1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering
  4. Volume 21, 2019
  5. Article

Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering

Volume 21, 2019

Prevention of Opioid Abuse and Treatment of Opioid Addiction: Current Status and Future Possibilities

Abstract

Prescription opioid medications have seen a dramatic rise in misuse and abuse, leading regulators and scientists to develop policies and abuse-deterrent technologies to combat the current opioid epidemic. These abuse-deterrent formulations (ADFs) are intended to deter physical and chemical tampering of opioid-based products, while still providing safe and effective delivery for therapeutic purposes. Even though formulations with varying abuse-deterrent technologies have been approved, questions remain about their effectiveness. While these formulations provide a single means to combat the epidemic, a greater emphasis should be placed on formulations for treatment of addiction and overdose to help those struggling with opioid dependence. This article analyzes various ADFs currently in clinical use and explores potential novel systems for treatment of addiction and prevention of overdose.

Keyword(s): abuse-deterrent formulations, abuse-deterrent testing methods, nonprescription opioids, opioid abuse, opioid drugs
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-060418-052155
2019-06-04
2024-04-19
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/bioeng/21/1/annurev-bioeng-060418-052155.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-060418-052155&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. 1.
    CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) 2017. Opioid overdose Report, CDC Washington, DC: https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/index.html
  2. 2.
    Volkow ND. 2018. Medications for opioid use disorder: bridging the gap in care. Lancet 391:285–87
     [Google Scholar]
  3. 3.
    NIDA (Natl. Inst. Drug Abuse) 2017. Overdose death rates Report, NIDA Washington, DC: https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates
  4. 4.
    Gomes T, Tadrous M, Mamdani MM 2018. The burden of opioid-related mortality in the United States. JAMA Netw. Open 1:e180217
     [Google Scholar]
  5. 5.
    deShazo RD, Johnson M, Eriator I, Rodenmeyer K 2018. Backstories on the US opioid epidemic: good intentions gone bad, an industry gone rogue, and watch dogs gone to sleep. Am. J. Med. 131:595–601
     [Google Scholar]
  6. 6.
    Keough L, Fantasia HC. 2017. Pharmacologic treatment of opioid addiction during pregnancy. Nurs. Women's Health 21:34–44
     [Google Scholar]
  7. 7.
    US Dep. Health Hum. Serv. 2018. What is the U.S. opioid epidemic? Report, US Dep. Health Hum. Serv Washington, DC: https://www.hhs.gov/opioids/about-the-epidemic/index.html
    [Google Scholar]
  8. 8.
    Florence CS, Zhou C, Luo F, Xu L 2016. The economic burden of prescription opioid overdose, abuse, and dependence in the United States, 2013. Med. Care 54:901–6
     [Google Scholar]
  9. 9.
    DEA (Drug Enforc. Admin.) 2016. DEA issues carfentanil warning to police and public Press release Sep. 22. https://www.dea.gov/divisions/hq/2016/hq092216.shtml
  10. 10.
    Knight V. 2017. DEA warns first responders of accidental overdose risk. CNN June 5. http://www.cnn.com/2017/06/08/health/dea-first-responders-opioids/index.html
    [Google Scholar]
  11. 11.
    Madariaga-Mazón A, Marmolejo-Valencia AF, Li Y, Toll L, Houghten RA, Martinez-Mayorga K 2017. μ-Opioid receptor biased ligands: a safer and painless discovery of analgesics?. Drug Discov. Today 22:1719–29
     [Google Scholar]
  12. 12.
    Mogali S, Comer SD. 2013. Treatment of pain and opioid abuse. Research and Development of Opioid-Related Ligands M-C Ko, SM Husbands 39–60 ACS Symp. Ser . vol. 1131 Washington, DC: ACS
     [Google Scholar]
  13. 13.
    Rose ME. 2018. Are prescription opioids driving the opioid crisis? Assumptions versus facts. Pain Med 19:793–807
     [Google Scholar]
  14. 14.
    Vergano D. 2017. Fentanyl is now the leading cause of US overdose deaths. BuzzFeed News Oct. 12. https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/danvergano/fentanyl-leading-overdoses#.nb8m8bnkq
    [Google Scholar]
  15. 15.
    Garrett A. 2018. Meet the Akron couple who feds say helped spread fentanyl and carfentanil in Northeast Ohio. Akron Beacon Journal/Ohio.com Febr 15
     [Google Scholar]
  16. 16.
