Full text loading...
Review Article
Free
Multiple Stellar Populations in Globular Clusters
- Nate Bastian1, and Carmela Lardo1,2
- Vol. 56:83-136 (Volume publication date September 2018) https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-081817-051839
- First published as a Review in Advance on May 23, 2018
-
Copyright © 2018 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved
Abstract
Globular clusters (GCs) exhibit star-to-star variations in specific elements (e.g., He, C, N, O, Na, Al) that bear the hallmark of high-temperature H-burning. These abundance variations can be observed spectroscopically and also photometrically, with the appropriate choice of filters, due to the changing of spectral features within the band pass. This phenomenon is observed in nearly all of the ancient GCs, although, to date, it has not been found in any massive cluster younger than 2 Gyr. Many scenarios have been suggested to explain this phenomenon, with most invoking multiple epochs of star formation within the cluster; however, all have failed to reproduce various key observations, in particular when a global view of the GC population is taken. We review the state of current observations and outline the successes and failures of each of the main proposed models. The traditional idea of using the stellar ejecta from a first generation of stars to form a second generation of stars, while conceptually straightforward, has failed to reproduce an increasing number of observational constraints. We conclude that the puzzle of multiple populations remains unsolved, hence alternative theories are needed.
Article metrics loading...
Literature Cited
-
Anderson J, Piotto G, King IR, Bedin LR, Guhathakurta P 2009. Ap. J. Lett. 697:L58–62
-
Bailin J, Harris WE 2009. Ap. J. 695:1082–93
-
Bastian N, Cabrera-Ziri I, Davies B, Larsen SS 2013.a MNRAS 436:2852–63
-
Bastian N, Cabrera-Ziri I, Niederhofer F et al. 2017. MNRAS 465:4795–99
-
Bastian N, Cabrera-Ziri I, Salaris M 2015. MNRAS 449:3333–46
-
Bastian N, de Mink SE 2009. MNRAS 398:L11–15
-
Bastian N, Hollyhead K, Cabrera-Ziri I 2014. MNRAS 445:378–84
-
Bastian N, Lamers HJGLM, de Mink SE et al. 2013.b MNRAS 436:2398–411
-
Bastian N, Lardo C 2015. MNRAS 453:357–64
-
Bedin LR, Piotto G, Anderson J et al. 2004. Ap. J. Lett. 605:L125–28
-
Behr BB 2003. Ap. J. Suppl. 149:67–99
-
Bekki K 2017. MNRAS 467:1857–73
-
Bekki K, Campbell SW, Lattanzio JC, Norris JE 2007. MNRAS 377:335–51
-
Bekki K, Freeman KC 2003. MNRAS 346:L11–15
-
Bell RA, Dickens RJ 1980. Ap. J. 242:657–72
-
Bellazzini M, Bragaglia A, Carretta E et al. 2012. Astron. Astrophys. 538:A18
-
Bellini A, Bedin LR, Piotto G et al. 2010. Astron. J. 140:631–41
-
Bellini A, Piotto G, Milone AP et al. 2013. Ap. J. 765:32
-
Bellini A, Vesperini E, Piotto G et al. 2015. Ap. J. Lett. 810:L13
