1932

Abstract

I review the spatially resolved spectroscopic properties of low-redshift star-forming galaxies (and their retired counterparts) using results from the most recent optical integral field spectroscopy galaxy surveys. First, I briefly summarize the global spectroscopic properties of these galaxies, discussing the main ionization processes and the global relations described by the star-formation rates, gas-phase oxygen abundances, and average properties of their stellar populations (age and metallicity) in comparison with the stellar mass. Second, I present the local distribution of the ionizing processes down to kiloparsec scales, and I show how the global scaling relations found using integrated parameters (like the star-formation main sequence, mass–metallicity relation, and Schmidt–Kennicutt law) have local/resolved counterparts, with the global ones being, for the most part, just integrated/average versions of the local ones. I discuss the local/resolved star-formation histories (SFHs) and chemical-enrichment histories and their implications on the inside-out growth of galaxies. Third, I present the radial distributions of the surface densities of the properties explored globally and how they depend on the integrated galaxy properties.

In conclusion, I find that the evolution of galaxies is mostly governed by local processes but clearly affected by global ones:

  • ▪   Many global scaling relations present resolved counterparts (verified down to kiloparsec scales) that can explain them as well as the observed radial gradients in galaxies.
  • ▪   These relations are consequences of the local SFHs, the narrow range of the depletion times, and a local metal enrichment.
  • ▪   Deviations from these relations are due to dynamical and mixing processes, local exchange of gas (inflows, outflows, and fountains), depletion time differences, and/or differences in the resolved SFHs.
  • ▪   Ionization happens at local scales that may be driven by different physical processes, and it cannot be clearly understood using purely integrated quantities. The dominant ionization in galaxies has a stellar origin.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-012120-013326
2020-08-18
2024-04-20
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/astro/58/1/annurev-astro-012120-013326.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-012120-013326&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Abdurro'uf, Akiyama M. 2017. MNRAS 469:2806–20
  2. Aguado DS, Ahumada R, Almeida A et al. 2019. Ap. J. Suppl. 240:23
  3. Alatalo K, Davis TA, Bureau M et al. 2013. MNRAS 432:1796–844
  4. Asari NV, Cid Fernandes R, Stasińska G et al. 2007. MNRAS 381:263–79
  5. Athanassoula E. 1992. MNRAS 259:345–64
  6. Bacon R, Accardo M, Adjali L et al. 2010. Proc. SPIE Conf. Ser. 7735:7735O8
  7. Bacon R, Copin Y, Monnet G et al. 2001. MNRAS 326:23–35
  8. Bacon E, Monnet G. 2017. Optical 3D-Spectroscopy for Astronomy Weinheim, Ger.: Wiley-VCH Verlag
  9. Bakos J, Trujillo I, Pohlen M 2008. Ap. J. Lett. 683:L103–6
  10. Baldwin JA, Phillips MM, Terlevich R 1981. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 93:5–19
  11. Bamford SP, Nichol RC, Baldry IK et al. 2009. MNRAS 393:1324–52
  12. Barden M, Rix HW, Somerville RS et al. 2005. Ap. J 635:959–81
  13. Barrera-Ballesteros JK, Heckman T, Sánchez SF et al. 2018. Ap. J 852:74
  14. Barrera-Ballesteros JK, Heckman TM, Zhu GB et al. 2016. MNRAS 463:2513–22
  15. Barrera-Ballesteros JK, Sánchez SF, Heckman T, Blanc GA 2017. Ap. J 844:80
  16. Barrera-Ballesteros JK, Utomo D, Bolatto AD et al. 2020. MNRAS 492:2651–62
  17. Belfiore F, Maiolino R, Bothwell M 2016. MNRAS 455:1218–36
  18. Belfiore F, Maiolino R, Bundy K et al. 2018. MNRAS 477:3014–29