    Saxon AJ. 2013. Treatment of opioid dependence. Research and Development of Opioid-Related Ligands M-C Ko, SM Husbands 61–102 ACS Symp. Ser . vol. 1131 Washington, DC: ACS
     [Google Scholar]
  17. 17.
    Cohen JP, Mendoza M, Roland C 2018. Challenges involved in the development and delivery of abuse-deterrent formulations of opioid analgesics. Clin. Ther. 40:334–44
     [Google Scholar]
  18. 18.
    US Dep. Health Hum. Serv., CDER (Cent. Drug Eval. Res.) 2015. Abuse-Deterrent Opioids—Evaluation and Labeling. Guidance for Industry Silver Spring, MD: Off. Commun., Div. Drug Inf https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/Guidances/UCM334743.pdf
  19. 19.
    Inciardi JA, Surratt HL, Cicero TJ, Beard RA 2009. Prescription opioid abuse and diversion in an urban community: the results of an ultrarapid assessment. Pain Med 10:537–48
     [Google Scholar]
  20. 20.
    Stanos SP, Bruckenthal P, Barkin RL 2012. Strategies to reduce the tampering and subsequent abuse of long-acting opioids: potential risks and benefits of formulations with physical or pharmacologic deterrents to tampering. Mayo Clin. Proc. 87:683–94
     [Google Scholar]
  21. 21.
    Katz N. 2008. Abuse-deterrent opioid formulations: are they a pipe dream?. Curr. Rheumatol. Rep. 10:11–18
     [Google Scholar]
  22. 22.
    Cone EJ, Giordano J, Weingarten B 2013. An iterative model for in vitro laboratory assessment of tamper deterrent formulations. Drug Alcohol Depend 131:100–5
     [Google Scholar]
  23. 23.
    Webster LR, Fine PG. 2010. Approaches to improve pain relief while minimizing opioid abuse liability. J. Pain 11:602–11
     [Google Scholar]
  24. 24.
    Severtson SG, Bartelson BB, Davis JM, Muñoz A, Schneider MF et al. 2013. Reduced abuse, therapeutic errors, and diversion following reformulation of extended-release oxycodone in 2010. J. Pain 14:1122–30
     [Google Scholar]
  25. 25.
    Butler SF, Cassidy TA, Chilcoat H, Black RA, Landau C et al. 2013. Abuse rates and routes of administration of reformulated extended-release oxycodone: initial findings from a sentinel surveillance sample of individuals assessed for substance abuse treatment. J. Pain 14:351–58
     [Google Scholar]
  26. 26.
    FDA (Food Drug Admin.) 2018. Abuse-deterrent opioid analgesics Report, FDA Washington, DC: https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsand Providers/ucm600788.htm
  27. 27.
    US Dep. Health Hum. Serv., CDER (Cent. Drug Eval. Res.) 2017. General Principles for Evaluating the Abuse Deterrence of Generic Solid Oral Opioid Drug Products. Guidance for Industry Silver Spring, MD: Off. Commun., Div. Drug Inf https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/.../Guidances/UCM492172.pdf
  28. 28.
    Brennan MJ, Stanos S. 2010. Strategies to optimize pain management with opioids while minimizing risk of abuse. PM&R 2:544–58
     [Google Scholar]
  29. 29.
    Turk DC, O'Connor AB, Dworkin RH, Chaudhry A, Katz NP et al. 2012. Research design considerations for clinical studies of abuse-deterrent opioid analgesics: IMMPACT recommendations. Pain 153:1997–2008
     [Google Scholar]
  30. 30.
    Khan MF, Gharibo C. 2010. Abuse deterrent opioids. Tech. Reg. Anesth. Pain Manag. 14:99–103
     [Google Scholar]
  31. 31.
    Ling W, Casadonte P, Bigelow G, Kampman KM, Patkar A et al. 2010. Buprenorphine implants for treatment of opioid dependence. JAMA 304:1576–83
     [Google Scholar]
  32. 32.
    Moorman-Li R, Motycka CA, Inge LD, Congdon JM, Hobson S, Pokropski B 2012. A review of abuse-deterrent opioids for chronic nonmalignant pain. Pharm. Ther. 37:412–18
     [Google Scholar]
  33. 33.
    Romach MK, Schoedel KA, Sellers EM 2013. Update on tamper-resistant drug formulations. Drug Alcohol Depend 130:13–23
     [Google Scholar]
  34. 34.
