1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
  4. Volume 58, 2020
  5. Article

Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics

Volume 58, 2020

Intermediate-Mass Black Holes

Abstract

We describe ongoing searches for intermediate-mass black holes with ≈ 10–105 M. We review a range of search mechanisms, both dynamical and those that rely on accretion signatures. We find the following conclusions:

  • ▪   Dynamical and accretion signatures alike point to a high fraction of 109–1010 M galaxies hosting black holes with ∼ 105 M. In contrast, there are no solid detections of black holes in globular clusters.
  • ▪   There are few observational constraints on black holes in any environment with ≈ 100–104 M.
  • ▪   Considering low-mass galaxies with dynamical black hole masses and constraining limits, we find that the –σ relation continues unbroken to ∼105 M, albeit with large scatter. We believe the scatter is at least partially driven by a broad range in black hole masses, because the occupation fraction appears to be relatively high in these galaxies.
  • ▪   We fold the observed scaling relations with our empirical limits on occupation fraction and the galaxy mass function to put observational bounds on the black hole mass function in galaxy nuclei.
  • ▪   We are pessimistic that local demographic observations of galaxy nuclei alone could constrain seeding mechanisms, although either high-redshift luminosity functions or robust measurements of off-nuclear black holes could begin to discriminate models.

Keyword(s): active galactic nuclei, globular clusters, gravitational waves, tidal disruption, ultraluminous X-ray sources
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-032620-021835
2020-08-18
2024-04-18
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/astro/58/1/annurev-astro-032620-021835.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-032620-021835&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Abadi MG, Navarro JF, Steinmetz M 2009. Ap. J. Lett. 691:L63–66
  2. Abbate F, Possenti A, Ridolfi A 2018. MNRAS 481:627–38
  3. Afanasiev AV, Chilingarian IV, Mieske S 2018. MNRAS 477:4856–65
  4. Ahn CP, Seth AC, Cappellari M 2018. Ap. J. 858:102
  5. Ahn CP, Seth AC, den Brok M 2017. Ap. J. 839:72
  6. Ai YL, Yuan W, Zhou HY, Wang TG, Zhang SH 2011. Ap. J. 727:31
  7. Aird J, Coil AL, Georgakakis A 2018. MNRAS 474:1225–49
  8. Aird J, Coil AL, Moustakas J 2013. Ap. J. 775:41
  9. Alexander T, Bar-Or B 2017. Nat. Astron. 1:0147
  10. Alexander T, Natarajan P 2014. Science 345:1330–33
  11. Ali-Haïmoud Y, Kovetz ED, Kamionkowski M 2017. Phys. Rev. D 96:123523
  12. Alvarez MA, Wise JH, Abel T 2009. Ap. J. Lett. 701:L133–37
  13. Amaro-Seoane P, Audley H, Babak S 2017. arXiv:1702.00786
  14. Amaro-Seoane P, Gair JR, Pound A, Hughes SA, Sopuerta CF 2015. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 610:012002
  15. Anninos P, Fragile PC, Olivier SS 2018. Ap. J. 865:3
  16. Antonini F, Gieles M, Gualandris A 2019. MNRAS 486:5008–21
  17. Antonini F, Rasio FA 2016. Ap. J. 831:187
  18. Arcavi I, Gal-Yam A, Sullivan M 2014. Ap. J. 793:38
  19. Bachetti M, Harrison FA, Walton DJ 2014. Nature 514:202–4
  20. Bahcall JN, Ostriker JP 1975. Nature 256:23–24
  21. Baldassare VF, Geha M, Greene J 2018. Ap. J. 868:152
  22. Baldassare VF, Geha M, Greene J 2019. Ap. J. Submitted. arXiv:1910.06342
  23. Baldassare VF, Reines AE, Gallo E 2016. Ap. J. 829:57
  24. Baldassare VF, Reines AE, Gallo E, Greene JE 2015. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L14
  25. Baldassare VF, Reines AE, Gallo E, Greene JE 2017. Ap. J. 850:196
  26. Baldwin JA, Phillips MM, Terlevich R 1981. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 93:5–19
  27. Bañados E, Venemans BP, Mazzucchelli C 2018. Nature 553:473–76
  28. Bär RE, Weigel AK, Sartori LF 2017. MNRAS 466:2879–87
  29. Barrows RS, Mezcua M, Comerford JM 2019. Ap. J. 882:181
  30. Barth AJ, Greene JE, Ho LC 2005. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L151–54
  31. Barth AJ, Greene JE, Ho LC 2008. Astron. J. 136:1179–200
  32. Barth AJ, Ho LC, Rutledge RE, Sargent WLW 2004. Ap. J. 607:90–102
  33. Barth AJ, Strigari LE, Bentz MC, Greene JE, Ho LC 2009. Ap. J. 690:1031–44
  34. Batcheldor D 2010. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L108–11
  35. Baumgardt H 2017. MNRAS 464:2174–202
  36. Baumgardt H, Gualandris A, Portegies Zwart S 2006. MNRAS 372:174–82
  37. Baumgardt H, He C, Sweet SM 2019. MNRAS 488:5340–51
  38. Baumgardt H, Makino J, Hut P, McMillan S, Portegies Zwart S 2003. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L25–28
  39. Begelman MC 2010. MNRAS 402:673–81