  19. Belfiore F, Maiolino R, Maraston C et al. 2017a. MNRAS 466:2570–89
  20. Belfiore F, Maiolino R, Tremonti C et al. 2017b. MNRAS 469:151–70
  21. Belfiore F, Vincenzo F, Maiolino WR, Matteucci F 2019a. MNRAS 487:456–74
  22. Belfiore F, Westfall KB, Schaefer A et al. 2019b. Astron. J. 158:160
  23. Bell EF. 2008. Ap. J 682:355–60
  24. Bell EF, de Jong RS 2001. Ap. J 550:212–29
  25. Bell EF, McIntosh DH, Barden M et al. 2004. Ap. J. Lett. 600:L11–14
  26. Bell EF, McIntosh DH, Katz N, Weinberg MD 2003. Ap. J. Suppl. 149:289–312
  27. Bell EF, Phleps S, Somerville RS et al. 2006. Ap. J 652:270–76
  28. Belley J, Roy JR. 1992. Ap. J. Suppl. 78:61–85
  29. Belli S, Genzel R, Förster Schreiber NM et al. 2017. Ap. J. Lett. 841:L6
  30. Bershady MA. 2009. arXiv:0910.0167
  31. Bershady MA, Verheijen MAW, Swaters RA et al. 2010. Ap. J 716:198–233
  32. Bigiel F, Leroy A, Walter F et al. 2008. Astron. J. 136:2846–71
  33. Binette L, Magris CG, Stasińska G, Bruzual AG 1994. Astron. Astrophys. 292:13–19
  34. Bird J, Martini P, Kaiser C 2008. Ap. J 676:147–62
  35. Bitsakis T, Dultzin D, Ciesla L et al. 2016. MNRAS 459:957–70
  36. Blanc GA, Gebhardt K, Heiderman A et al. 2010. New Horizons in Astronomy: Frank N. Bash Symposium 2009 LM Stanford, JD Green, L Hao, Y Mao , Vol. 432: Astron. Soc. Pac. Conf. Ser180–86 San Francisco: ASP
  37. Blanc GA, Lu Y, Benson A, Katsianis A, Barraza M 2019. Ap. J 877:6
  38. Bland-Hawthorn J. 1995. Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust. 12:190–96
  39. Bland-Hawthorn J. 2015. Galaxies in 3D Across the Universe, Proc. IAU Symp. 309 BL Ziegler, F Combes, H Dannerbauer, M Verdugo pp21–28 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  40. Blanton MR, Hogg DW, Bahcall NA et al. 2003. Ap. J 592:819–38
  41. Blanton MR, Moustakas J. 2009. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 47:159–210
  42. Bluck AFL, Maiolino R, Sánchez SF et al. 2020. MNRAS 492:96–139
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Boissier S, Prantzos N. 1999. MNRAS 307:857–76
  44. Bolatto AD, Leroy AK, Rosolowsky E, Walter F, Blitz L 2008. Ap. J 686:948–65
  45. Bolatto AD, Wolfire M, Leroy AK 2013. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 51:207–68
  46. Bolatto AD, Wong T, Utomo D et al. 2017. Ap. J 846:159
  47. Bonnell IA, Bate MR, Zinnecker H 1998. MNRAS 298:93–102
  48. Boone F, Baker AJ, Schinnerer E et al. 2007. Astron. Astrophys. 471:113–25
  49. Bresolin F. 2017. Outskirts of Galaxies, Vol. 434, Ap. Space Sci. Libr JH Knapen, JC Lee, A Gil de Paz 145–73 Cham, Switz.: Springer Nature
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Bresolin F. 2019. MNRAS 488:3826–43
  51. Bresolin F, Kennicutt RC Jr 2015. MNRAS 454:3664–73
  52. Brinchmann J, Charlot S, White SDM et al. 2004. MNRAS 351:1151–79
  53. Bundy K, Bershady MA, Law DR et al. 2015. Ap. J 798:7
  54. Calette AR, Avila-Reese V, Rodríguez-Puebla A, Hernández-Toledo H, Papastergis E 2018. Rev. Mex. Astron. Astrophys. 54:443–83
  55. Cano-Díaz M, Ávila-Reese V, Sánchez SF et al. 2019. MNRAS 488:3929–48
  56. Cano-Díaz M, Sánchez SF, Zibetti S et al. 2016. Ap. J. Lett. 821:L26
  57. Cappellari M. 2016. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 54:597–665
  58. Cappellari M, Emsellem E, Krajnović D et al. 2011. MNRAS 413:813–36
  59. Carigi L, Peimbert M, Peimbert A 2019. Ap. J 873:107
  60. Casado J, Ascasibar Y, Gavilán M et al. 2015. MNRAS 451:888–903
  61. Catalán-Torrecilla C, Gil de Paz A, Castillo-Morales A et al. 2015. Astron. Astrophys. 584:A87
  62. Cheung E, Bundy K, Cappellari M et al. 2016. Nature 533:504–8
  63. Cid Fernandes R, González Delgado RM, García Benito R et al. 2014. Astron. Astrophys. 561:A130