    FDA (Food Drug Admin.) 2014. OXYCONTIN® (oxycodone hydrochloride) extended-release tablets, for oral use Highlights prescr. inf., FDA Washington, DC: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/022272s034lbl.pdf
  35. 35.
    FDA (Food Drug Admin.) 2014. HYSINGLATM ER (hydrocodone bitartrate) extended-release tablets, for oral use Highlights prescr. inf., FDA Washington, DC: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/206627s004lbl.pdf
  36. 36.
    FDA (Food Drug Admin.) 2015. MORPHABOND™ (morphine sulfate) extended-release tablets, for oral use Highlights prescr. inf., FDA Washington, DC: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/206544lbl.pdf
  37. 37.
    FDA (Food Drug Admin.) 2016. XTAMPZA ER (oxycodone) extended-release capsules, for oral use Highlights prescr. inf., FDA Washington, DC: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/208090s000lbl.pdf
  38. 38.
    FDA (Food Drug Admin.) 2014. ARYMO™ ER (morphine sulfate) extended-release tablets, for oral use Highlights prescr. inf., FDA Washington, DC: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/208603s000lbl.pdf
  39. 39.
    FDA (Food Drug Admin.) 2017. ROXYBOND (oxycodone hydrochloride) tablets, for oral use Highlights prescr. inf., FDA Washington, DC: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/209777lbl.pdf
  40. 40.
    FDA (Food Drug Admin.) 2014. TARGINIQ ER (oxycodone hydrochloride and naloxone hydrochloride extended-release tablets), for oral use Highlights prescr. inf., FDA Washington, DC: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/205777lbl.pdf
  41. 41.
    FDA (Food Drug Admin.) 2014. EMBEDA® (morphine sulfate and naltrexone hydrochloride) extended release capsules, for oral use Highlights prescr. inf., FDA Washington, DC: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/022321s022lbl.pdf
  42. 42.
    FDA (Food Drug Admin.) 2016. TROXYCA® ER (oxycodone hydrochloride and naltrexone hydrochloride) extended-release capsules, for oral use Highlights prescr. inf., FDA Washington, DC: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/207621s000lbl.pdf
  43. 43.
    FDA (Food Drug Admin.) 2017. VANTRELA™ ER (hydrocodone bitartrate) extended-release tablets, for oral use Highlights prescr. inf., FDA Washington, DC: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/207975s000lbl.pdf
  44. 44.
    Nguyen TM. 2017. Abuse-deterrent opioids: worth the cost and effort. ? Chem. Eng. News 95:34–36
     [Google Scholar]
  45. 45.
    McDonald R, Campbell ND, Strang J 2017. Twenty years of take-home naloxone for the prevention of overdose deaths from heroin and other opioids—conception and maturation. Drug Alcohol Depend 178:176–87
     [Google Scholar]
  46. 46.
    Managed Care Magazine 2016. FDA staff says long-acting oxycodone (Troxyca ER) can be manipulated for abuse. Managed Care Magazine June 7. https://www.managedcaremag.com/news/fda-staff-says-long-acting-oxycodone-troxyca-er-can-be-manipulated-abuse
    [Google Scholar]
  47. 47.
    CDER (Cent. Drug Eval. Res.) Application Number 22-272: Summary Review for Regulatory Action Washington, DC: CDER. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2010/022272s000SumR.pdf
  48. 48.
    FDA (Food Drug Admin.) 2018. FDA opioids action plan Report, FDA Washington, DC: https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/InformationbyDrugClass/ucm484714.htm
  49. 49.
    CDER (Cent. Drug Eval. Res.) NDA 208143 S2: Summary Review for Regulatory Action Washington, DC: CDER
  50. 50.
    Peters PJ, Pontones P, Hoover KW, Patel MR, Galang RR et al. 2016. HIV infection linked to injection use of oxymorphone in Indiana, 2014–2015. N. Eng. J. Med. 375:229–39
     [Google Scholar]
  51. 51.
    ICER (Inst. Clin. Econ. Rev.) 2017. Abuse-deterrent formulations of opioids: effectiveness and value Final evid. rep., ICER Boston: https://icer-review.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/NECEPAC_ADF_Final_Report_08_08_17.pdf
  52. 52.
    Bonner L. 2017. FDA approves more abuse-deterrent opioids, but questions remain about their value. Pharm. Today 23:36
     [Google Scholar]
  53. 53.
    Becker WC, Fiellin DA. 2017. Abuse-deterrent opioid formulations—putting the potential benefits into perspective. N. Engl. J. Med. 376:2103–5
     [Google Scholar]
  54. 54.