-
Bertelli G, Nasi E, Girardi L et al. 2003. Astron. J. 125:770–84
-
Bragaglia A, Carretta E, D'Orazi V et al. 2017. Astron. Astrophys. 607:44–61
-
Bragaglia A, Carretta E, Gratton R et al. 2010.a Astron. Astrophys. 519:A60
-
Bragaglia A, Carretta E, Gratton RG et al. 2010.b Ap. J. Lett. 720:L41–45
-
Bragaglia A, Gratton RG, Carretta E et al. 2012. Astron. Astrophys. 548:A122
-
Brandt TD, Huang CX 2015. Ap. J. 807:25
-
Briley MM, Cohen JG, Stetson PB 2004. Astron. J. 127:1579–87
-
Cabrera-Ziri I, Bastian N, Davies B et al. 2014. MNRAS 441:2754–59
-
Cabrera-Ziri I, Bastian N, Hilker M et al. 2016.a MNRAS 457:809–21
-
Cabrera-Ziri I, Bastian N, Longmore SN et al. 2015. MNRAS 448:2224–31
-
Cabrera-Ziri I, Lardo C, Davies B et al. 2016.b MNRAS 460:1869–75
-
Çalışkan Ş, Christlieb N, Grebel EK 2012. Astron. Astrophys. 537:A83
-
Caloi V, D'Antona F 2007. Astron. Astrophys. 463:949–55
-
Cameron AGW, Fowler WA 1971. Ap. J. 164:111
-
Cannon RD, Croke BFW, Bell RA, Hesser JE, Stathakis RA 1998. MNRAS 298:601–24
-
Carretta E 2014. Ap. J. Lett. 795:L28
-
Carretta E 2015. Ap. J. 810:148
-
Carretta E, Bragaglia A, Gratton R, Lucatello S 2009.a Astron. Astrophys. 505:139–55
-
Carretta E, Bragaglia A, Gratton RG et al. 2006. Astron. Astrophys. 450:523–33
-
Carretta E, Bragaglia A, Gratton RG et al. 2010.a Ap. J. Lett. 714:L7–11
-
Carretta E, Bragaglia A, Gratton RG et al. 2009.b Astron. Astrophys. 505:117–38
-
Carretta E, Bragaglia A, Gratton RG et al. 2010.b Astron. Astrophys. 516:A55
-
Carretta E, Gratton RG, Bragaglia A, D'Orazi V, Lucatello S 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 550:A34
-
Cassisi S, Salaris M, Anderson J et al. 2009. Ap. J. 702:1530–35
-
Cassisi S, Salaris M, Irwin AW 2003. Ap. J. 588:862–70
-
Cassisi S, Salaris M, Pietrinferni A, Hyder D 2017. MNRAS 464:2341–48
-
Cassisi S, Salaris M, Pietrinferni A, Vink JS, Monelli M 2014. Astron. Astrophys. 571:A81
-
Cassisi S, Salaris M, Pietrinferni A et al. 2008. Ap. J. Lett. 672:L115
-
Chantereau W, Charbonnel C, Meynet G 2016. Astron. Astrophys. 592:A111
-
Chantereau W, Usher C, Bastian N 2018. MNRAS 478(2):2368–87
-
Charbonnel C 2016. Stellar Clusters: Benchmarks of Stellar Physics and Galactic Evolution - EES2015, EAS Publ. Ser.Vol 80–81 E Moraux, Y Lebreton, C Charbonnel 177–226 Paris: EAS Publ. Ser.
-
Charbonnel C, Chantereau W, Krause M, Primas F, Wang Y 2014. Astron. Astrophys. 569:L6
-
Cohen JG 2004. Astron. J. 127:1545–54
-
Colucci JE, Bernstein RA, Cameron SA, McWilliam A 2012. Ap. J. 746:29
-
Colucci JE, Bernstein RA, Cohen JG 2014. Ap. J. 797:116
-
Conroy C 2012. Ap. J. 758:21
-
Conroy C, Graves GJ, van Dokkum PG 2014. Ap. J. 780:33
-
Conroy C, Spergel DN 2011. Ap. J. 726:36
-
Cordero MJ, Hénault-Brunet V, Pilachowski CA et al. 2017. MNRAS 465:3515–35
-