  64. Cid Fernandes R, Mateus A, Sodré L, Stasinska G, Gomes JM 2011. Astrophysics Source Code Library. ascl:1108.006
  65. Cid Fernandes R, Pérez E, García Benito R et al. 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 557:A86
  66. Cid Fernandes R, Stasińska G, Schlickmann MS et al. 2010. MNRAS 403:1036–53
  67. Coccato L, Gerhard O, Arnaboldi M 2010. MNRAS 407:L26–30
  68. Colombo D, Kalinova V, Utomo D et al. 2018. MNRAS 475:1791–808
  69. Comte G. 1975. Astron. Astrophys. 39:197–205
  70. Conroy C. 2013. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 51:393–455
  71. Courteau S, Cappellari M, de Jong RS et al. 2014. Rev. Mod. Phys. 86:47–119
  72. Courteau S, de Jong RS, Broeils AH 1996. Ap. J. Lett. 457:L73–76
  73. Cresci G, Mannucci F, Curti M 2019. Astron. Astrophys. 627:A42
  74. Croom SM, Lawrence JS, Bland-Hawthorn J et al. 2012. MNRAS 421:872–93
  75. Croton DJ, Springel V, White SDM et al. 2006. MNRAS 365:11–28
  76. Curti M, Mannucci F, Cresci G, Maiolino R 2019. MNRAS 491:944–64
  77. Daddi E, Dickinson M, Morrison G et al. 2007. Ap. J 670:156–72
  78. Daddi E, Elbaz D, Walter F et al. 2010. Ap. J. Lett. 714:L118–22
  79. Davé R, Finlator K, Oppenheimer BD 2011. MNRAS 416:1354–76
  80. Davies RL, Kewley LJ, Ho IT, Dopita MA 2014. MNRAS 444:3961–74
  81. Davis TA, Alatalo K, Bureau M et al. 2013. MNRAS 429:534–55
  82. de Amorim AL, García-Benito R, Cid Fernandes R et al. 2017. MNRAS 471:3727–52
  83. de La Rosa IG, La Barbera F, Ferreras I, de Carvalho RR 2011. MNRAS 418:L74–78
  84. de los Reyes MAC, Kennicutt RC Jr 2019. Ap. J 872:16
  85. de Vaucouleurs G. 1959. Astrophysik IV: Sternsysteme. Handbuch der Physik 11311–72 Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer
  86. de Zeeuw PT, Bureau M, Emsellem E et al. 2002. MNRAS 329:513–30
  87. Dey B, Rosolowsky E, Cao Y et al. 2019. MNRAS 488:1926–40
  88. Di Matteo P, Haywood M, Combes F, Semelin B, Snaith ON 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 553:A102
  89. Diaz AI. 1989. Evolutionary Phenomena in Galaxies JE Beckman, BEJ Pagel 377–97 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  90. Dopita MA, Koratkar AP, Evans IN et al. 1996. The Physics of LINERS in View of Recent Observations M Eracleous, A Koratkar, C Leitherer, L Ho ASP Conf. Ser 103:44–55 San Francisco: ASP
  91. Driver SP, Andrews SK, Cunha E et al. 2018. MNRAS 475:2891–35
  92. Driver SP, Norberg P, Baldry IK et al. 2009. Astron. Geophys. 50:512–19
  93. Drory N, Fisher DB. 2007. Ap. J 664:640–49
  94. Elbaz D, Daddi E, Le Borgne D et al. 2007. Astron. Astrophys. 468:33–48
  95. Ellison SL, Patton DR, Simard L, McConnachie AW 2008. Ap. J. Lett. 672:L107–10
  96. Ellison SL, Sánchez SF, Ibarra-Medel H et al. 2018. MNRAS 474:2039–54
  97. Ellison SL, Thorp MD, Lin L et al. 2020. MNRAS 493:L39–43
  98. Elmegreen BG. 1997. 1st Guillermo Haro Conference on Astrophysics: Starburst Activity in Galaxies, Puebla, Pue., Mexico, Apr. 29–May 3, 1996, Vol. 6, Rev. Mex. Astron. Astrophys. Conf. Ser J Franco, R Terlevich, A Serrano 165–71 Mexico City, Mex.: Univ. Nac. Auton. Mex.
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Elmegreen DM, Elmegreen BG, Ravindranath S, Coe DA 2007. Ap. J 658:763–77
  100. Emsellem E, Cappellari M, Peletier RF et al. 2004. MNRAS 352:721–43
  101. Erb DK. 2008. Ap. J 674:151–56
  102. Erb DK, Shapley AE, Pettini M et al. 2006. Ap. J 644:813–28
  103. Erroz-Ferrer S, Carollo CM, den Brok M et al. 2019. MNRAS 484:5009–27
  104. Esteban C, García-Rojas J. 2018. MNRAS 478:2315–36
  105. Evans IN, Dopita MA. 1985. Ap. J. Suppl. 58:125–42
  106. Faber S. 1977. The Evolution of Galaxies and Stellar Populations BM Tinsley, RB Larson 157 New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Obs.