    Cross R. 2017. The opioid crisis got worse. Chem. Eng. News 95:40
     [Google Scholar]
  55. 55.
    ProCon.org. 2014. 35 FDA-approved prescription drugs later pulled from the market. ProCon.org Jan. 30. https://prescriptiondrugs.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=005528
    [Google Scholar]
  56. 56.
    Brzeczko AW, Hollenbeck RG. 2016. Methods and compositions for self-regulated release of active pharmaceutical ingredient US patent 9,320,796B2
  57. 57.
    Odidi I. 2016. Compositions and methods for reducing overdose US patent 9,522,119B2
  58. 58.
    FDA (Food Drug Admin.), CDER (Cent. Drug Eval. Res.) 2016. Drug safety and risk management and anesthetic and analgesic drug products advisory committees (Open Session on May 5, 2016). Transcript for the May 5, 2016 Joint Meeting of the Anesthetic and Analgesic Drug Products Advisory Committee (AADPAC) and the Drug Safety and Risk Management Advisory Committee (DSaRM). https://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/Drugs/AnestheticAndAnalgesicDrugProductsAdvisoryCommittee/UCM533421.pdf
  59. 59.
    Shah A, Hayes CJ, Martin BC 2017. Characteristics of initial prescription episodes and likelihood of long-term opioid use. United States, 2006–2015. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 66:265–69
     [Google Scholar]
  60. 60.
    Kim T, Kim J, Kim S 1993. Extended-release formulation of morphine for subcutaneous administration. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 33:187–90
     [Google Scholar]
  61. 61.
    Angst MS, Drover DR. 2006. Pharmacology of drugs formulated with DepoFoam™: a sustained release drug delivery system for parenteral administration using multivesicular liposome technology. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 45:1153–76
     [Google Scholar]
  62. 62.
    Albayaty M, Linden M, Olsson H, Johnsson M, Strandgården K, Tiberg F 2017. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of once-weekly and once-monthly buprenorphine subcutaneous injection depots (CAM2038) versus intravenous and sublingual buprenorphine in healthy volunteers under naltrexone blockade: an open-label phase 1 study. Adv. Ther. 34:560–75
     [Google Scholar]
  63. 63.
    Patel RA, Bucalo LR. 2010. Implantable polymeric device for sustained release of buprenorphine US patent 7,736,665B2
  64. 64.
    Khanna IK, Pillarisetti S. 2015. Buprenorphine—an attractive opioid with underutilized potential in treatment of chronic pain. J. Pain Res. 8:859–70
     [Google Scholar]
  65. 65.
    Altschul RL, Theise ND, Ene RA, Rapkin M, O'Brien R 2017. US patent 9,662,392B2
  66. 66.
    Alexander L, Mannion RO, Weingarten B, Fanelli RJ, Stiles GL 2014. Development and impact of prescription opioid abuse deterrent formulation technologies. Drug Alcohol Depend 138:1–6
     [Google Scholar]
  67. 67.
    Li X, Shorter D, Kosten T 2015. Prescription opioid misuse: effective methods for reducing the epidemic. Curr. Treat. Options Psychiatry 2:122–35
     [Google Scholar]
  68. 68.
    US Senate, Caucus Int. Narc. Control 2014. America's Addition to Opioids: Heroin and Prescription Drug Abuse 113th Congr., 2nd sess., May 14, statement of Nora D. Volkow, Director, National Institute on Drug Abuse. http://www.drugcaucus.senate.gov/sites/default/files/Volkow%20Testimony.pdf
  69. 69.
    Rigg KK, Monnat SM, Chavez MN 2018. Opioid-related mortality in rural America: geographic heterogeneity and intervention strategies. Int. J. Drug Policy 57:119–29
     [Google Scholar]
  70. 70.
    WHO (World Heath Organ.), UNODC (UN Off. Drugs Crime), UNAIDS (UN Programme HIV/AIDS) 2004. Substitution maintenance therapy in the management of opioid dependence and HIV/AIDS prevention Position pap., WHO/UNODC/UNAIDS, Geneva. http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/en/PositionPaper_English.pdf
  71. 71.
    Husbands SM. 2013. Buprenorphine and related orvinols. Research and Development of Opioid-Related Ligands M-C Ko, SM Husbands 127–44 ACS Symp. Ser . vol. 1131 Washington, DC: ACS
     [Google Scholar]
  72. 72.