  40. Begelman MC, Rees MJ 1978. MNRAS 185:847–60
  41. Begelman MC, Volonteri M, Rees MJ 2006. MNRAS 370:289–98
  42. Bell EF, McIntosh DH, Katz N, Weinberg MD 2003. Ap. J. Suppl. 149:289–312
  43. Bellovary JM, Cleary CE, Munshi F 2019. MNRAS 482:2913–23
  44. Bellovary JM, Governato F, Quinn TR 2010. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L148–52
  45. Bentz MC, Batiste M, Seals J 2016. Ap. J. 831:2
  46. Bentz MC, Denney KD, Grier CJ 2013. Ap. J. 767:149
  47. Berry C, Hughes S, Sopuerta C 2019. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 51:42
  48. Binney J, Mamon GA 1982. MNRAS 200:361–75
  49. Blagorodnova N, Gezari S, Hung T 2017. Ap. J. 844:46
  50. Blanton MR, Moustakas J 2009. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 47:159–210
  51. Böker T, van der Marel RP, Vacca WD 1999. Astron. J. 118:831–42
  52. Bond JR, Arnett WD, Carr BJ 1984. Ap. J. 280:825–47
  53. Boyce H, Lützgendorf N, van der Marel RP 2017. Ap. J. 846:14
  54. Bradford JD, Geha MC, Greene JE, Reines AE, Dickey CM 2018. Ap. J. 861:50
  55. Brandt WN, Alexander DM 2015. Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 23:1
  56. Breen PG, Heggie DC 2013. MNRAS 436:584–89
  57. Brightman M, Harrison FA, Barret D 2016. Ap. J. 829:28
  58. Brodie JP, Strader J 2006. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 44:193–267
  59. Bromm V, Coppi PS, Larson RB 2002. Ap. J. 564:23–51
  60. Bromm V, Larson RB 2004. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 42:79–118
  61. Bromm V, Loeb A 2003. Ap. J. 596:34–46
  62. Brown WR, Geller MJ, Kenyon SJ, Kurtz MJ 2005. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L33–36
  63. Brown WR, Lattanzi MG, Kenyon SJ, Geller MJ 2018. Ap. J. 866:39
  64. Buchner J, Treister E, Bauer FE, Sartori LF, Schawinski K 2019. Ap. J. 874:117
  65. Campanelli M, Lousto C, Zlochower Y, Merritt D 2007. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L5–8
  66. Cann JM, Satyapal S, Abel NP 2019. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L2
  67. Caplar N, Lilly SJ, Trakhtenbrot B 2015. Ap. J. 811:148
  68. Carr B 1994. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 32:531–90
  69. Carson DJ, Barth AJ, Seth AC 2015. Astron. J. 149:170
  70. Cassano R, Fender R, Ferrari C 2018. arXiv:1807.09080
  71. Chilingarian IV, Katkov IY, Zolotukhin IY 2018. Ap. J. 863:1
  72. Civano F, Cappelluti N, Hickox R 2019. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 51:429
  73. Colbert EJM, Mushotzky RF 1999. Ap. J. 519:89–107
  74. Conroy C 2013. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 51:393–455
  75. Contini M 1997. Astron. Astrophys. 323:71–85
  76. Côté P, Piatek S, Ferrarese L 2006. Ap. J. Suppl. 165:57–94
  77. Cresci G, Vanzi L, Telles E 2017. Astron. Astrophys. 604:A101
  78. Cseh D, Kaaret P, Corbel S 2010. MNRAS 406:1049–54
  79. Cseh D, Webb NA, Godet O 2015. MNRAS 446:3268–76
  80. Dashyan G, Silk J, Mamon GA, Dubois Y, Hartwig T 2018. MNRAS 473:5698–703
  81. Davis SW, Narayan R, Zhu Y 2011. Ap. J. 734:111
  82. de Boer TJL, Belokurov V, Beers TC, Lee YS 2014. MNRAS 443:658–63
  83. De Lorenzi F, Hartmann M, Debattista VP, Seth AC, Gerhard O 2013. MNRAS 429:2974–85
  84. den Brok M, Seth AC, Barth AJ 2015. Ap. J. 809:101
  85. Desroches LB, Filippenko AV, Kaspi S 2006. Ap. J. 650:88–101
  86. Desroches LB, Greene JE, Ho LC 2009. Ap. J. 698:1515–22
  87. Desroches LB, Ho LC 2009. Ap. J. 690:267–78
  88. Devecchi B, Volonteri M 2009. Ap. J. 694:302–13
  89. Dewangan GC, Mathur S, Griffiths RE, Rao AR 2008. Ap. J. 689:762–74
  90. Dickey C, Geha M, Wetzel A, El-Badry K 2019. Ap. J. Submitted. arXiv:1902.01401
  91. Dijkstra M, Haiman Z, Mesinger A, Wyithe JSB 2008. MNRAS 391:1961–72
  92. Done C, Davis SW, Jin C, Blaes O, Ward M 2012. MNRAS 420:1848–60
  93. Dong R, Greene JE, Ho LC 2012a.. Ap. J. 761:73
  94. Dong XB, Ho LC, Yuan W 2012b.. Ap. J. 755:167
  95. Drout MR, Chornock R, Soderberg AM 2014. Ap. J. 794:23
  96. Dunn G, Bellovary J, Holley-Bockelmann K, Christensen C, Quinn T 2018. Ap. J. 861:39
  97. Eardley DM, Press WH 1975. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 13:381–422
  98. Earnshaw HM, Roberts TP, Heil LM 2016. MNRAS 456:3840–54
  99. Ebisuzaki T, Makino J, Tsuru TG 2001. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L19–22
  100. Edelmann H, Napiwotzki R, Heber U, Christlieb N, Reimers D 2005. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L181–84
  101. Edri H, Rafter SE, Chelouche D, Kaspi S, Behar E 2012. Ap. J. 756:73
  102. El-Badry K, Quataert E, Weisz DR, Choksi N, Boylan-Kolchin M 2019. MNRAS 482:4528–52