Cottrell PL, Da Costa GS 1981. Ap. J. Lett. 245:L79–82
-
Dalessandro E, Lapenna E, Mucciarelli A et al. 2016. Ap. J. 829:77
-
Dalessandro E, Massari D, Bellazzini M et al. 2014. Ap. J. Lett. 791:L4
-
Dalessandro E, Salaris M, Ferraro FR, Mucciarelli A, Cassisi S 2013. MNRAS 430:459–71
-
Dalessandro E, Salaris M, Ferraro FR et al. 2011. MNRAS 410:694–704
-
D'Antona F, Bellazzini M, Caloi V et al. 2005. Ap. J. 631:868–78
-
D'Antona F, Caloi V, Montalbán J, Ventura P, Gratton R 2002. Astron. Astrophys. 395:69–75
-
D'Antona F, Caloi V, Ventura P 2010. MNRAS 405:2295–301
-
D'Antona F, D'Ercole A, Marino AF et al. 2011. Ap. J. 736:5
-
D'Antona F, Di Criscienzo M, Decressin T et al. 2015. MNRAS 453:2637–43
-
D'Antona F, Vesperini E, D'Ercole A et al. 2016. MNRAS 458:2122–39
-
D'Ercole A, D'Antona F, Ventura P, Vesperini E, McMillan SLW 2010. MNRAS 407:854–69
-
D'Ercole A, D'Antona F, Vesperini E 2011. MNRAS 415:1304–9
-
D'Ercole A, D'Antona F, Vesperini E 2016. MNRAS 461:4088–98
-
D'Ercole A, Vesperini E, D'Antona F, McMillan SLW, Recchi S 2008. MNRAS 391:825–43
-
D'Orazi V, Gratton R, Lucatello S et al. 2010. Ap. J. Lett. 719:L213–17
-
D'Orazi V, Gratton RG, Angelou GC et al. 2015. MNRAS 449:4038–47
-
Davies B, Figer DF, Law CJ et al. 2008. Ap. J. 676:1016–28
-
de Mink SE, Pols OR, Langer N, Izzard RG 2009. Astron. Astrophys. 507:L1–4
-
Decressin T, Charbonnel C, Meynet G 2007.a Astron. Astrophys. 475:859–73
-
Decressin T, Charbonnel C, Siess L et al. 2009. Astron. Astrophys. 505:727–33
-
Decressin T, Meynet G, Charbonnel C, Prantzos N, Ekström S 2007.b Astron. Astrophys. 464:1029–44
-
Denisenkov PA, Denisenkova SN 1989. Astron. Tsirkulyar 1538:11
-
Denisenkov PA, Denisenkova SN 1990. Sov. Astron. Lett. 16:275
-
Denissenkov PA, Hartwick FDA 2014. MNRAS 437:L21–25
-
Denissenkov PA, Herwig F 2003. Ap. J. Lett. 590:L99–102
-
Di Criscienzo M, Tailo M, Milone AP et al. 2015. MNRAS 446:1469–77
-
Dickens RJ, Croke BFW, Cannon RD, Bell RA 1991. Nature 351:212–14
-
Doherty CL, Gil-Pons P, Lau HHB et al. 2014. MNRAS 441:582–98
-
Dupree AK, Avrett EH 2013. Ap. J. Lett. 773:L28
-
Dupree AK, Dotter A, Johnson CI et al. 2017. Ap. J. Lett. 846:L1
-
Elmegreen BG 2017. Ap. J. 836:80
-
Fenner Y, Campbell S, Karakas AI, Lattanzio JC, Gibson BK 2004. MNRAS 353:789–95
-
Ferraro FR, Dalessandro E, Mucciarelli A et al. 2009. Nature 462:483–86
-
Ferraro FR, Massari D, Dalessandro E et al. 2016. Ap. J. 828:75
-
Georgy C, Granada A, Ekström S et al. 2014. Astron. Astrophys. 566:A21
-
Gieles M, Charbonnel C, Krause MGH et al. 2018. MNRAS 478(2):2461–79
-
Goudfrooij P, Girardi L, Kozhurina-Platais V et al. 2014. Ap. J. 797:35
-
Gratton R, Sneden C, Carretta E 2004. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 42:385–440
-
Gratton RG, Carretta E, Bragaglia A 2012.a Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 20:50