  107. Faber SM, Willmer CNA, Wolf C et al. 2007. Ap. J 665:265–94
  108. Fabian AC. 2012. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 50:455–89
  109. Flores-Fajardo N, Morisset C, Stasińska G, Binette L 2011. MNRAS 415:2182–92
  110. Freeman KC. 1970. Ap. J 160:811–30
  111. Gadotti DA, Sánchez-Blázquez P, Falcón-Barroso J et al. 2019. MNRAS 482:506–29
  112. Galbany L, Anderson JP, Rosales-Ortega FF et al. 2016. MNRAS 455:4087–99
  113. Galbany L, Collett TE, Méndez-Abreu J et al. 2018. MNRAS 479:262–74
  114. Galbany L, Mora L, González-Gaitán S et al. 2017. MNRAS 468:628–44
  115. Gallazzi A, Brinchmann J, Charlot S, White SDM 2008. MNRAS 383:1439–58
  116. Gallazzi A, Charlot S, Brinchmann J, White SDM, Tremonti CA 2005. MNRAS 362:41–58
  117. Ganda K, Falcón-Barroso J, Peletier RF et al. 2006. MNRAS 367:46–78
  118. García-Benito R, González Delgado RM, Pérez E et al. 2017. Astron. Astrophys. 608:A27
  119. García-Benito R, González Delgado RM, Pérez E et al. 2019. Astron. Astrophys. 621:A120
  120. García-Lorenzo B, Mediavilla E, Arribas S, del Burgo C 1997. Ap. J 483:L99–102
  121. Garnett DR. 2002. Ap. J 581:1019–31
  122. Gavazzi G, Consolandi G, Dotti M et al. 2015. Astron. Astrophys. 580:A116
  123. Genzel R, Tacconi LJ, Gracia-Carpio J et al. 2010. MNRAS 407:2091–108
  124. Goddard D, Thomas D, Maraston C et al. 2017. MNRAS 466:4731–58
  125. Gomes JM, Papaderos P, Kehrig C et al. 2016a. Astron. Astrophys. 588:A68
  126. Gomes JM, Papaderos P, Vílchez JM et al. 2016b. Astron. Astrophys. 585:A92
  127. González Delgado RM, Cid Fernandes R, García-Benito R et al. 2014a. Ap. J. Lett. 791:L16
  128. González Delgado RM, Cid Fernandes R, Pérez E et al. 2016. Astron. Astrophys. 590:A44
  129. González Delgado RM, García-Benito R, Pérez E et al. 2015. Astron. Astrophys. 581:A103
  130. González Delgado RM, Pérez E, Cid Fernandes R et al. 2014b. Astron. Astrophys. 562:A47
  131. González Delgado RM, Pérez E, Cid Fernandes R et al. 2017. Astron. Astrophys. 607:A128
  132. González JJ. 1994. Line-strength gradients and kinematic profiles in elliptical galaxies PhD Thesis, Univ. Calif Santa Cruz:
  133. Graham MT, Cappellari M, Li H et al. 2018. MNRAS 477:4711–37
  134. Grand RJJ, Springel V, Kawata D et al. 2016. MNRAS 460:L94–98
  135. Hall C, Courteau S, Jarrett T et al. 2018. Ap. J 865:154
  136. Heavens A, Panter B, Jimenez R, Dunlop J 2004. Nature 428:625–27
  137. Heckman TM, Armus L, Miley GK 1990. Ap. J. Suppl. 74:833–68
  138. Henriques BMB, White SDM, Lilly SJ et al. 2019. MNRAS 485:3446–56
  139. Henry A, Scarlata C, Domínguez A et al. 2013. Ap. J. Lett. 776:L27
  140. Ho IT, Kewley LJ, Dopita MA et al. 2014. MNRAS 444:3894–910
  141. Ho IT, Medling AM, Groves B et al. 2016. Ap. Space Sci. 361:280
  142. Ho IT, Meidt SE, Kudritzki RP et al. 2018. Astron. Astrophys. 618:A64
  143. Ho IT, Seibert M, Meidt SE et al. 2017. Ap. J 846:39
  144. Hopkins PF, Cox TJ, Younger JD, Hernquist L 2009. Ap. J 691:1168–201
  145. Hsieh BC, Lin L, Lin JH et al. 2017. Ap. J. Lett. 851:L24
  146. Hubble E. 1936. Ap. J 84:517–54
  147. Hubble EP. 1926. Ap. J 63:236–74
  148. Hughes A, Wong T, Ott J et al. 2010. MNRAS 406:2065–86
  149. Husemann B, Jahnke K, Sánchez SF et al. 2014. MNRAS 443:755–83
  150. Husemann B, Sánchez SF, Wisotzki L et al. 2010. Astron. Astrophys. 519:A115
  151. Husemann B, Wisotzki L, Jahnke K, Sánchez SF 2011. Astron. Astrophys. 535:A72
  152. Hwang HC, Barrera-Ballesteros JK, Heckman TM et al. 2019. Ap. J 872:144
  153. Ibarra-Medel HJ, Avila-Reese V, Sánchez SF, González-Samaniego A, Rodríguez-Puebla A 2019. MNRAS 483:4525–50
  154. Ibarra-Medel HJ, Sánchez SF, Avila-Reese V et al. 2016. MNRAS 463:2799–818
  155. Jarvis BJ. 1990. Astron. Astrophys. 240:L8–10
  156. Jogee S, Scoville N, Kenney JDP 2005. Ap. J 630:837–63