  103. Elitzur M, Ho LC 2009. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L91–94
  104. Eracleous M, Gezari S, Sesana A 2019. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 51:10
  105. Erkal D, Boubert D, Gualandris A, Evans NW, Antonini F 2019. MNRAS 483:2007–13
  106. Fabbiano G 1989. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 27:87–138
  107. Falcke H, Körding E, Markoff S 2004. Astron. Astrophys. 414:895–903
  108. Fan X, Carilli CL, Keating B 2006. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 44:415–62
  109. Farrell SA, Webb NA, Barret D, Godet O, Rodrigues JM 2009. Nature 460:73–75
  110. Feldmeier A, Neumayer N, Seth A 2014. Astron. Astrophys. 570:A2
  111. Fender RP, Maccarone TJ, Heywood I 2013. MNRAS 430:1538–47
  112. Ferrarese L, Côté P, Dalla Bontà E 2006. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L21–24
  113. Filippenko AV 1989. Astron. J. 97:726
  114. Filippenko AV, Ho LC 2003. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L13–16
  115. Filippenko AV, Sargent WLW 1989. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L11–14
  116. Foord A, Gallo E, Hodges-Kluck E 2017. Ap. J. 841:51
  117. Fragione G, Ginsburg I, Kocsis B 2018. Ap. J. 856:92
  118. Freire PC, Kramer M, Lyne AG 2001. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L105–8
  119. Freire PCC, Ridolfi A, Kramer M 2017. MNRAS 471:857–76
  120. Freitag M, Gürkan MA, Rasio FA 2006. MNRAS 368:141–61
  121. Fryer CL, Woosley SE, Heger A 2001. Ap. J. 550:372–82
  122. Fürst F, Walton DJ, Harrison FA 2016. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L14
  123. Gair JR, Tang C, Volonteri M 2010. Phys. Rev. D 81:104014
  124. Gallo E, Sesana A 2019. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L18
  125. Gallo E, Treu T, Jacob J 2008. Ap. J. 680:154–68
  126. Gallo E, Treu T, Marshall PJ 2010. Ap. J. 714:25–36
  127. Gebhardt K, Lauer TR, Kormendy J 2001. Astron. J. 122:2469–76
  128. Gebhardt K, Pryor C, O'Connell RD, Williams TB, Hesser JE 2000. Astron. J. 119:1268–81
  129. Gebhardt K, Rich RM, Ho LC 2002. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L41–45
  130. Gebhardt K, Rich RM, Ho LC 2005. Ap. J. 634:1093–102
  131. Gebhardt K, Richstone D, Tremaine S 2003. Ap. J. 583:92–115
  132. Gebhardt K, Thomas J 2009. Ap. J. 700:1690–701
  133. Geha M, Blanton MR, Yan R, Tinker JL 2012. Ap. J. 757:85
  134. Georgakakis A, Tsamis YG, James BL, Aloisi A 2011. MNRAS 413:1729–34
  135. Georgiev IY, Böker T 2014. MNRAS 441:3570–90
  136. Georgiev IY, Böker T, Leigh N, Lützgendorf N, Neumayer N 2016. MNRAS 457:2122–38
  137. Gerssen J, van der Marel RP, Gebhardt K 2002. Astron. J. 124:3270–88
  138. Gezari S, Chornock R, Rest A 2012. Nature 485:217–20
  139. Ghez AM, Duchêne G, Matthews K 2003. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L127–31
  140. Ghosh H, Mathur S, Fiore F, Ferrarese L 2008. Ap. J. 687:216–29
  141. Gieles M, Balbinot E, Yaaqib RISM 2018a. MNRAS 473:4832–39
  142. Gieles M, Charbonnel C, Krause MGH 2018b. MNRAS 478:2461–79
  143. Giersz M, Leigh N, Hypki A, Lützgendorf N, Askar A 2015. MNRAS 454:3150–65
  144. Gliozzi M, Satyapal S, Eracleous M, Titarchuk L, Cheung CC 2009. Ap. J. 700:1759–67
  145. Godet O, Lombardi JC, Antonini F 2014. Ap. J. 793:105
  146. Godet O, Plazolles B, Kawaguchi T 2012. Ap. J. 752:34
  147. Goulding AD, Alexander DM, Lehmer BD, Mullaney JR 2010. MNRAS 406:597–611
  148. Governato F, Colpi M, Maraschi L 1994. MNRAS 271:317–22
  149. Graham AW, Spitler LR 2009. MNRAS 397:2148–62
  150. Greene J, Barth A, Bellini A 2019. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 51:83
  151. Greene JE 2012. Nat. Commun. 3:1304
  152. Greene JE, Ho LC 2004. Ap. J. 610:722–36
  153. Greene JE, Ho LC 2006. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L21–24
  154. Greene JE, Ho LC 2007a.. Ap. J. 656:84–92
  155. Greene JE, Ho LC 2007b.. Ap. J. 667:131–48
  156. Greene JE, Ho LC 2007c.. Ap. J. 670:92–104
  157. Greene JE, Ho LC, Barth AJ 2008. Ap. J. 688:159–79
  158. Greene JE, Ho LC, Ulvestad JS 2006. Ap. J. 636:56–62
  159. Greene JE, Peng CY, Kim M 2010. Ap. J. 721:26–45
  160. Greene JE, Seth A, Kim M 2016. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L32
  161. Grier CJ, Mathur S, Ghosh H, Ferrarese L 2011. Ap. J. 731:60
  162. Grindlay JE, Heinke C, Edmonds PD, Murray SS 2001. Science 292:2290–95
  163. Groves BA, Heckman TM, Kauffmann G 2006. MNRAS 371:1559–69
  164. Gualandris A, Portegies Zwart S 2007. MNRAS 809:L29–33
  165. Guillochon J, Ramirez-Ruiz E 2013. Ap. J. 767:25
  166. Gültekin K, King AL, Cackett EM 2019. Ap. J. 871:80
  167. Gültekin K, Tremaine S, Loeb A, Richstone DO 2011. Ap. J. 738:17