-
Gratton RG, Carretta E, Bragaglia A, Lucatello S, D'Orazi V 2010. Astron. Astrophys. 517:A81
-
Gratton RG, Lucatello S, Carretta E et al. 2012.b Astron. Astrophys. 539:A19
-
Gratton RG, Lucatello S, Sollima A et al. 2014. Astron. Astrophys. 563:A13
-
Grundahl F, Catelan M, Landsman WB, Stetson PB, Andersen MI 1999. Ap. J. 524:242–61
-
Harris WE 1996. Astron. J. 112:1487
-
Harris WE 2009. Ap. J. 699:254–80
-
Harris WE, Harris GLH 2002. Astron. J. 123:3108–23
-
Harris WE, Harris GLH, Alessi M 2013. Ap. J. 772:82
-
Hartwick FDA, McClure RD 1972. Ap. J. Lett. 176:L57
-
Hénault-Brunet V, Gieles M, Agertz O, Read JI 2015. MNRAS 450:1164–98
-
Hernandez S, Larsen SS, Trager S, Groot P, Kaper L 2017. Astron. Astrophys. 306:119
-
Hollyhead K, Bastian N, Adamo A et al. 2015. MNRAS 449:1106–17
-
Hollyhead K, Kacharov N, Lardo C et al. 2017. MNRAS 465:L39–43
-
Hopkins PF 2014. Ap. J. 797:59
-
Ivans II, Sneden C, Kraft RP et al. 1999. Astron. J. 118:1273–300
-
Johnson CI, Pilachowski CA 2010. Ap. J. 722:1373–410
-
Johnson JA, Ivans II, Stetson PB 2006. Ap. J. 640:801–22
-
Joo SJ, Lee YW 2013. Ap. J. 762:36
-
Karakas A, Lattanzio JC 2007. Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust. 24:103–17
-
Karakas AI, Lattanzio JC 2014. Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust. 31:e030
-
Khalaj P, Baumgardt H 2016. MNRAS 457:479–86
-
King IR, Bedin LR, Cassisi S et al. 2012. Astron. J. 144:5
-
Koch A, Côté P, McWilliam A 2009. Astron. Astrophys. 506:729–43
-
Krause M, Charbonnel C, Decressin T, Meynet G, Prantzos N 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 552:A121
-
Krause M, Charbonnel C, Decressin T et al. 2012. Astron. Astrophys. 546:L5
-
Krause MGH, Charbonnel C, Bastian N, Diehl R 2016. Astron. Astrophys. 587:A53
-
Kruijssen JMD 2014. Class. Quantum Gravity 31:244006
-
Kruijssen JMD 2015. MNRAS 454:1658–86
-
Kruijssen JMD, Mieske S 2009. Astron. Astrophys. 500:785–99
-
Kučinskas A, Dobrovolskas V, Bonifacio P 2014. Astron. Astrophys. 568:L4
-
Langer GE, Hoffman R, Sneden C 1993. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 105:301–7
-
Lapenna E, Lardo C, Mucciarelli A et al. 2016. Ap. J. Lett. 826:L1
-
Lapenna E, Mucciarelli A, Ferraro FR et al. 2015. Ap. J. 813:97
-
Lardo C, Bellazzini M, Pancino E et al. 2011. Astron. Astrophys. 525:A114
-
Lardo C, Cabrera-Ziri I, Davies B, Bastian N 2017.a MNRAS 468:2482–88
-
Lardo C, Mucciarelli A, Bastian N 2016. MNRAS 457:51–63
-
Lardo C, Salaris M, Bastian N et al. 2018. Astron. Astrophys. Accepted. arXiv:1805.09599
-
Lardo C, Salaris M, Savino A et al. 2017.b MNRAS 466:33507–12
-
Larsen SS 2004. Astron. Astrophys. 416:537–53
-
Larsen SS, Baumgardt H, Bastian N et al. 2015. Ap. J. 804:71
-
Larsen SS, Brodie JP, Forbes DA, Strader J 2014.a Astron. Astrophys. 565:A98
-