  157. Kauffmann G, Heckman TM, Tremonti C et al. 2003. MNRAS 346:1055–77
  158. Kehrig C, Monreal-Ibero A, Papaderos P et al. 2012. Astron. Astrophys. 540:A11
  159. Kennicutt RC Jr 1998a. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 36:189–232
  160. Kennicutt RC Jr 1998b. Ap. J 498:541–52
  161. Kennicutt RC Jr, Calzetti D, Walter F et al. 2007. Ap. J 671:333–48
  162. Kennicutt RC Jr, Evans NJ. 2012. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 50:531–608
  163. Kennicutt RC Jr, Keel WC, Blaha CA. 1989. Astron. J. 97:1022–35
  164. Kewley LJ, Dopita MA, Sutherland RS, Heisler CA, Trevena J 2001. Ap. J 556:121–40
  165. Kewley LJ, Ellison SL. 2008. Ap. J 681:1183–204
  166. Kewley LJ, Nicholls DC, Sutherland RS 2019. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 57:511–70
  167. Knapen JH, Comerón S, Seidel MK 2019. Astron. Astrophys. 621:L5
  168. Koleva M, Prugniel P, De Rijcke S, Zeilinger WW 2011. MNRAS 417:1643–71
  169. Kormendy J, Ho LC. 2013. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 51:511–653
  170. Kreckel K, Groves B, Bigiel F et al. 2017. Ap. J 834:174
  171. Kruijssen JMD, Longmore SN. 2014. MNRAS 439:3239–52
  172. Kruijssen JMD, Schruba A, Chevance M et al. 2019. Nature 569:519–22
  173. Krumholz MR, Dekel A, McKee CF 2012. Ap. J 745:69
  174. Kuntschner H. 2015. Galaxy Masses as Constraints of Formation Models, IAU Symp. 311 M Cappellari, S Courteau pp.53–56 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  175. Kuntschner H, Emsellem E, Bacon R et al. 2010. MNRAS 408:97–132
  176. Lacerda EAD, Cid Fernandes R, Couto GS et al. 2018. MNRAS 474:3727–39
  177. Lacerda EAD, Sánchez SF, Fernandes RC et al. 2020. MNRAS 492:3073–90
  178. Lara-López MA, Cepa J, Bongiovanni A et al. 2010. Astron. Astrophys. 521:L53
  179. Leroy AK, Walter F, Brinks E et al. 2008. Astron. J. 136:2782–845
  180. Leroy AK, Walter F, Sandstrom K et al. 2013. Astron. J. 146:19
  181. Li C, Wang E, Lin L et al. 2015. Ap. J 804:125
  182. Li Y, Bresolin F, Kennicutt RC Jr 2013. Ap. J 766:17
  183. Lilly SJ, Carollo CM, Pipino A, Renzini A, Peng Y 2013. Ap. J 772:119
  184. Lin L, Belfiore F, Pan HA et al. 2017. Ap. J 851:18
  185. Lin L, Pan HA, Ellison SL et al. 2019. Ap. J. Lett. 884:L33
  186. López-Cobá C, Sánchez SF, Anderson J et al. 2020. Astron. J. 159:167
  187. López-Cobá C, Sánchez SF, Bland-Hawthorn J et al. 2019. MNRAS 482:4032–56
  188. López-Cobá C, Sánchez SF, Cruz-González I et al. 2017a. Ap. J. Lett. 850:L17
  189. López-Cobá C, Sánchez SF, Moiseev AV et al. 2017b. MNRAS 467:4951–64
  190. López Fernández R, Cid Fernandes R, González Delgado RM et al. 2016. MNRAS 458:184–99
  191. López Fernández R, González Delgado RM, Pérez E et al. 2018. Astron. Astrophys. 615:A27
  192. Madau P, Dickinson M. 2014. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 52:415–86
  193. Madau P, Pozzetti L, Dickinson M 1998. Ap. J 498:106–16
  194. Magorrian J, Tremaine S, Richstone D et al. 1998. Astron. J. 115:2285–305
  195. Maiolino R, Mannucci F. 2019. Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 27:3
  196. Maiolino R, Nagao T, Grazian A et al. 2008. Astron. Astrophys. 488:463–79
  197. Mannucci F, Cresci G, Maiolino R, Marconi A, Gnerucci A 2010. MNRAS 408:2115–27
  198. Maragkoudakis A, Zezas A, Ashby MLN, Willner SP 2017. MNRAS 466:1192–204
  199. Marino RA, Gil de Paz A, Sánchez SF et al. 2016. Astron. Astrophys. 585:A47
  200. Marino RA, Rosales-Ortega FF, Sánchez SF et al. 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 559:A114
  201. Mármol-Queraltó E, Sánchez SF, Marino RA et al. 2011. Astron. Astrophys. 534:A8
  202. Martig M, Bournaud F, Teyssier R, Dekel A 2009. Ap. J 707:250–67
  203. Martin P, Roy JR. 1994. Ap. J 424:599–614
  204. Matteucci F, Francois P. 1989. MNRAS 239:885–904