  168. Gürkan MA, Freitag M, Rasio FA 2004. Ap. J. 604:632–52
  169. Habouzit M, Volonteri M, Latif M, Dubois Y, Peirani S 2016. MNRAS 463:529–40
  170. Haehnelt MG, Rees MJ 1993. MNRAS 263:168–78
  171. Haggard D, Cool AM, Heinke CO 2013. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L31
  172. Haiman Z 2004. Ap. J. 613:36–40
  173. Haiman Z 2013.. In The First Galaxies, ed. T Wiklind, B Mobasher, V Bromm, Ap. Space Sci. Libr. 396:293–340
  174. Haiman Z, Brandt WN, Vikhlinin A 2019. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 51:557
  175. Haiman Z, Loeb A 2001. Ap. J. 552:459–63
  176. Hainline KN, Reines AE, Greene JE, Stern D 2016. Ap. J. 832:119
  177. Hansen BMS, Milosavljević M 2003. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L77–80
  178. Harris WE 2016. Astron. J. 151:102
  179. Hebbar PR, Heinke CO, Sivakoff GR, Shaw AW 2019. MNRAS 485:5604–15
  180. Heger A, Fryer CL, Woosley SE, Langer N, Hartmann DH 2003. Ap. J. 591:288–300
  181. Heinis S, Gezari S, Kumar S 2016. Ap. J. 826:62
  182. Hénault-Brunet V, Gieles M, Strader J 2020. MNRAS 491:113–28
  183. Hills JG 1988. Nature 331:687–89
  184. Hirsch HA, Heber U, O'Toole SJ, Bresolin F 2005. Astron. Astrophys. 809:L61–64
  185. Ho LC 2008. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 46:475–539
  186. Ho LC 2009. Ap. J. 699:626–37
  187. Ho LC, Filippenko AV, Sargent WLW 1997. Ap. J. 487:568–78
  188. Ho LC, Kim M 2014. Ap. J. 789:17
  189. Ho LC, Kim M 2016. Ap. J. 821:48
  190. Holley-Bockelmann K, Gültekin K, Shoemaker D, Yunes N 2008. Ap. J. 686:829–37
  191. Holley-Bockelmann K, Micic M, Sigurdsson S, Rubbo LJ 2010. Ap. J. 713:1016–25
  192. Holoien TWS, Prieto JL, Bersier D 2014. MNRAS 445:3263–77
  193. Homma D, Chiba M, Komiyama Y 2019. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 71(5):94
  194. Hood CE, Barth AJ, Ho LC, Greene JE 2017. Ap. J. 838:26
  195. Hopkins PF, Hernquist L, Cox TJ, Robertson B, Krause E 2007. Ap. J. 669:67–73
  196. Ibata R, Bellazzini M, Chapman SC 2009. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L169–73
  197. Inayoshi K, Visbal E, Haiman Z 2020. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 58:27–97
  198. Irwin JA, Maksym WP, Sivakoff GR, Romanowsky AJ, Lin D 2016. Nature 538:356–58
  199. Islam RR, Taylor JE, Silk J 2004. MNRAS 354:427–42
  200. Israel GL, Papitto A, Esposito P 2017. MNRAS 809:L48–52
  201. Izotov YI, Guseva NG, Fricke KJ 2010. Astron. Astrophys. 517:A90
  202. Izotov YI, Thuan TX 2008. Ap. J. 687:133–40
  203. Izotov YI, Thuan TX, Privon G 2012. MNRAS 427:1229–37
  204. Jalali B, Baumgardt H, Kissler-Patig M 2012. Astron. Astrophys. 538:A19
  205. Jardel JR, Gebhardt K 2012. Ap. J. 746:89
  206. Jarrett TH, Cohen M, Masci F 2011. Ap. J. 735:112
  207. Jiang YF, Greene JE, Ho LC 2011. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L45
  208. Jiang YF, Stone JM, Davis SW 2019. Ap. J. 880:67
  209. Jin C, Done C, Ward M 2016. MNRAS 455:691–702
  210. Jin C, Ward M, Done C 2012. MNRAS 425:907–29
  211. Johnson JL, Bromm V 2007. MNRAS 374:1557–68
  212. Jonker PG, Miller-Jones JCA, Homan J 2012. MNRAS 423:3308–15
  213. Jonker PG, Stone NC, Generozov A, van Velzen S, Metzger B 2019. Ap. J. 889:166
  214. Jordán A, McLaughlin DE, Côté P 2007. Ap. J. Suppl. 171:101–45
  215. Kaaret P, Feng H, Gorski M 2009. Ap. J. 692:653–58
  216. Kaaret P, Feng H, Roberts TP 2017. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 55:303–41
  217. Kacharov N, Neumayer N, Seth AC 2018. MNRAS 480:1973–98
  218. Kains N, Bramich DM, Sahu KC, Calamida A 2016. MNRAS 460:2025–35
  219. Kains N, Calamida A, Sahu KC 2018. Ap. J. 867:37
  220. Kamann S, Husser TO, Brinchmann J 2016. Astron. Astrophys. 588:A149
  221. Kamizasa N, Terashima Y, Awaki H 2012. Ap. J. 751:39
  222. Karachentsev ID, Makarov DI, Kaisina EI 2013. Astron. J. 145:101
  223. Karlsson T, Bromm V, Bland-Hawthorn J 2013. Rev. Mod. Phys. 85:809–48
  224. Katz H, Sijacki D, Haehnelt MG 2015. MNRAS 451:2352–69
  225. Kauffmann G, Heckman TM, Tremonti C 2003. MNRAS 346:1055–77
  226. Kaviraj S, Martin G, Silk J 2019. MNRAS 809:L12–16
  227. Kim M, Ho LC, Wang J 2015. Ap. J. 814:8
  228. Kızıltan B, Baumgardt H, Loeb A 2017. Nature 542:203–5
  229. Klein A, Barausse E, Sesana A 2016. Phys. Rev. D 93:024003
  230. Komossa S, Merritt D 2008. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L21–24
  231. Koposov SE, Douglas B, Ting SL 2019. MNRAS 491:2465–80
  232. Kormendy J, Ho LC 2013. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 51:511–653
  233. Kormendy J, Kennicutt Robert CJ 2004. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 42:603–83