Larsen SS, Brodie JP, Grundahl F, Strader J 2014.b Ap. J. 797:15
-
Larsen SS, de Mink SE, Eldridge JJ et al. 2011. Astron. Astrophys. 532:A147
-
Larsen SS, Strader J, Brodie JP 2012. Astron. Astrophys. 544:L14
-
Lee JW 2016. Ap. J. Suppl. 226:16
-
Lee JW 2017. Ap. J. 844:77
-
Lee YW, Joo SJ, Chung C 2015. MNRAS 453:3906–11
-
Letarte B, Hill V, Jablonka P et al. 2006. Astron. Astrophys. 453:547–54
-
Li C, de Grijs R, Bastian N et al. 2016. MNRAS 461:3212–21
-
Lim D, Hong S, Lee YW 2017. Ap. J. 844:14
-
Lim D, Lee YW, Pasquato M, Han SI, Roh DG 2016. Ap. J. 832:99
-
Lind K, Charbonnel C, Decressin T et al. 2011. Astron. Astrophys. 527:A148
-
Lind K, Primas F, Charbonnel C, Grundahl F, Asplund M 2009. Astron. Astrophys. 503:545–57
-
Lochhaas C, Thompson TA 2017. MNRAS 470:977–91
-
Longmore SN 2015. MNRAS 448:L62–66
-
Longmore SN, Kruijssen JMD, Bastian N et al. 2014. Protostars and Planets VI H Beuther, FS Klessen, CP Dullemond, T Henning 291–314 Tucson: Univ. Ariz. Press
-
Loup C, Forveille T, Omont A, Paul JF 1993. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 99:291–377
-
Lovisi L, Mucciarelli A, Lanzoni B et al. 2012. Ap. J. 754:91
-
Lucatello S, Sollima A, Gratton R et al. 2015. Astron. Astrophys. 584:A52
-
Mackey AD, Broby Nielsen P 2007. MNRAS 379:151–58
-
Mackey AD, Broby Nielsen P, Ferguson AMN, Richardson JC 2008. Ap. J. Lett. 681:L17
-
MacLean BT, De Silva GM, Lattanzio J 2015. MNRAS 446:3556–61
-
Maeder A, Meynet G 2006. Astron. Astrophys. 448:L37–41
-
Marcolini A, Gibson BK, Karakas AI, Sánchez-Blázquez P 2009. MNRAS 395:719–35
-
Marino AF, Milone AP, Karakas AI et al. 2015. MNRAS 450:815–45
-
Marino AF, Milone AP, Piotto G et al. 2011.a Ap. J. 731:64
-
Marino AF, Milone AP, Sneden C et al. 2012. Astron. Astrophys. 541:A15
-
Marino AF, Sneden C, Kraft RP et al. 2011.b Astron. Astrophys. 532:A8
-
Marino AF, Villanova S, Piotto G et al. 2008. Astron. Astrophys. 490:625–40
-
Martell SL, Smolinski JP, Beers TC, Grebel EK 2011. Astron. Astrophys. 534:A136
-
Martocchia S, Bastian N, Usher C et al. 2017. MNRAS 468:3150–58
-
Martocchia S, Cabrera-Ziri I, Lardo C et al. 2018.a MNRAS 473:2688–700
-
Martocchia S, Niederhofer F, Dalessandro E et al. 2018.b MNRAS 477:4696–705
-
Massari D, Lapenna E, Bragaglia A et al. 2016. MNRAS 458:4162–71
-
Massari D, Mucciarelli A, Ferraro FR et al. 2014. Ap. J. 795:22
-
Mastrobuono-Battisti A, Perets HB 2013. Ap. J. 779:85
-
Mayya YD, Rosa-González D, Santiago-Cortés M et al. 2013. MNRAS 436:2763–73
-
McDonald I, Zijlstra AA 2015. MNRAS 446:2226–42
-
McSwain MV, Gies DR 2005. Ap. J. Suppl. 161:118–46
-
Mészáros S, Martell SL, Shetrone M et al. 2015. Astron. J. 149:153
-
Miholics M, Webb JJ, Sills A 2015. MNRAS 454:2166–72
-
Milone AP 2015. MNRAS 446:1672–84
-
Milone AP, Bedin LR, Piotto G, Anderson J 2009. Astron. Astrophys. 497:755–71