    Abraham AJ. 2013. Improving medication use in addictions treatment. Interventions for Addiction PM Miller 675–85 San Diego, CA: Academic
     [Google Scholar]
  73. 73.
    Kraft WK, Adeniyi-Jones SC, Chervoneva I, Greenspan JS, Abatemarco D et al. 2017. Buprenorphine for the treatment of the neonatal abstinence syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 376:2341–48
     [Google Scholar]
  74. 74.
    Sigmon SC, Bigelow GE. 2016. Food and Drug Administration approval of sustained release buprenorphine for treatment of opioid dependence: realizing its potential. Addiction 112:386–87
     [Google Scholar]
  75. 75.
    Tanum L, Solli K, Latif Z-EH, Benth JŠ, Opheim A et al. 2018. The effectiveness of injectable extended release naltrexone versus daily buprenorphine-naloxone for opioid dependence in short and long term treatment. Biol. Psychiatry 83:Suppl.454
     [Google Scholar]
  76. 76.
    Lee JD, Friedmann PD, Kinlock TW, Nunes EV, Boney TY et al. 2016. Extended-release naltrexone to prevent opioid relapse in criminal justice offenders. N. Engl. J. Med. 374:1232–42
     [Google Scholar]
  77. 77.
    FDA (Food Drug Admin.) 2018. LUCEMYRA™ (lofexidine) tablets, for oral use Highlights prescr. inf., FDA Washington, DC: https://www.multivu.com/players/English/8314851-us-world-meds-lucemyra-fda-approval/docs/PrescribingInformat_1526505076265-1171755477.pdf
  78. 78.
    Neale J, Tompkins CNE, McDonald R, Strang J 2018. Implants and depot injections for treating opioid dependence: qualitative study of people who use or have used heroin. Drug Alcohol Depend 189:1–7
     [Google Scholar]
  79. 79.
    Harvey RC. 2009. Narcotic agonists and antagonists. Small Animal Critical Care Medicine D Silverstein, K Hopper 784–89 St. Louis, MO: Saunders
     [Google Scholar]
  80. 80.
    Barnett V, Twycross R, Mihalyo M, Wilcock A 2014. Opioid antagonists. J. Pain Symptom Manag. 47:341–52
     [Google Scholar]
  81. 81.
    Boyer EW. 2012. Management of opioid analgesic overdose. N. Engl. J. Med. 367:146–55
     [Google Scholar]
  82. 82.
    Brewer C, Krupitsky E. 2013. Antagonists for the treatment of opioid dependence. Interventions for Addiction PM Miller 427–38 San Diego, CA: Academic
     [Google Scholar]
  83. 83.
    Morgan JR, Schackman BR, Leff JA, Linas BP, Walley AY 2018. Injectable naltrexone, oral naltrexone, and buprenorphine utilization and discontinuation among individuals treated for opioid use disorder in a United States commercially insured population. J. Subst. Abuse Treat. 85:90–96
     [Google Scholar]
  84. 84.
    Sullivan MA, Bisaga A, Mariani JJ, Glass A, Levin FR et al. 2013. Naltrexone treatment for opioid dependence: Does its effectiveness depend on testing the blockade?. Drug Alcohol Depend 133:80–85
     [Google Scholar]
  85. 85.
    Dean RL. 2005. The preclinical development of Medisorb Naltrexone, a once a month long acting injection, for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Front. Biosci. 10:643–55
     [Google Scholar]
  86. 86.
    Goonoo N, Bhaw-Luximon A, Ujoodha R, Jhugroo A, Hulse GK, Jhurry D 2014. Naltrexone: a review of existing sustained drug delivery systems and emerging nano-based systems. J. Control. Release 183:154–66
     [Google Scholar]
  87. 87.
    Duramed Pharm 2013. Revia® (naltrexone hydrochloride tablets USP) Prescr. inf., Duramed Pharm Pomona, NY: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/018932s017lbl.pdf
  88. 88.
    Vickers AP, Jolly A. 2006. Naltrexone and problems in pain management: how to manage acute pain in people taking an opioid antagonist. BMJ 332:132–33
     [Google Scholar]
  89. 89.
    FDA (Food Drug Admin.) 2015. NARCAN® (naloxone hydrochloride) nasal spray Highlights prescr. inf., FDA Washington, DC: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/208411lbl.pdf
  90. 90.
    FDA (Food Drug Admin.) 2016. EVZIO® (naloxone hydrochloride injection) auto-injector for intramuscular or subcutaneous use. Highlights prescr inf., FDA Washington, DC: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/209862lbl.pdf
  91. 91.