  205. McDermid RM, Alatalo K, Blitz L et al. 2015. MNRAS 448:3484–513
  206. McIntosh DH, Wagner C, Cooper A et al. 2014. MNRAS 442:533–57
  207. McWilliam A. 1997. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 35:503–56
  208. Medling AM, Cortese L, Croom SM et al. 2018. MNRAS 475:5194–214
  209. Mehlert D, Thomas D, Saglia RP, Bender R, Wegner G 2003. Astron. Astrophys. 407:423–35
  210. Méndez-Abreu J, Ruiz-Lara T, Sánchez-Menguiano L et al. 2017. Astron. Astrophys. 598:A32
  211. Méndez-Abreu J, Sánchez SF, de Lorenzo-Cáceres A 2019. MNRAS 488:L80–84
  212. Minchev I, Famaey B, Quillen AC et al. 2012. Astron. Astrophys. 548:A126
  213. Mollá M, Díaz AI. 2005. MNRAS 358:521–43
  214. Monreal-Ibero A, Vílchez JM, Walsh JR, Muñoz-Tuñón C 2010. Astron. Astrophys. 517:A27
  215. Moran SM, Heckman TM, Kauffmann G et al. 2012. Ap. J 745:66
  216. Morisset C, Delgado-Inglada G, Sánchez SF et al. 2016. Astron. Astrophys. 594:A37
  217. Moustakas J, Kennicutt RC Jr 2006. Ap. J 651:155–66
  218. Noeske KG, Faber SM, Weiner BJ et al. 2007. Ap. J. Lett. 660:L47–50
  219. Osterbrock DE. 1989. Astrophysics of Gaseous Nebulae and Active Galactic Nuclei Mill Valley, CA: Univ. Sci. Books
  220. Oyarzún GA, Bundy K, Westfall KB et al. 2019. Ap. J 880:111
  221. Pagel BEJ, Edmunds MG. 1981. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 19:77–113
  222. Pagel BEJ, Patchett BE. 1975. MNRAS 172:13–40
  223. Pan HA, Lin L, Hsieh BC et al. 2018. Ap. J 854:159
  224. Panter B, Heavens AF, Jimenez R 2003. MNRAS 343:1145–54
  225. Panter B, Jimenez R, Heavens AF, Charlot S 2007. MNRAS 378:1550–64
  226. Panter B, Jimenez R, Heavens AF, Charlot S 2008. MNRAS 391:1117–26
  227. Papaderos P, Gomes JM, Vílchez JM et al. 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 555:L1
  228. Peimbert M, Luridiana V, Peimbert A 2007. Ap. J 666:636–46
  229. Peimbert M, Torres-Peimbert S, Rayo JF 1978. Ap. J 220:516–24
  230. Peletier RF. 1989. Elliptical galaxies: structure and stellar content PhD Thesis, Univ Gröningen, The Netherlands:
  231. Peletier RF, Davies RL, Illingworth GD, Davis LE, Cawson M 1990. Astron. J. 100:1091–142
  232. Peng Y, Lilly SJ, Kovac K et al. 2010. Ap. J 721:193–221
  233. Pérez E, Cid Fernandes R, González Delgado RM et al. 2013. Ap. J. Lett. 764:L1
  234. Pérez-González PG, Rieke GH, Villar V et al. 2008. Ap. J 675:234–61
  235. Pérez-Montero E. 2014. MNRAS 441:2663–75
  236. Pérez-Montero E. 2017. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 129:043001
  237. Peterken TG, Merrifield MR, Aragón-Salamanca A et al. 2018. Nat. Astron. 3:178–82
  238. Pettini M, Pagel BEJ. 2004. MNRAS 348:L59–63
  239. Pilyugin LS, Grebel EK, Kniazev AY 2014. Astron. J. 147:131
  240. Pilyugin LS, Thuan TX, Vílchez JM 2007. MNRAS 376:353–60
  241. Poetrodjojo H, Groves B, Kewley LJ et al. 2018. MNRAS 479:5235–65
  242. Poggianti BM, Moretti A, Gullieuszik M et al. 2017. Ap. J 844:48
  243. Pozzetti L, Bolzonella M, Zucca E et al. 2010. Astron. Astrophys. 523:A13
  244. Rahman N, Bolatto AD, Xue R et al. 2012. Ap. J 745:183
  245. Rawle TD, Smith RJ, Lucey JR 2010. MNRAS 401:852–66
  246. Rawle TD, Smith RJ, Lucey JR, Swinbank AM 2008. MNRAS 389:1891–904
  247. Regan MW, Thornley MD, Helfer TT et al. 2001. Ap. J 561:218–37
  248. Renzini A, Peng Y. 2015. Ap. J. Lett. 801:L29
  249. Rodríguez-Puebla A, Primack JR, Behroozi P, Faber SM 2016. MNRAS 455:2592–606
  250. Rosales-Ortega FF, Díaz AI, Kennicutt RC Jr, Sánchez SF 2011. MNRAS 415:2439–74
  251. Rosales-Ortega FF, Kennicutt RC Jr, Sánchez SF et al. 2010. MNRAS 405:735–58
  252. Rosales-Ortega FF, Sánchez SF, Iglesias-Páramo J et al. 2012. Ap. J. Lett. 756:L31
  253. Rosolowsky E, Schinnerer E, Leroy A et al. 2019. Am. Astron. Soc. Meet. #233 (Abstr. id. 450.01)
  254. Roth MM. 2006. New Astron. Rev. 50:252–58