-
Milone AP, Bedin LR, Piotto G et al. 2015.a MNRAS 450:3750–64
-
Milone AP, Marino AF, D'Antona F et al. 2016. MNRAS 458:4368–82
-
Milone AP, Marino AF, D'Antona F et al. 2017.a MNRAS 465:4363–74
-
Milone AP, Marino AF, Piotto G et al. 2015.b Ap. J. 808:51
-
Milone AP, Piotto G, Renzini A et al. 2017.b MNRAS 464:3636–56
-
Moehler S, Dreizler S, LeBlanc F et al. 2014. Astron. Astrophys. 565:A100
-
Monelli M, Milone AP, Stetson PB et al. 2013. MNRAS 431:2126–49
-
Mucciarelli A, Bellazzini M, Ibata R et al. 2012. MNRAS 426:2889–900
-
Mucciarelli A, Carretta E, Origlia L, Ferraro FR 2008. Astron. J. 136:375–88
-
Mucciarelli A, Dalessandro E, Ferraro FR, Origlia L, Lanzoni B 2014.a Ap. J. Lett. 793:L6
-
Mucciarelli A, Lapenna E, Massari D et al. 2015. Ap. J. 809:128
-
Mucciarelli A, Lovisi L, Lanzoni B, Ferraro FR 2014.b Ap. J. 786:14
-
Mucciarelli A, Origlia L, Ferraro FR, Pancino E 2009. Ap. J. Lett. 695:L134–39
-
Mucciarelli A, Salaris M, Lovisi L et al. 2011. MNRAS 412:81–94
-
Nardiello D, Piotto G, Milone AP et al. 2015. MNRAS 451:312–22
-
Niederhofer F, Bastian N, Kozhurina-Platais V et al. 2017.a MNRAS 464:94–103
-
Niederhofer F, Bastian N, Kozhurina-Platais V et al. 2017.b MNRAS 465:4159–65
-
Niederhofer F, Georgy C, Bastian N, Ekström S 2015. MNRAS 453:2070–74
-
Norris J 1987. Ap. J. Lett. 313:L65–68
-
Norris J, Cottrell PL, Freeman KC, Da Costa GS 1981. Ap. J. 244:205–20
-
Norris JE, Yong D, Venn KA et al. 2017. Ap. J. Suppl. 230:28
-
O'Connell RW 1999. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 37:603–48
-
Origlia L, Rich RM, Ferraro FR et al. 2011. Ap. J. Lett. 726:L20
-
Osborn W 1971. Observatory 91:223–24
-
Pancino E 2018. Astron. Astrophys Accepted. arXiv:1802.06654
-
Pancino E, Romano D, Tang B et al. 2017. Astron. Astrophys. 601:A112
-
Pasquini L, Bonifacio P, Molaro P et al. 2005. Astron. Astrophys. 441:549–53
-
Pasquini L, Mauas P, Käufl HU, Cacciari C 2011. Astron. Astrophys. 531:A35
-
Peacock MB, Zepf SE, Finzell T 2013. Ap. J. 769:126
-
Peacock MB, Zepf SE, Kundu A, Chael J 2017. MNRAS 464:713–20
-
Pfeffer J, Kruijssen JMD, Crain RA, Bastian N 2018. MNRAS 475:4309–46
-
Piatti AE, Keller SC, Mackey AD, Da Costa GS 2014. MNRAS 444:1425–41
-
Pietrinferni A, Cassisi S, Salaris M, Percival S, Ferguson JW 2009. Ap. J. 697:275–82
-
Piotto G, Bedin LR, Anderson J et al. 2007. Ap. J. Lett. 661:L53–56
-
Piotto G, Milone AP, Anderson J et al. 2012. Ap. J. 760:39
-
Piotto G, Milone AP, Bedin LR et al. 2015. Astron. J. 149:91
-
Piotto G, Villanova S, Bedin LR et al. 2005. Ap. J. 621:777–84
-
Portegies Zwart SF, McMillan SLW, Gieles M 2010. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 48:431–93
-
Prantzos N, Charbonnel C 2006. Astron. Astrophys. 458:135–49
-
Prantzos N, Charbonnel C, Iliadis C 2007. Astron. Astrophys. 470:179–90
-