    Nunes EV, Rothenberg JL, Sullivan MA, Carpenter KM, Kleber HD 2006. Behavioral therapy to augment oral naltrexone for opioid dependence: a ceiling on effectiveness?. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 32:503–17
     [Google Scholar]
  92. 92.
    Ling W, Mooney L, Wu L-T 2012. Advances in opioid antagonist treatment for opioid addiction. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 35:297–308
     [Google Scholar]
  93. 93.
    Hulse HK. 2012. Improving clinical outcomes for naltrexone as a management of problem alcohol use. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 76:632–41
     [Google Scholar]
  94. 94.
    Hamilton RJ, Olmedo RE, Shah S, Hung OL, Howland MA et al. 2002. Complications of ultrarapid opioid detoxification with subcutaneous naltrexone pellets. Acad. Emerg. Med. 9:63–68
     [Google Scholar]
  95. 95.
    Johnson BA. 2007. Naltrexone long-acting formulation in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag. 3:741–49
     [Google Scholar]
  96. 96.
    Hulse GK, Comer SD, Sullivan MA. 2009. The development of sustained-release naltrexone and clinical use in treating opiate dependence. Opiate Receptors and Antagonists: From Bench to Clinic R Dean, EJ Bilsky, SS Negus 675–88 New York: Humana
     [Google Scholar]
  97. 97.
    Lee JD, Nunes EV, Novo P, Bachrach K, Bailey GL et al. 2018. Comparative effectiveness of extended-release naltrexone versus buprenorphine-naloxone for opioid relapse prevention (X:BOT): a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 391:309–18
     [Google Scholar]
  98. 98.
    Lincoln T, Johnson BD, McCarthy P, Alexander E 2018. Extended-release naltrexone for opioid use disorder started during or following incarceration. J. Subst. Abuse Treat. 85:97–100
     [Google Scholar]
  99. 99.
    Garbutt JC, Kranzler HR, O'Malley SS, Gastfriend DR, Pettinati HM et al. 2005. Vivitrex Study Group. Efficacy and tolerability of long-acting injectable naltrexone for alcohol dependence: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 293:1617–25
     [Google Scholar]
  100. 100.
    Cousins SJ, Crèvecoeur-MacPhail D, Kim T, Rawson RA 2018. The Los Angeles County hub-and-provider network for promoting the sustained use of extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX) in Los Angeles County (2010–2015). J. Subst. Abuse Treat. 85:78–83
     [Google Scholar]
  101. 101.
    Crits-Christoph P, Lundy C, Stringer M, Gallop R, Gastfriend DR 2015. Extended-release naltrexone for alcohol and opioid problems in Missouri parolees and probationers. J. Subst. Abuse Treat. 56:54–60
     [Google Scholar]
  102. 102.
    Farabee D, Hillhouse M, Condon T, McCrady B, McCollister K, Ling W 2016. Injectable pharmacotherapy for opioid use disorders (IPOD). Contemp. Clin. Trials 49:70–77
     [Google Scholar]
  103. 103.
    Alkermes 2015. Vivitrol® (naltrexone for extended-release injectable suspension) 380 mg/vial Package insert, Alkermes Dublin, Irel:.
  104. 104.
    SAMHSA (Subst. Abuse Ment. Health Serv. Admin.) 2013. Incorporating Alcohol Pharmacotherapies into Medical Practice: A Treatment Improvement Protocol Treat. Improv. Protoc. 49 Washington, DC: US Dep. Health Hum. Serv., SAMHSA https://store.samhsa.gov/product/tip-49-incorporating-alcohol-pharmacotherapies-medical-practice/sma13-4380
  105. 105.
    Morse J. 2009. Vivitrol: a brief clinical overview Slide presentation. http://slideplayer.com/slide/755253/
  106. 106.
    Dunbar JL, Turncliff RZ, Dong Q, Silverman BL, Ehrich EW, Lasseter KC 2006. Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of long-acting injectable naltrexone. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 30:480–90
     [Google Scholar]
  107. 107.
    Dunbar JL, Turncliff RZ, Hayes SC, Farrell CB 2007. Population pharmacokinetics of extended-release injectable naltrexone (XR-NTX) in patients with alcohol dependence. J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs 68:862–70
     [Google Scholar]
  108. 108.
    Kranzler HR, Modesto-Lowe V, Nuwayser ES 1998. Sustained-release naltrexone for alcoholism treatment: a preliminary study. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 22:1074–79
     [Google Scholar]
  109. 109.
