jasanoff S. 2005. Designs on Nature Princeton, NJ/Oxford, UK: Princeton Univ. Press
  71. Jennings B. 1991. Ethics and ethnography in neonatal intensive care. See Weisz 1991b 261–72
  72. Kaufman S. 2005. And a Time to Die: How American Hospitals Shape the End of Life New York: Scribner
  73. Kaufmann C. 1983. Informed consent and patient decision making: two decades of research. Soc. Sci. Med. 17:211657–64 [Google Scholar]
  74. Kelly A. 2003. Research and the subject: the practice of informed consent. PoLAR 26:2182–95 [Google Scholar]
  75. Kimmelman J. 2007. The therapeutic misconception at 25: treatment, research, and confusion. Hastings Cent. Rep. 37:636–42 [Google Scholar]
  76. Kingori P. 2013. Experiencing everyday ethics in context: frontline data collectors perspectives and practices of bioethics. Soc. Sci. Med. 98:361–70 [Google Scholar]
  77. Kleinman A. 1995. Writing at the Margin: Discourse Between Anthropology and Medicine. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
  78. Kleinman A. 1999. Moral experience and ethical reflection: Can ethnography reconcile them? A quandary for “the new bioethics.”. Daedalus 128:469–98 [Google Scholar]
  79. Kleinman A, Kleinman J. 1997. Moral transformations of health and suffering in Chinese society. Mortality and Health AM Brandt, P Rozin 101–18 New York/London: Routledge [Google Scholar]
  80. Kowal E. 2013. Orphan DNA: indigenous samples, ethical biovalue and postcolonial science. Soc. Stud. Sci. 43:4577–97 [Google Scholar]
  81. Kowal E, Radin J, Reardon J. 2013. Indigenous body parts, mutating temporalities, and the half-lives of postcolonial technoscience. Soc. Stud. Sci. 43:4465–83 [Google Scholar]
  82. Laidlaw J. 2002. For an anthropology of ethics and freedom. J. R. Anthropol. Inst. 8:311–32 [Google Scholar]
  83. Lambek M. 2010. Ordinary Ethics New York: Fordham Univ. Press
  84. Landecker H. 1999. Between beneficence and chattel: the human biological in law and science. Sci. Context 12:203–25 [Google Scholar]
  85. Laurie G. 2002. Privacy and property. Genetic Privacy: A Challenge to Medico-Legal Norms299–328 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  86. Lederer SE. 1995. Subjected to Science: Human Experimentation in America before the Second World War Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press
  87. Lederman R. 2006. Introduction: anxious borders between work and life in a time of bureaucratic ethics regulation. Am. Ethnol. 33:4477–81 [Google Scholar]
  88. Lidz CW, Meisel A, Munetz M. 1985. Chronic disease: the sick role and informed consent. Cult. Med. Psych. 9:3241–55 [Google Scholar]
  89. Lynöe N. 1999. Mellan Cowboyetik och Scoutmoral. Medicinsk Forskningsetik i Pratiken [Between Cowboy Ethics and Scout Morality. Medical Research Ethics in Practice] Stockholm: Liber [Google Scholar]
  90. Marks J. 2002. “We're going to tell these people who they really are”: science and relatedness. Relative Values: Reconfiguring Kinship Studies S Franklin, S McKinnon 355–83 Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  91. Martin E. 2013. The potentiality of ethnography and the limits of affect theory. Curr. Anthropol. 54:Suppl. 7149–58 [Google Scholar]
  92. Merz JF, McGee GE, Sankar P. 2004. “Iceland Inc.”?: on the ethics of commercial population genomics. Soc. Sci. Med. 58:61201–9 [Google Scholar]
  93. Meskell L, Pels P. 2005. Embedding Ethics New York: Berg
  94. Mills D. 2003. “Like a horse in blinkers”? A political history of anthropology's research ethics. See Caplan 2003 37–54
  95. Mol A. 2008. The Logic of Care: Health and the Problem of Patient Choice London: Routledge
  96. Molyneux CS, Wassenaar DR, Peshu N, Marsh K. 2005. ‘Even if they ask you to stand by a tree all day, you will have to do it (laughter)…!’: community voices on the notion and practice of informed consent for biomedical research in developing countries. Soc. Sci. Med. 61:443–54 [Google Scholar]
  97. Molyneux S, Geissler PW. 2008. Ethics and the ethnography of medical research in Africa. Soc. Sci. Med. 67:5685–95 [Google Scholar]
  98. Muller J. 1994. Anthropology, bioethics, and medicine: a provocative trilogy. Med. Anthropol. Q. 8:4448–67 [Google Scholar]
  99. Nõmper A. 2005. Open consent: a new form of informed consent for population genetic databases PhD Thesis, Univ. Tartu, Tartu, Est.