Prantzos N, Charbonnel C, Iliadis C 2017. Astron. Astrophys. 608:28–40
-
Recio-Blanco A, Aparicio A, Piotto G, de Angeli F, Djorgovski SG 2006. Astron. Astrophys. 452:875–84
-
Reines AE, Johnson KE, Goss WM 2008. Astron. J. 135:2222–39
-
Renzini A 2008. MNRAS 391:354–62
-
Renzini A 2013. Mem. Soc. Astron. Ital. 84:162
-
Renzini A 2017. MNRAS 469:L63–67
-
Renzini A, D'Antona F, Cassisi S et al. 2015. MNRAS 454:4197–207
-
Richer HB, Heyl J, Anderson J et al. 2013. Ap. J. Lett. 771:L15
-
Roediger JC, Courteau S, Graves G, Schiavon RP 2014. Ap. J. Suppl. 210:10
-
Rood RT 1973. Ap. J. 184:815–38
-
Sakari CM, Venn KA, Mackey D et al. 2015. MNRAS 448:1314–34
-
Salaris M, Cassisi S 2014. Astron. Astrophys. 566:A109
-
Salaris M, Weiss A, Ferguson JW, Fusilier DJ 2006. Ap. J. 645:1131–37
-
Salinas R, Strader J 2015. Ap. J. 809:169
-
Sánchez-Blázquez P, Marcolini A, Gibson BK et al. 2012. MNRAS 419:1376–89
-
Sarajedini A, Bedin LR, Chaboyer B et al. 2007. Astron. J. 133:1658–72
-
Savino A, Salaris M, Tolstoy E 2015. Astron. Astrophys. 583:A126
-
Sbordone L, Bonifacio P, Buonanno R et al. 2007. Astron. Astrophys. 465:815–24
-
Sbordone L, Salaris M, Weiss A, Cassisi S 2011. Astron. Astrophys. 534:A9
-
Schaerer D, Charbonnel C 2011. MNRAS 413:2297–304
-
Schaeuble M, Preston G, Sneden C et al. 2015. Astron. J. 149:204
-
Schiavon RP 2007. Ap. J. Suppl. 171:146–205
-
Schiavon RP, Caldwell N, Conroy C et al. 2013. Ap. J. Lett. 776:L7
-
Schiavon RP, Johnson JA, Frinchaboy PM et al. 2017.a MNRAS 466:1010–18
-
Schiavon RP, Zamora O, Carrera R et al. 2017.b MNRAS 465:501–24
-
Shen ZX, Bonifacio P, Pasquini L, Zaggia S 2010. Astron. Astrophys. 524:L2
-
Sills A, Glebbeek E 2010. MNRAS 407:277–84
-
Simioni M, Milone AP, Bedin LR et al. 2016. MNRAS 463:449–58
-
Slemer A, Marigo P, Piatti D et al. 2017. MNRAS 465:4817–37
-
Smith GH 2015. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 127:1204–17
-
Sneden C 2000. Proc. 35th Liège Int. Astrophys. Colloq., Liège, Belgium, Jul. 5–8, 1999 A Noels, P Magain, D Caro, E Jehin, G Parmentier, AA Thoul 159–75 Liege: Univ. Liege
-
Sneden C, Kraft RP, Prosser CF, Langer GE 1992. Astron. J. 104:2121–40
-
Sohn ST, O'Connell RW, Kundu A et al. 2006. Astron. J. 131:866–88
-
Soto M, Bellini A, Anderson J et al. 2017. Astron. J. 153:19–29
-
Strader J, Seth AC, Forbes DA et al. 2013. Ap. J. Lett. 775:L6
-
Strader J, Smith GH 2008. Astron. J. 136:1828–36
-
Szécsi D, Mackey J, Langer N 2018. Astron. Astrophys. 612:A55
-
Tailo M, Di Criscienzo M, D'Antona F, Caloi V, Ventura P 2016. MNRAS 457:4525–35
-
Takeda Y, Kaneko H, Matsumoto N et al. 2009. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 61:563–76
-
Tautvaišienė G, Wallerstein G, Geisler D, Gonzalez G, Charbonnel C 2004. Astron. J. 127:373–79
-
Tenorio-Tagle G, Silich S, Rodríguez-González A, Muñoz-Tuñón C 2005. Ap. J. 628:L13–16