  255. Roy JR, Walsh JR. 1997. MNRAS 288:715–25
  256. Roy N, Bundy K, Cheung E et al. 2018. Ap. J 869:117
  257. Ruiz-Lara T, Pérez I, Florido E et al. 2016. MNRAS 456:L35–39
  258. Ruiz-Lara T, Pérez I, Florido E et al. 2017. Astron. Astrophys. 604:A4
  259. Ryder SD. 1995. Ap. J 444:610–31
  260. Saintonge A, Catinella B, Cortese L et al. 2016. MNRAS 462:1749–56
  261. Saintonge A, Catinella B, Tacconi LJ et al. 2017. Ap. J. Suppl. 233:22
  262. Saintonge A, Kauffmann G, Kramer C et al. 2011. MNRAS 415:32–60
  263. Salim S, Lee JC, Davé R, Dickinson M 2015. Ap. J 808:25
  264. Salim S, Lee JC, Ly C et al. 2014. Ap. J 797:126
  265. Salpeter EE. 1955. Ap. J 121:161–67
  266. Sánchez SF. 2015. Galaxies in 3D Across the Universe, Proc. IAU Symp. 309 BL Ziegler, F Combes, H Dannerbauer, M Verdugo pp.85–92 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  267. Sánchez SF, Avila-Reese V, Hernandez-Toledo H et al. 2018. Rev. Mex. Astron. Astrophys. 54:217–60
  268. Sánchez SF, Avila-Reese V, Rodríguez-Puebla A et al. 2019a. MNRAS 482:1557–86
  269. Sánchez SF, Barrera-Ballesteros JK, López-Cobá C et al. 2019b. MNRAS 484:3042–70
  270. Sánchez SF, Barrera-Ballesteros JK, Sánchez-Menguiano L et al. 2017. MNRAS 469:2121–40
  271. Sánchez SF, Galbany L, Pérez E et al. 2015a. Astron. Astrophys. 573:A105
  272. Sánchez SF, Jahnke K, Wisotzki L et al. 2004. Ap. J 614:586–606
  273. Sánchez SF, Kennicutt RC Jr, Gil de Paz A et al. 2012a. Astron. Astrophys. 538:A8
  274. Sánchez SF, Pérez E, Rosales-Ortega FF et al. 2015b. Astron. Astrophys. 574:A47
  275. Sánchez SF, Pérez E, Sánchez-Blázquez P et al. 2016a. Rev. Mex. Astron. Astrophys. 52:171–220
  276. Sánchez SF, Pérez E, Sánchez-Blázquez P et al. 2016b. Rev. Mex. Astron. Astrophys. 52:21–53
  277. Sánchez SF, Rosales-Ortega FF, Iglesias-Páramo J et al. 2014. Astron. Astrophys. 563:A49
  278. Sánchez SF, Rosales-Ortega FF, Jungwiert B et al. 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 554:A58
  279. Sánchez SF, Rosales-Ortega FF, Marino RA et al. 2012b. Astron. Astrophys. 546:A2
  280. Sánchez SF, Sánchez-Menguiano L. 2017. LARIM 2016: XV Latin American Regional IAU Meeting, Cartagena de Indias, Columbia, October 3–7, 2016, Vol. 49, Rev. Mex. Astron. Astrophys. Conf. Ser MAH Garzón, SV Domínguez 28–32 Mexico City, Mex.: Univ. Nac. Auton. Mex.
    [Google Scholar]
  281. Sánchez Almeida J, Elmegreen BG, Muñoz-Tuñón C, Elmegreen DM 2014. Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 22:71
  282. Sánchez Almeida J, Sánchez-Menguiano L 2019. Ap. J. Lett. 878:L6
  283. Sánchez-Blázquez P, Forbes DA, Strader J, Brodie J, Proctor R 2007. MNRAS 377:759–86
  284. Sánchez-Blázquez P, Ocvirk P, Gibson BK, Pérez I, Peletier RF 2011. MNRAS 415:709–31
  285. Sánchez-Blázquez P, Rosales-Ortega F, Diaz A, Sánchez SF 2014a. MNRAS 437:1534–48
  286. Sánchez-Blázquez P, Rosales-Ortega FF, Méndez-Abreu J et al. 2014b. Astron. Astrophys. 570:A6
  287. Sánchez-Menguiano L, Sánchez SF, Kawata D et al. 2016a. Ap. J. Lett. 830:L40
  288. Sánchez-Menguiano L, Sánchez SF, Pérez I et al. 2016b. Astron. Astrophys. 587:A70
  289. Sánchez-Menguiano L, Sánchez SF, Pérez I et al. 2018. Astron. Astrophys. 609:A119
  290. Sánchez-Menguiano L, Sánchez Almeida J, Muñoz-Tuñón C et al. 2019. Ap. J 882:9
  291. Sanders DB, Mirabel IF. 1996. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 34:749–92
  292. Sarzi M, Falcón-Barroso J, Davies RL et al. 2006. MNRAS 366:1151–200
  293. Sarzi M, Shields JC, Schawinski K et al. 2010. MNRAS 402:2187–210
  294. Schawinski K, Urry CM, Simmons BD et al. 2014. MNRAS 440:889–907
  295. Schawinski K, Urry CM, Virani S et al. 2010. Ap. J 711:284–302
  296. Schiminovich D, Wyder TK, Martin DC et al. 2007. Ap. J. Suppl. 173:315–41
  297. Schmidt M. 1959. Ap. J 129:243–58
  298. Schruba A, Kruijssen JMD, Leroy AK 2019. Ap. J 883:2