  234. Kormendy J, Richstone D 1995. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 33:581–624
  235. Koushiappas SM, Bullock JS, Dekel A 2004. MNRAS 354:292–304
  236. Kovetz ED, Cholis I, Kamionkowski M, Silk J 2018. Phys. Rev. D 97:123003
  237. Krajnović D, Cappellari M, McDermid RM 2018. MNRAS 477:3030–64
  238. Kremer K, Chatterjee S, Ye CS, Rodriguez CL, Rasio FA 2019. Ap. J. 871:38
  239. Kuin NPM, Wu K, Oates S 2019. MNRAS 487:2505–21
  240. Kunth D, Sargent WLW, Bothun GD 1987. Astron. J. 93:29–32
  241. Lacey CG, Ostriker JP 1985. Ap. J. 299:633–52
  242. Lanzoni B, Mucciarelli A, Origlia L 2013. Ap. J. 769:107
  243. Laporte CFP, Johnston KV, Gómez FA, Garavito-Camargo N, Besla G 2018. MNRAS 481:286–306
  244. Läsker R, Greene JE, Seth A 2016. Ap. J. 825:3
  245. Lasota JP, Alexander T, Dubus G 2011. Ap. J. 735:89
  246. Latimer CJ, Reines AE, Plotkin RM, Russell TD, Condon JJ 2019. Ap. J. 884:78
  247. Lauer TR, Faber SM, Gebhardt K 2005. Astron. J. 129:2138–85
  248. Law-Smith J, MacLeod M, Guillochon J, Macias P, Ramirez-Ruiz E 2017. Ap. J. 841:132
  249. Lee MH 1993. Ap. J. 418:147–62
  250. Lee N, Gallo E, Hodges-Kluck E 2019. Ap. J. 874:77
  251. Lemons SM, Reines AE, Plotkin RM, Gallo E, Greene JE 2015. Ap. J. 805:12
  252. Lennon DJ, van der Marel RP, Ramos Lerate M, O'Mullane W, Sahlmann J 2017. Astron. Astrophys. 603:A75
  253. Lin D, Carrasco ER, Webb NA 2016. Ap. J. 821:25
  254. Lin D, Godet O, Ho LC 2017. MNRAS 468:783–89
  255. Lin D, Strader J, Carrasco ER 2018. Nat. Astron. 2:656–61
  256. Liu C, Peng EW, Côté P 2015. Ap. J. 812:34
  257. Liu HY, Yuan W, Dong XB, Zhou H, Liu WJ 2018. Ap. J. Suppl. 235:40
  258. Lodato G, King AR, Pringle JE 2009. MNRAS 392:332–40
  259. Lodato G, Natarajan P 2006. MNRAS 371:1813–23
  260. Loeb A, Rasio FA 1994. Ap. J. 432:52–61
  261. Long KS, Dodorico S, Charles PA, Dopita MA 1981. Ap. J. 809:L61–64
  262. Lora V, Sánchez-Salcedo FJ, Raga AC, Esquivel A 2009. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L113–17
  263. Lu TN, Kong AKH 2011. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L25
  264. Lu Y, Yu Q, Lin DNC 2007. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L89–92
  265. Ludlam RM, Cackett EM, Gültekin K 2015. MNRAS 447:2112–22
  266. Ludwig RR, Greene JE, Barth AJ, Ho LC 2012. Ap. J. 756:51
  267. Lutz D, Spoon HWW, Rigopoulou D, Moorwood AFM, Genzel R 1998. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L103–7
  268. Lützgendorf N, Gebhardt K, Baumgardt H 2015. Astron. Astrophys. 581:A1
  269. Lützgendorf N, Gualandris A, Kissler-Patig M 2012. Astron. Astrophys. 543:A82
  270. Lützgendorf N, Kissler-Patig M, Gebhardt K 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 552:A49
  271. Lützgendorf N, Kissler-Patig M, Noyola E 2011. Astron. Astrophys. 533:A36
  272. MacArthur LA, Courteau S, Holtzman JA 2003. Ap. J. 582:689–722
  273. Maccarone TJ 2004. MNRAS 351:1049–53
  274. Maccarone TJ, Fender RP, Tzioumis AK 2005. MNRAS 809:L17–22
  275. Maccarone TJ, Servillat M 2008. MNRAS 389:379–84
  276. MacLeod CL, Brooks K, Ivezić Ž 2011. Ap. J. 728:26
  277. MacLeod M, Guillochon J, Ramirez-Ruiz E, Kasen D, Rosswog S 2016a. Ap. J. 819:3
  278. MacLeod M, Trenti M, Ramirez-Ruiz E 2016b. Ap. J. 819:70
  279. Madau P, Haardt F 2015. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L8
  280. Madau P, Haardt F, Dotti M 2014. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L38
  281. Madau P, Rees MJ 2001. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L27–30
  282. Maillard JP, Paumard T, Stolovy SR, Rigaut F 2004. Astron. Astrophys. 423:155–67
  283. Maksym WP, Ulmer MP, Eracleous MC, Guennou L, Ho LC 2013. MNRAS 435:1904–27
  284. Maksym WP, Ulmer MP, Roth KC 2014. MNRAS 444:866–73
  285. Mann CR, Richer H, Heyl J 2019. Ap. J. 875:1
  286. Manzano-King CM, Canalizo G, Sales LV 2019. Ap. J. 884:54
  287. Mapelli M 2016. MNRAS 459:3432–46
  288. Mapelli M, Annibali F, Zampieri L, Soria R 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 559:A124
  289. Marconi A, Risaliti G, Gilli R 2004. MNRAS 351:169–85
  290. Margutti R, Metzger BD, Chornock R 2019. Ap. J. 872:18
  291. Marleau FR, Clancy D, Habas R, Bianconi M 2017. Astron. Astrophys. 602:A28
  292. Martín-Navarro I, Mezcua M 2018. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L20
  293. McAlpine W, Satyapal S, Gliozzi M 2011. Ap. J. 728:25
  294. McLaughlin DE, Anderson J, Meylan G 2006. Ap. J. Suppl. 166:249–97
  295. McNamara BJ, Harrison TE, Anderson J 2003. Ap. J. 595:187–94
  296. Méndez DI, Esteban C 1997. Ap. J. 488:652–68
  297. Merloni A, Heinz S, di Matteo T 2003. MNRAS 345:1057–76