-
Trenti M, Padoan P, Jimenez R 2015. Ap. J. Lett. 808:L35
-
Usher C, Pfeffer J, Bastian N et al. 2018. MNRAS Submitted
-
van Dokkum P, Conroy C, Villaume A, Brodie J, Romanowsky A 2017. Ap. J. 841:68–91
-
Vanderbeke J, De Propris R, De Rijcke S et al. 2015. MNRAS 451:275–81
-
Vanzella E, Calura F, Meneghetti M et al. 2017. MNRAS 467:4304–21
-
Ventura P, D'Antona F 2005.a Astron. Astrophys. 431:279–88
-
Ventura P, D'Antona F 2005.b Astron. Astrophys. 439:1075–91
-
Ventura P, D'Antona F 2006. Astron. Astrophys. 457:995–1001
-
Ventura P, D'Antona F 2009. Astron. Astrophys. 499:835–46
-
Ventura P, D'Antona F, Di Criscienzo M et al. 2012. Ap. J. Lett. 761:L30
-
Ventura P, D'Antona F, Mazzitelli I 2002. Astron. Astrophys. 393:215–23
-
Ventura P, Di Criscienzo M, Carini R, D'Antona F 2013. MNRAS 431:3642–53
-
Ventura P, García-Hernández DA, Dell'Agli F et al. 2016. Ap. J. Lett. 831:L17
-
Vesperini E, McMillan SLW, D'Antona F, D'Ercole A 2010. Ap. J. Lett. 718:L112–16
-
Vesperini E, McMillan SLW, D'Antona F, D'Ercole A 2013. MNRAS 429:1913–21
-
Villanova S, Geisler D, Carraro G, Moni Bidin C, Muñoz C 2013. Ap. J. 778:186
-
Villanova S, Piotto G, Gratton RG 2009. Astron. Astrophys. 499:755–63
-
Vink JS, Muijres LE, Anthonisse B et al. 2011. Astron. Astrophys. 531:A132
-
Walcher CJ, Coelho PRT, Gallazzi A et al. 2015. Astron. Astrophys. 582:A46
-
Walker AR, Kunder AM, Andreuzzi G et al. 2011. MNRAS 415:643–54
-
Wang Y, Primas F, Charbonnel C et al. 2017. Astron. Astrophys. 607:135
-
Webb JJ, Leigh NWC 2015. MNRAS 453:3278–87
-
Whitmore BC, Zhang Q 2002. Astron. J. 124:1418–34
-
Wijnen TPG, Pols OR, Pelupessy FI, Portegies Zwart S 2016. Astron. Astrophys. 594:A30
-
Willman B, Strader J 2012. Astron. J. 144:76
-
Wünsch R, Palouš J, Tenorio-Tagle G, Ehlerová S 2017. Ap. J. 835:60
-
Yong D, Grundahl F, Johnson JA, Asplund M 2008. Ap. J. 684:1159–69
-
Yong D, Grundahl F, Lambert DL, Nissen PE, Shetrone MD 2003. Astron. Astrophys. 402:985–1001
-
Yong D, Grundahl F, Nissen PE, Jensen HR, Lambert DL 2005. Astron. Astrophys. 438:875–88
-
Yong D, Grundahl F, Norris JE 2015. MNRAS 446:3319–29
-
Yong D, Roederer IU, Grundahl F et al. 2014. MNRAS 441:3396–416
Data & Media loading...
- Article Type: Review Article
Most Read This Month
Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed
-
-
The Chemical Composition of the Sun
Vol. 47 (2009), pp. 481–522
-
-
-
STAR FORMATION IN GALAXIES ALONG THE HUBBLE SEQUENCE
Vol. 36 (1998), pp. 189–231
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies
John Kormendy, and Luis C. HoVol. 51 (2013), pp. 511–653
-
-
-
-
-
Embedded Clusters in Molecular Clouds
Vol. 41 (2003), pp. 57–115
-
-
-
-
-
Star Formation in the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies
Vol. 50 (2012), pp. 531–608
-
- More Less