    Brewer C. 2002. Serum naltrexone and 6-β-naltrexol levels from naltrexone implants can block very large amounts of heroin: a report of two cases. Addict. Biol. 7:321–23
     [Google Scholar]
  110. 110.
    Verebey K, Volavka J, Mule SJ, Resnick RB 1976. Naltrexone: disposition, metabolism, and effects after acute and chronic dosing. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 20:315–28
     [Google Scholar]
  111. 111.
    Hulse GK, Tait RJ, Comer SD, Sullivan MA, Jacobs IG, Arnold-Reed D 2005. Reducing hospital presentations for opioid overdose in patients treated with sustained release naltrexone implants. Drug Alcohol Depend 79:351–57
     [Google Scholar]
  112. 112.
    Comer SD, Collins ED, Kleber HD, Nuwayser ES, Kerrigan JH, Fischman MW 2002. Depot naltrexone: long-lasting antagonism of the effects of heroin in humans. Psychopharmacology 159:351–60
     [Google Scholar]
  113. 113.
    Alanis-Hirsch K, Croff R, Ford JH II, Johnson K, Chalk M et al. 2016. Extended-release naltrexone: a qualitative analysis of barriers to routine use. J. Subst. Abuse Treat. 62:68–73
     [Google Scholar]
  114. 114.
    Armstrong W. 2013. Vivitrol: a shot in the dark. The Fix Blog May 5. https://www.thefix.com/content/vivitrol-naltrexone-addiction-craving8033?page=all
    [Google Scholar]
  115. 115.
    Hartung D, McCarty D, Fu R, Wiest K, Chalk M, Gastfriend DR 2014. Extended-release naltrexone for alcohol and opioid dependence: a meta-analysis of healthcare utilization studies. J. Subst. Abuse Treat. 47:113–21
     [Google Scholar]
  116. 116.
    Baser O, Chalk M, Fiellin DA, Gastfriend DR 2011. Cost and utilization outcomes of opioid-dependence treatments. Am. J. Manag. Care 17:Suppl. 8S235–48
     [Google Scholar]
  117. 117.
    FDA (Food Drug Admin.) 2010. Vivitrol® (naltrexone for extended-release injectable suspension) intramuscular Highlights prescr. inf., FDA Washington, DC: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2010/021897s015lbl.pdf
  118. 118.
    Nagappa M, Weingarten TN, Montandon G, Sprung J, Chung F 2017. Opioids, respiratory depression, and sleep-disordered breathing. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Anaesthesiol. 31:469–85
     [Google Scholar]
  119. 119.
    Webster LR. 2010. Considering the risks of benzodiazepines and opioids together. Pain Med 11:801–2
     [Google Scholar]
  120. 120.
    FDA (Food Drug Admin.) 2018. As part of efforts to combat opioid crisis, FDA launches innovation challenge to spur development of medical devices—including digital health and diagnostics—that target pain, addiction and diversion News release, May 30 , FDA, Silver Spring, MD. https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm609188.htm
  121. 121.
    FDA (Food Drug Admin.) 2018. Medtronic recalls SynchroMed II and SynchroMed EL implantable drug infusion pumps due to failure of priming bolus—update related to May 2013 recall News release, Aug. 3, FDA, Silver Spring, MD. https://www.fda.gov/medicaldevices/safety/listofrecalls/ucm546558.htm
  122. 122.
    Burton TM. 2015. Medtronic in FDA consent decree over its synchromed infusion pump. Wall Street Journal April 27. https://www.wsj.com/articles/medtronic-in-fda-consent-decree-over-its-synchromed-infusion-pump-1430166773
    [Google Scholar]
  123. 123.
    Gupta R, Shah ND, Ross JS 2016. The rising price of naloxone—risks to efforts to stem overdose deaths. N. Eng. J. Med. 375:2213–15
     [Google Scholar]
  124. 124.
    Campisi G, Giannola LI, Florena AM, De Caro V, Schumacher A et al. 2010. Bioavailability in vivo of naltrexone following transbuccal administration by an electronically-controlled intraoral device: a trial on pigs. J. Control. Release 145:214–20
     [Google Scholar]
  125. 125.
    Miranda A, Taca A. 2018. Neuromodulation with percutaneous electrical nerve field stimulation is associated with reduction in signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal: a multisite, retrospective assessment. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 44:56–63
     [Google Scholar]
  126. 126.