  298. Mezcua M 2017. Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 26:1730021
  299. Mezcua M, Civano F, Fabbiano G, Miyaji T, Marchesi S 2016. Ap. J. 817:20
  300. Mezcua M, Civano F, Marchesi S 2018a. MNRAS 478:2576–91
  301. Mezcua M, Kim M, Ho LC, Lonsdale CJ 2018b. MNRAS 809:L74–78
  302. Mezcua M, Roberts TP, Lobanov AP, Sutton AD 2015. MNRAS 448:1893–99
  303. Mezcua M, Roberts TP, Sutton AD, Lobanov AP 2013. MNRAS 436:3128–34
  304. Mezcua M, Suh H, Civano F 2019. MNRAS 488:685–95
  305. Micic M, Holley-Bockelmann K, Sigurdsson S 2011. MNRAS 414:1127–44
  306. Miller B, Gallo E, Treu T, Woo JH 2012. Ap. J. 747:57
  307. Miller BP, Gallo E, Greene JE 2015. Ap. J. 799:98
  308. Miller JM 2005. Ap. Space Sci. 300:227–38
  309. Miller MC, Davies MB 2012. Ap. J. 755:81
  310. Miller MC, Hamilton DP 2002. MNRAS 330:232–40
  311. Miller-Jones JCA, Wrobel JM, Sivakoff GR 2012. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L1
  312. Milosavljević M, Couch SM, Bromm V 2009. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L146–49
  313. Milosavljević M, Merritt D, Ho LC 2006. Ap. J. 652:120–25
  314. Miniutti G, Ponti G, Greene JE 2009. MNRAS 394:443–53
  315. Mockler B, Guillochon J, Ramirez-Ruiz E 2019. Ap. J. 872:151
  316. Mooley KP, Hallinan G, Bourke S 2016. Ap. J. 818:105
  317. Moran EC, Eracleous M, Leighly KM 2005. Astron. J. 129:2108–18
  318. Moran EC, Shahinyan K, Sugarman HR, Vélez DO, Eracleous M 2014. Astron. J. 148:136
  319. Morokuma T, Tominaga N, Tanaka M 2016. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 68:40
  320. Mortlock DJ, Warren SJ, Venemans BP 2011. Nature 474:616–19
  321. Naiman JP, Ramirez-Ruiz E, Debuhr J, Ma CP 2015. Ap. J. 803:81
  322. Neumayer N, Walcher CJ 2012. Adv. Astron. 2012:709038
  323. Neumayer N, Seth A, Böker T 2020. Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 28:4
  324. Nguyen DD, den Brok M, Seth AC 2019a. Ap. J. Submitted. arXiv:1902.03813
  325. Nguyen DD, Seth AC, den Brok M 2017. Ap. J. 836:237
  326. Nguyen DD, Seth AC, Neumayer N 2018. Ap. J. 858:118
  327. Nguyen DD, Seth AC, Neumayer N 2019b. Ap. J. 872:104
  328. Nguyen DD, Seth AC, Reines AE 2014. Ap. J. 794:34
  329. Niederste-Ostholt M, Belokurov V, Evans NW, Peñarrubia J 2010. Ap. J. 712:516–26
  330. Noyola E, Gebhardt K, Kissler-Patig M 2010. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L60–64
  331. Nyland K, Davis TA, Nguyen DD 2017. Ap. J. 845:50
  332. Nyland K, Marvil J, Wrobel JM, Young LM, Zauderer BA 2012. Ap. J. 753:103
  333. Oka T, Mizuno R, Miura K, Takekawa S 2016. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L7
  334. O'Leary RM, Loeb A 2009. MNRAS 395:781–86
  335. O'Leary RM, Loeb A 2012. MNRAS 421:2737–50
  336. Omukai K 2001. Ap. J. 546:635–51
  337. Pacucci F, Loeb A, Mezcua M, Martín-Navarro I 2018. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L6
  338. Pan HW, Yuan W, Zhou XL, Dong XB, Liu B 2015. Ap. J. 808:163
  339. Pancoast A, Brewer BJ, Treu T 2014. MNRAS 445:3073–91
  340. Pandya V, Mulchaey J, Greene JE 2016. Ap. J. 819:162
  341. Pardo K, Goulding AD, Greene JE 2016. Ap. J. 831:203
  342. Park D, Barth AJ, Woo JH 2017. Ap. J. 839:93
  343. Pasham DR, Strohmayer TE, Mushotzky RF 2014. Nature 513:74–76
  344. Pechetti R, Seth A, Cappellari M 2017. Ap. J. 850:15
  345. Pellegrini S 2005. MNRAS 364:169–78
  346. Pelupessy FI, Di Matteo T, Ciardi B 2007. Ap. J. 665:107–19
  347. Penny SJ, Masters KL, Smethurst R 2018. MNRAS 476:979–98
  348. Perera BBP, Stappers BW, Lyne AG 2017. MNRAS 468:2114–27
  349. Perets HB, Šubr L 2012. Ap. J. 751:133
  350. Perley DA, Mazzali PA, Yan L 2019. MNRAS 484:1031–49
  351. Peterson BM 2014. Space Sci. Rev. 183:253–75
  352. Peterson BM, Bentz MC, Desroches LB 2005. Ap. J. 632:799–808
  353. Pfahl E, Rappaport S 2001. Ap. J. 550:172–76
  354. Pfeffer J, Griffen BF, Baumgardt H, Hilker M 2014. MNRAS 444:3670–83
  355. Pfeffer J, Hilker M, Baumgardt H, Griffen BF 2016. MNRAS 458:2492–508
  356. Pfister H, Volonteri M, Dubois Y, Dotti M, Colpi M 2019. MNRAS 486:101–11
  357. Plotkin RM, Gallo E, Haardt F 2016. Ap. J. 825:139
  358. Plotkin RM, Markoff S, Kelly BC, Körding E, Anderson SF 2012. MNRAS 419:267–86
  359. Pooley D, Rappaport S 2006. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L45–48
  360. Portegies Zwart SF, McMillan SLW 2002. Ap. J. 576:899–907
  361. Prestwich AH, Tsantaki M, Zezas A 2013. Ap. J. 769:92
  362. Pursiainen M, Childress M, Smith M 2018. MNRAS 481:894–917
  363. Quinlan GD, Shapiro SL 1990. Ap. J. 356:483–500
  364. Rafter SE, Kaspi S, Behar E, Kollatschny W, Zetzl M 2011. Ap. J. 741:66
  365. Rashkov V, Madau P 2014. Ap. J. 780:187