  100. Nugent S. 2003. The Yanomami: anthropological discourse and ethics. See Caplan 2003 77–95
  101. Orfali K, DeVries RG. 2009. A sociological gaze on bioethics. The New Blackwell Companion To Medical Sociology WC Cockerham 487–510 Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell [Google Scholar]
  102. Pálsson G, Harðardóttir K. 2002. For whom the cell tolls. Curr. Anthropol. 43:2271–301 [Google Scholar]
  103. Patra PK, Sleeboom-Faulkner M. 2012. Informed consent and benefit sharing in genetic research and biobanking in India: some common impediments in practice. Trust in Biobanking P Dabrock, J Taupitz, J Ried 237–56 Heidelberg, Ger.: Springer [Google Scholar]
  104. Pels P. 1999. Professions of duplexity: a prehistory of ethical codes in anthropology. Curr. Anthropol. 40:2101–36 [Google Scholar]
  105. Petryna A. 2002. Life Exposed: Biological Citizens after Chernobyl. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  106. Petryna A. 2006. Globalizing human subjects research. Global Pharmaceuticals: Ethics, Markets, Practices A Petryna, A Lakoff, A Kleinman 33–60 Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  107. Petryna A. 2007. Clinical trials offshored: on private sector science and public health. BioSocieties 2:21–40 [Google Scholar]
  108. Rabinow P. 1999. French DNA: Trouble in Purgatory Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
  109. Radin J. 2013. Latent life: concepts and practices of human tissue preservation in the International Biological Program. Soc. Stud. Sci. 43:4484–508 [Google Scholar]
  110. Read KE. 1955. Morality and the concept of the person among the Gahuku-Gama. Oceania 25:4233–82 [Google Scholar]
  111. Reardon J. 2005. Race to the Finish: Identity and Governance in an Age of Genomics Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  112. Reubi D. 2012. The human capacity to reflect and decide: bioethics and the reconfiguration of the research subject in the British biomedical sciences. Soc. Stud. Sci. 42:3348–68 [Google Scholar]
  113. Riles A. 2006a. Documents Ann Arbor: Univ. Mich. Press
  114. Riles A. 2006b. Introduction. See Riles 2006a 1–38
  115. Roberts EFS. 2007. Extra embryos: the ethics of cryopreservation in Ecuador and elsewhere. Am. Ethnol. 34:1181–99 [Google Scholar]
  116. Rose N. 1999. Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  117. Rothman DJ. 1991. Strangers at the Bedside: A History of How Law and Bioethics Transformed Medical Decision Making New York: Basic Books
  118. Sankar P. 2004. Communication and miscommunication in informed consent to research. Med. Anthropol. Q. 18:4429–46 [Google Scholar]
  119. Sass HM. 1983. Reichsrundschreiben 1931: Pre-Nuremberg German regulations concerning new therapy and human experimentation. J. Med. Philos. 8:299–111 [Google Scholar]
  120. Shannon J. 2007. Informed consent: documenting the intersection of bureaucratic regulation and ethnographic practice. PoLAR 30:2229–48 [Google Scholar]
  121. Shildrick M. 2002. Embodying the Monster: Encounters with the Vulnerable Self Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
  122. Simpson B, Coleman S. 2002. Cutting off the life blood: research, ethics and auditability. Anthropol. Action 9:35–11 [Google Scholar]
  123. Skinner J. 2002. Effective ethics and the effects of ethics. Anthropol. Action 9:11 [Google Scholar]
  124. Skloot R. 2010. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks New York: Crown
  125. Skolbekken J-A, Ursin LØ, Solberg B, Christensen E, Ytterhus B. 2005. Not worth the paper it's written on? Informed consent and biobank research in a Norwegian context. Crit. Public Health 15:4335–47 [Google Scholar]
  126. Star SL, Griesemer JR. 1989. Institutional ecology, ‘translations’ and boundary objects: amateurs and professionals in Berkeley's Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907–39. Soc. Stud. Sci. 19:3387–420 [Google Scholar]