    DyAnsys 2018. Wearable device available to treat opioid addiction without narcotics. DyAnsys Blog June 27. https://www.dyansys.com/news/wearable-device-available-treat-opioid-addiction-without-narcotics
    [Google Scholar]
  127. 127.
    Bonese KF, Wainer BH, Fitch FW, Rothberg RM, Schuster CR 1974. Changes in heroin self-administration by a rhesus monkey after morphine immunisation. Nature 252:708–10
     [Google Scholar]
  128. 128.
    Inst. Med., Rettig RA, Yarmolinsky A, ed 1995. Federal Regulation of Methadone Treatment Washington, DC: Natl. Acad.
  129. 129.
    Martin WR, Jasinski DR, Mansky PA 1973. Naltrexone, an antagonist for the treatment of heroin dependence: effects in man. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 28:784–91
     [Google Scholar]
  130. 130.
    Bremer PT, Schlosburg JE, Banks ML, Steele FF, Zhou B et al. 2017. Development of a clinically viable heroin vaccine. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139:8601–11
     [Google Scholar]
  131. 131.
    Kimishima A, Wenthur CJ, Zhou B, Janda KD 2013. An advance in prescription opioid vaccines: overdose mortality reduction and extraordinary alteration of drug half-life. ACS Chem. . Biol 12:36–40
     [Google Scholar]
  132. 132.
    Kimishima A, Wenthur CJ, Eubanks LM, Sato S, Janda KD 2016. Cocaine vaccine development: evaluation of carrier and adjuvant combinations that activate multiple Toll-like receptors. Mol. Pharm. 13:3884–90
     [Google Scholar]
  133. 133.
    Pravetoni M, Pentel PR, Potter DN, Chartoff EH, Tally L, LeSage MG 2014. Effects of an oxycodone conjugate vaccine on oxycodone self-administration and oxycodone-induced brain gene expression in rats. PLOS ONE 9:e101807
     [Google Scholar]
  134. 134.
    Sulima A, Jalah R, Antoline JFG, Torres OB, Imler GH et al. 2018. A stable heroin analogue that can serve as a vaccine hapten to induce antibodies that block the effects of heroin and its metabolites in rodents and that cross-react immunologically with related drugs of abuse. J. Med. Chem. 61:329–43
     [Google Scholar]
  135. 135.
    Hwang CS, Bremer PT, Wenthur CJ, Ho SO, Chiang S et al. 2018. Enhancing efficacy and stability of an antiheroin vaccine: examination of antinociception, opioid binding profile, and lethality. Mol. Pharm. 15:1062–72
     [Google Scholar]
  136. 136.
    Hwang CS, Smith LC, Natori Y, Ellis B, Zhou B, Janda KD 2018. Efficacious vaccine against heroin contaminated with fentanyl. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 9:1269–75
     [Google Scholar]
  137. 137.
    Porter J, Jick H. 1980. Addiction rare in patients treated with narcotics. N. Engl. J. Med. 302:123
     [Google Scholar]
  138. 138.
    Leung PTM, Macdonald EM, Dhalla IA, Juurlink DN 2017. A 1980 letter on the risk of opioid addiction. N. Engl. J. Med. 376:2194–95
     [Google Scholar]
  139. 139.
    Assoc. Press 2007. OxyContin maker, execs fined $634.5 million: Judge ruled that drug company misled the public about addiction risk NBC, July 20. http://www.nbcnews.com/id/19877184/ns/health-health_care/t/oxycontin-maker-execs-fined-million/
  140. 140.
    Assoc. Press 2018. Feds change rule so drugmakers must justify need for opioids USNews.com, July 11. https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/west-virginia/articles/2018-07-11/feds-change-rule-so-drugmakers-must-justify-need-for-opioids
  141. 141.
    US Dep. Health Hum. Serv 2016. Facing Addiction in America. The Surgeon General's Report on Alcohol, Drugs, and Health Washington, DC: US Dep. Health Hum. Serv https://addiction.surgeongeneral.gov/sites/default/files/surgeon-generals-report.pdf
  142. 142.
    Doleac JL, Mukherjee A. 2018. The moral hazard of lifesaving innovations: naloxone access, opioid abuse, and crime Work. pap., Texas A&M Univ./Univ. Wisc Madison: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3135264
    [Crossref]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-060418-052155
Loading
Prevention of Opioid Abuse and Treatment of Opioid Addiction: Current Status and Future Possibilities
Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 21, 61 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-060418-052155
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-060418-052155
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-060418-052155
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error