  366. Ravi V, Vedantham H, Phinney ES 2018. MNRAS 809:L72–77
  367. Ravindranath S, Ho LC, Peng CY, Filippenko AV, Sargent WLW 2001. Astron. J. 122:653–78
  368. Redmount IH, Rees MJ 1989. Comments Astrophys. 14:165–75
  369. Rees MJ 1978. Observatory 98:210–23
  370. Rees MJ 1988. Nature 333:523–28
  371. Reid MJ, Brunthaler A 2004. Ap. J. 616:872–84
  372. Reines A, Condon J, Darling J, Greene J 2019. Ap. J. 888:36
  373. Reines AE, Comastri A 2016. Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust. 33:e054
  374. Reines AE, Deller AT 2012. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L24
  375. Reines AE, Greene JE, Geha M 2013. Ap. J. 775:116
  376. Reines AE, Reynolds MT, Miller JM 2016. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L35
  377. Reines AE, Sivakoff GR, Johnson KE, Brogan CL 2011. Nature 470:66–68
  378. Reines AE, Volonteri M 2015. Ap. J. 813:82
  379. Remillard RA, McClintock JE 2006. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 44:49–92
  380. Ressler SM, Quataert E, Stone JM 2019. MNRAS 809:L123–28
  381. Ricarte A, Natarajan P 2018. MNRAS 481:3278–92
  382. Rix HW, de Zeeuw PT, Cretton N, van der Marel RP, Carollo CM 1997. Ap. J. 488:702–19
  383. Rodriguez CL, Amaro-Seoane P, Chatterjee S 2018. Phys. Rev. D 98:123005
  384. Rodriguez CL, Zevin M, Amaro-Seoane P 2019. Phys. Rev. D 100:043027
  385. Rodríguez Castillo GA, Israel GL, Belfiore A 2019. Ap. J. Submitted. arXiv:1906.04791
  386. Rosswog S, Ramirez-Ruiz E, Hix WR 2009. Ap. J. 695:404–19
  387. Safonova M, Stalin CS 2010. New Astron. 15:450–59
  388. Saglia RP, Opitsch M, Erwin P 2016. Ap. J. 818:47
  389. Sakurai Y, Yoshida N, Fujii MS, Hirano S 2017. MNRAS 472:1677–84
  390. Sánchez-Janssen R, Côté P, Ferrarese L 2019. Ap. J. 878:18
  391. Sarajedini VL, Koo DC, Phillips AC 2006. Ap. J. Suppl. 166:69–88
  392. Sartori LF, Schawinski K, Treister E 2015. MNRAS 454:3722–42
  393. Satyapal S, Böker T, McAlpine W 2009. Ap. J. 704:439–52
  394. Satyapal S, Secrest NJ, McAlpine W 2014. Ap. J. 784:113
  395. Satyapal S, Vega D, Dudik RP, Abel NP, Heckman T 2008. Ap. J. 677:926–42
  396. Satyapal S, Vega D, Heckman T, O'Halloran B, Dudik R 2007. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L9–12
  397. Schaerer D, Fragos T, Izotov YI 2019. Astron. Astrophys. 809:L10
  398. Schaerer D, Stasińska G 1999. Astron. Astrophys. 809:L17–21
  399. Schneider R, Ferrara A, Natarajan P, Omukai K 2002. Ap. J. 571:30–39
  400. Schödel R, Eckart A, Iserlohe C, Genzel R, Ott T 2005. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L111–14
  401. Schramm M, Silverman JD, Greene JE 2013. Ap. J. 773:150
  402. Schutte Z, Reines A, Greene J 2019. Ap. J. 887:245
  403. Schwarzschild M 1979. Ap. J. 232:236–47
  404. Secrest NJ, Satyapal S, Gliozzi M 2012. Ap. J. 753:38
  405. Servillat M, Farrell SA, Lin D 2011. Ap. J. 743:6
  406. Sesana A, Gair J, Berti E, Volonteri M 2011. Phys. Rev. D 83:044036
  407. Sesana A, Haardt F, Madau P 2007. MNRAS 809:L45–49
  408. Sesana A, Madau P, Haardt F 2009. MNRAS 809:L31–34
  409. Seth AC, Blum RD, Bastian N, Caldwell N, Debattista VP 2008. Ap. J. 687:997–1003
  410. Seth AC, Dalcanton JJ, Hodge PW, Debattista VP 2006. Astron. J. 132:2539–55
  411. Seth AC, van den Bosch R, Mieske S 2014. Nature 513:398–400
  412. Shankar F, Bernardi M, Sheth RK et al 2016. MNRAS 460:3119–42
  413. She R, Ho LC, Feng H 2017a. Ap. J. 835:223
  414. She R, Ho LC, Feng H 2017b. Ap. J. 842:131
  415. Shen KJ, Boubert D, Gänsicke BT 2018. Ap. J. 865:15
  416. Shi Y, Rieke G, Donley J 2008. Ap. J. 688:794–806
  417. Silk J 2017. Ap. J. 809:L13
  418. Silk J, Rees MJ 1998. Astron. Astrophys. 809:L1–4
  419. Simmonds C, Bauer FE, Thuan TX 2016. Astron. Astrophys. 596:A64
  420. Soria R, Musaeva A, Wu K 2017. MNRAS 469:886–905
  421. Spera M, Mapelli M 2017. MNRAS 470:4739–49
  422. Stasińska G, Cid Fernandes R, Mateus A, Sodré L, Asari NV 2006. MNRAS 371:972–82
  423. Stern D, Assef RJ, Benford DJ 2012. Ap. J. 753:30
  424. Stone NC, Küpper AHW, Ostriker JP 2017. MNRAS 467:4180–99
  425. Stone NC, Metzger BD 2016. MNRAS 455:859–83
  426. Strader J, Chomiuk L, Maccarone TJ 2012. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L27
  427. Straub O, Godet O, Webb N, Servillat M, Barret D 2014. Astron. Astrophys. 569:A116
  428. Strubbe LE, Quataert E 2009. MNRAS 400:2070–84
  429. Swartz DA, Tennant AF, Soria R 2009. Ap. J. 703:159–68
  430. Takada M, Ellis RS, Chiba M 2014. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 66:R1
  431. Takekawa S, Oka T, Iwata Y, Tsujimoto S, Nomura M 2019. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L1
  432. Tanaka K 2018. Ap. J. 859:86