  127. Stark L. 2011. Behind Closed Doors: IRBs and the Making of Ethical Research Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
  128. Strathern M. 2000a. Audit Cultures: Anthropological Studies in Accountability, Ethics and the Academy London: Routledge
  129. Strathern M. 2000b. Introduction: new accountabilities. See Strathern 2000a 1–18
  130. Strathern M. 2004. Losing (out on) intellectual resources. Law, Anthropology, and the Constitution of the Social: Making Persons and Things A Pottage, M Mundy 201–33 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  131. Strathern M. 2006. Bullet-proofing. See Riles 2006a 181–205
  132. Sugarman J, McCrory D, Powell D, Krasny A, Adams B. et al. 1999. Empirical research on informed consent: an annotated bibliography. Hastings Cent. Rep. 29:s1–42 [Google Scholar]
  133. Svendsen MN, Koch L. 2008. Between neutrality and engagement: a case study of recruitment to pharmacogenomics research in Denmark. BioSocieties 3:399–418 [Google Scholar]
  134. Swan J, Collins MA. 2008. Sign on the dotted line: the informed consent process (ICP) as induced compliance. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 38:112637–47 [Google Scholar]
  135. Thompson EP. 1971. The moral economy of the English crowd in the eighteenth century. Past Present 50:76–136 [Google Scholar]
  136. UNESCO 2005. Universal Draft Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights Paris: UNESCO
  137. Vollmann J, Winau R. 1996. Informed consent in human experimentation before the Nuremberg Code. BMJ 313:1445–47 [Google Scholar]
  138. Wadmann S, Hoeyer K. 2014. Beyond the ‘therapeutic misconception’: research, care and moral friction. BioSocieties 9:3–23 [Google Scholar]
  139. Waldby C, Cooper M. 2014. Clinical Labor: Tissue Donors and Research Subjects in the Global Bioeconomy Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press
  140. Waldby C, Mitchell R. 2006. Tissue Economies: Blood, Organs, and Cell Lines in Late Capitalism Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press
  141. Wax M. 1995. Commentary. Hum. Organ. 54:3330–31 [Google Scholar]
  142. Weisz G. 1991a. Introduction. See Weisz 1991b 3–15
  143. Weisz G. 1991b. Social Science Perspectives on Medical Ethics Philadelphia: Univ. Pa. Press
  144. Weldon S. 2004. ‘Public consent’ or ‘scientific citizenship’? What counts as public participation in population-based DNA collections?. Genetic Databases: Socio-Ethical Issues in the Collection and Use of DNA R Tutton, O Corrigan 161–80 London: Routledge [Google Scholar]
  145. Wendland C. 2008. Research, therapy, and the bioethical hegemony: the controversy over perinatal AZT trials in Africa. Afr. Stud. Rev. 51:31–23 [Google Scholar]
  146. Whong-Barr M. 2006. Informed consent and the shaping of British and US population-based genetic research. Shaping Science and Technology Policy: The New Generation of Research D Guston, D Sarawitz 291–311 Madison: Univ. Wisc. Press [Google Scholar]
  147. Williams G. 2005. Bioethics and large-scale biobanking: individualistic ethics and collective projects. Genomics Soc. Pol. 1:250–66 [Google Scholar]
  148. World Med. Assoc 2014 [1964]. WMA Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Ferney-Voltaire: WMA http://www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/b3/
  149. Young A. 1991. Moral conflicts in a psychiatric hospital treating combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). See Weisz 1991b 65–82
  150. Zussman R. 1992. Intensive Care. Medical Ethics and the Medical Profession. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102313-030413
Loading
  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error