  299. Schruba A, Leroy AK, Walter F et al. 2011. Astron. J. 142:37
  300. Searle L. 1971. Ap. J 168:327–41
  301. Sérsic JL. 1968. Atlas de Galaxias Australes Córdoba, Argent.: Univ. Nac. Córdoba
  302. Sharp RG, Bland-Hawthorn J. 2010. Ap. J 711:818–52
  303. Shlosman I, Frank J, Begelman MC 1989. Nature 338:45–47
  304. Silk J. 1997. Ap. J 481:703–9
  305. Singh R, van de Ven G, Jahnke K et al. 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 558:A43
  306. Speagle JS, Steinhardt CL, Capak PL, Silverman JD 2014. Ap. J. Suppl. 214:15
  307. Spolaor M, Kobayashi C, Forbes DA, Couch WJ, Hau GKT 2010. MNRAS 408:272–92
  308. Stark DV, Bundy KA, Orr ME et al. 2018. MNRAS 474:2323–33
  309. Stasińska G, Vale Asari N, Cid Fernandes R et al. 2008. MNRAS 391:L29–33
  310. Strateva I, Ivezić Ž, Knapp GR et al. 2001. Astron. J. 122:1861–74
  311. Strömgren B. 1939. Ap. J 89:526–47
  312. Thilker DA, Bianchi L, Meurer G et al. 2007. Ap. J. Suppl. 173:538–71
  313. Thomas D, Maraston C, Bender R, Mendes de Oliveira C 2005. Ap. J 621:673–94
  314. Thomas D, Maraston C, Schawinski K, Sarzi M, Silk J 2010. MNRAS 404:1775–89
  315. Tissera PB, Scannapieco C, Beers TC, Carollo D 2013. MNRAS 432:3391–400
  316. Torres-Papaqui JP, Coziol R, Andernach H et al. 2012. Rev. Mex. Astron. Astrophys. 48:275–91
  317. Tortora C, Napolitano NR, Cardone VF et al. 2010. MNRAS 407:144–62
  318. Trayford JW, Schaye J. 2019. MNRAS 485:5715–32
  319. Tremonti CA, Heckman TM, Kauffmann G et al. 2004. Ap. J 613:898–913
  320. Tumlinson J, Peeples MS, Werk JK 2017. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 55:389–432
  321. Utomo D, Bolatto AD, Wong T et al. 2017. Ap. J 849:26
  322. Vale Asari N, Stasińska G, Cid Fernandes R et al. 2009. MNRAS 396:L71–75
  323. van de Sande J, Lagos CDP, Welker C et al. 2019. MNRAS 484:869–91
  324. van Dokkum PG, Leja J, Nelson EJ et al. 2013. Ap. J. Lett. 771:L35
  325. Vanderriest C, Haddad B, Lemonnier JP 1987. L'Activite dans les Galaxies S Collin 207 Paris: Ed. Phys.
  326. Veilleux S, Cecil G, Bland-Hawthorn J 2005. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 43:769–826
  327. Veilleux S, Osterbrock DE. 1987. Ap. J. Suppl. 63:295–310
  328. Vila-Costas MB, Edmunds MG. 1992. MNRAS 259:121–45
  329. Vilchez JM, Esteban C. 1996. MNRAS 280:720–34
  330. Vogt FPA, Pérez E, Dopita MA, Verdes-Montenegro L, Borthakur S 2017. Astron. Astrophys. 601:A61
  331. Vulcani B, Poggianti BM, Moretti A et al. 2019. MNRAS 488:1597–617
  332. Walcher CJ, Wisotzki L, Bekeraité S et al. 2014. Astron. Astrophys. 569:A1
  333. Walcher J, Groves B, Budavári T, Dale D 2011. Ap. Space Sci. 331:1–52
  334. Weinberg DH, Andrews BH, Freudenburg J 2017. Ap. J 837:183
  335. Wong T, Blitz L. 2002. Ap. J 569:157–83
  336. Worthey G. 1994. Ap. J. Suppl. 95:107–49
  337. Wuyts S, Förster Schreiber NM, Nelson EJ et al. 2013. Ap. J 779:135
  338. Yates RM, Kauffmann G, Guo Q 2012. MNRAS 422:215–31
  339. York DG, Adelman J, Anderson JE Jr et al. 2000. Astron. J. 120:1579–87
  340. Young LM, Bureau M, Davis TA et al. 2011. MNRAS 414:940–67
  341. Zaritsky D, Kennicutt RC Jr, Huchra JP 1994. Ap. J 420:87–109
  342. Zheng Z, Wang H, Ge J et al. 2017. MNRAS 465:4572–88
  343. Zibetti S, Charlot S, Rix H 2009. MNRAS 400:1181–98
  344. Zibetti S, Gallazzi AR, Ascasibar Y et al. 2017. MNRAS 468:1902–16
  345. Zibetti S, Gallazzi AR, Hirschmann M et al. 2019. MNRAS 491:3562–85
  346. Zinchenko IA, Pilyugin LS, Grebel EK, Sánchez SF, Vílchez JM 2016. MNRAS 462:2715–33
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-012120-013326
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-012120-013326
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplemental Material

Supplementary Data

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error