  433. Tanaka M, Tominaga N, Morokuma T 2016. Ap. J. 819:5
  434. Tanaka T, Haiman Z 2009. Ap. J. 696:1798–822
  435. Thater S, Krajnović D, Cappellari M 2019. Astron. Astrophys. 625:A62
  436. Thornton CE, Barth AJ, Ho LC, Greene JE 2009. Ap. J. 705:1196–205
  437. Thornton CE, Barth AJ, Ho LC, Rutledge RE, Greene JE 2008. Ap. J. 686:892–910
  438. Tisserand P, Le Guillou L, Afonso C 2007. Astron. Astrophys. 469:387–404
  439. Tremou E, Strader J, Chomiuk L 2018. Ap. J. 862:16
  440. Trump JR, Sun M, Zeimann GR 2015. Ap. J. 811:26
  441. Tsuboi M, Kitamura Y, Tsutsumi T 2017. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L5
  442. Tsuboi M, Kitamura Y, Tsutsumi T 2019. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 71(5):105
  443. Ulvestad JS, Greene JE, Ho LC 2007. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L151–54
  444. Urquhart R, Soria R, Johnston HM 2018. MNRAS 475:3561–76
  445. Valiante R, Schneider R, Volonteri M, Omukai K 2016. MNRAS 457:3356–71
  446. Valluri M, Merritt D, Emsellem E 2004. Ap. J. 602:66–92
  447. van den Bosch RCE, de Zeeuw PT 2010. MNRAS 401:1770–80
  448. van der Marel RP, Anderson J 2010. Ap. J. 710:1063–88
  449. van der Marel RP, Kallivayalil N 2014. Ap. J. 781:121
  450. van Velzen S 2018. Ap. J. 852:72
  451. van Wassenhove S, Volonteri M, Walker MG, Gair JR 2010. MNRAS 408:1139–46
  452. Vinkó J, Yuan F, Quimby RM 2015. Ap. J. 798:12
  453. Visbal E, Haiman Z, Bryan GL 2014. MNRAS 445:1056–63
  454. Voggel KT, Seth AC, Baumgardt H 2019. Ap. J. 871:159
  455. Volonteri M 2010. Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 18:279–315
  456. Volonteri M, Gnedin NY 2009. Ap. J. 703:2113–17
  457. Volonteri M, Haardt F, Madau P 2003. Ap. J. 582:559–73
  458. Volonteri M, Lodato G, Natarajan P 2008. MNRAS 383:1079–88
  459. Volonteri M, Natarajan P 2009. MNRAS 400:1911–18
  460. Volonteri M, Perna R 2005. MNRAS 358:913–22
  461. Volonteri M, Rees MJ 2006. Ap. J. 650:669–78
  462. Vučetić MM, Ilić D, Egorov OV 2019. Astron. Astrophys. 628:A87
  463. Walcher CJ, Böker T, Charlot S 2006. Ap. J. 649:692–708
  464. Walsh JL, Barth AJ, Ho LC, Sarzi M 2013. Ap. J. 770:86
  465. Webb N, Cseh D, Lenc E 2012. Science 337:554–56
  466. Webb NA, Guérou A, Ciambur B 2017. Astron. Astrophys. 602:A103
  467. Wevers T, Stone NC, van Velzen S 2019. MNRAS 487:4136–52
  468. Wevers T, van Velzen S, Jonker PG 2017. MNRAS 471:1694–708
  469. Wiersema K, Farrell SA, Webb NA 2010. Ap. J. 809:L102–6
  470. Wise JH, Regan JA, O'Shea BW 2019. Nature 566:85–88
  471. Wolter A, Esposito P, Mapelli M, Pizzolato F, Ripamonti E 2015. MNRAS 448:781–91
  472. Woo JH, Cho H, Gallo E 2019. Nat. Astron. 3:755–59
  473. Woosley SE 2017. Ap. J. 836:244
  474. Wright AH, Robotham ASG, Driver SP 2017. MNRAS 470:283–302
  475. Wrobel J, Haiman Z, Holley-Bockelmann K 2019. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 51:29
  476. Wrobel JM, Greene JE, Ho LC, Ulvestad JS 2008. Ap. J. 686:838–42
  477. Wrobel JM, Ho LC 2006. Ap. J. Lett. 809:L95–98
  478. Wrobel JM, Miller-Jones JCA, Middleton MJ 2016. Astron. J. 152:22
  479. Xiao T, Barth AJ, Greene JE 2011. Ap. J. 739:28
  480. Yalinewich A, Beniamini P 2018. Astron. Astrophys. 809:L9
  481. Yang X, Yang J, Paragi Z 2017. MNRAS 809:L70–74
  482. Yoshida N, Abel T, Hernquist L, Sugiyama N 2003. Ap. J. 592:645–63
  483. Yu Q, Lu Y, Lin DNC 2007. Ap. J. 666:919–33
  484. Yu Q, Tremaine S 2003. Ap. J. 599:1129–38
  485. Yuan W, Zhou H, Dou L 2014. Ap. J. 782:55
  486. Zasov AV, Cherepashchuk AM 2013. Astron. Rep. 57:797–810
  487. Zhang F, Lu Y, Yu Q 2013. Ap. J. 768:153
  488. Zhang WM, Soria R, Zhang SN, Swartz DA, Liu JF 2009. Ap. J. 699:281–97
  489. Zocchi A, Gieles M, Hénault-Brunet V 2017. MNRAS 468:4429–40
  490. Zocchi A, Gieles M, Hénault-Brunet V 2019. MNRAS 482:4713–25
  491. Zolotukhin I, Webb NA, Godet O, Bachetti M, Barret D 2016. Ap. J. 817:88
  492. Zubovas K 2019. MNRAS 483:1957–69
  493. Zumalacárregui M, Seljak U 2018. Phys. Rev. Lett. 121:141101
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-032620-021835
Loading
Intermediate-Mass Black Holes
Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 58, 257 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-032620-021835
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-032620-021835
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-032620-021835
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplemental Material

Supplementary Data

  • Download all Supplemental Materials as a single PDF. Includes Supplemental Text and Supplemental Tables 1-7.

  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error