Acquired Resistance in Lung Cancer

Literature Cited

1. Abbosh C, Birkbak NJ, Wilson GA, Jamal-Hanjani M, Constantin T et al. 2017. Phylogenetic ctDNA analysis depicts early-stage lung cancer evolution. Nature 545:446–51
   [Google Scholar]
2. Aberle DR, Adams AM, Berg CD, Black WC, Clapp JD et al. 2011. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. New Engl. J. Med. 365:395–409
   [Google Scholar]
3. Ahn M-J, Tsai C-M, Shepherd FA, Bazhenova L, Sequist LV et al. 2019. Osimertinib in patients with T790M mutation-positive, advanced non–small cell lung cancer: long-term follow-up from a pooled analysis of 2 phase 2 studies. Cancer 125:892–901
   [Google Scholar]
4. Altorki NK, Markowitz GJ, Gao D, Port JL, Saxena A et al. 2019. The lung microenvironment: an important regulator of tumour growth and metastasis. Nat. Rev. Cancer 19:9–31
   [Google Scholar]
5. Arcila ME, Chaft JE, Nafa K, Roy-Chowdhuri S, Lau C et al. 2012. Prevalence, clinicopathologic associations, and molecular spectrum of ERBB2 (HER2) tyrosine kinase mutations in lung adenocarcinomas. Clin. Cancer Res. 18:4910–18
   [Google Scholar]
6. Awad MM, Katayama R, McTigue M, Liu W, Deng YL et al. 2013. Acquired resistance to crizotinib from a mutation in CD74-ROS1. New Engl. J. Med. 368:2395–401
   [Google Scholar]
7. Awad MM, Oxnard GR, Jackman DM, Savukoski DO, Hall D et al. 2016. MET exon 14 mutations in non-small-cell lung cancer are associated with advanced age and stage-dependent MET genomic amplification and c-Met overexpression. J. Clin. Oncol. 34:721–30
   [Google Scholar]
8. Azam M, Latek RR, Daley GQ 2003. Mechanisms of autoinhibition and STI-571/imatinib resistance revealed by mutagenesis of BCR-ABL. Cell 112:831–43
   [Google Scholar]
9. Bean J, Brennan C, Shih J-Y, Riely G, Viale A et al. 2007. MET amplification occurs with or without T790M mutations in EGFR mutant lung tumors with acquired resistance to gefitinib or erlotinib. PNAS 104:20932–37
   [Google Scholar]
10. Bivona TG, Hieronymus H, Parker J, Chang K, Taron M et al. 2011. FAS and NF-κB signalling modulate dependence of lung cancers on mutant EGFR. Nature 471:7339523–26
    [Google Scholar]
11. Blakely CM, Pazarentzos E, Olivas V, Asthana S, Yan JJ et al. 2015. NF-κB-activating complex engaged in response to EGFR oncogene inhibition drives tumor cell survival and residual disease in lung cancer. Cell Rep 11:98–110
    [Google Scholar]
12. Blakely CM, Watkins TBK, Wu W, Gini B, Chabon JJ et al. 2017. Evolution and clinical impact of co-occurring genetic alterations in advanced-stage EGFR-mutant lung cancers. Nat. Genet. 49:1693–704
    [Google Scholar]
13. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A 2018. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA 68:394–424
    [Google Scholar]
14. Cancer Genome Atlas Res. Netw 2014. Comprehensive molecular profiling of lung adenocarcinoma. Nature 511:543–50
    [Google Scholar]
15. Carbone DP, Reck M, Paz-Ares L, Creelan B, Horn L et al. 2017. First-line nivolumab in stage IV or recurrent non-small-cell lung cancer. New Engl. J. Med. 376:2415–26
    [Google Scholar]
16. Ceccaldi R, O'Connor KW, Mouw KW, Li AY, Matulonis UA et al. 2015. A unique subset of epithelial ovarian cancers with platinum sensitivity and PARP inhibitor resistance. Cancer Res 75:628–34
    [Google Scholar]
17. Chaudhuri AA, Chabon JJ, Lovejoy AF, Newman AM, Stehr H et al. 2017. Early detection of molecular residual disease in localized lung cancer by circulating tumor DNA profiling. Cancer Discov 7:121393–403
    [Google Scholar]
18. Chen C, He Z, Xie D, Zheng L, Zhao T et al. 2018. Molecular mechanism behind the resistance of the G1202R-mutated anaplastic lymphoma kinase to the approved drug ceritinib. J. Phys. Chem. B 122:4680–92
    [Google Scholar]
19. Choi YL, Soda M, Yamashita Y, Ueno T, Takashima J et al. 2010. EML4-ALK mutations in lung cancer that confer resistance to ALK inhibitors. New Engl. J. Med. 363:1734–39
    [Google Scholar]
20. Costa C, Molina MA, Drozdowskyj A, Gimenez-Capitan A, Bertran-Alamillo J et al. 2014. The impact of EGFR T790M mutations and BIM mRNA expression on outcome in patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC treated with erlotinib or chemotherapy in the randomized phase III EURTAC trial. Clin. Cancer Res. 20:2001–10
    [Google Scholar]
21. Cronin KA, Lake AJ, Scott S, Sherman RL, Noone AM et al. 2018. Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, part I: national cancer statistics. Cancer 124:2785–800
    [Google Scholar]
22. Davies KD, Mahale S, Astling DP, Aisner DL, Le AT et al. 2013. Resistance to ROS1 inhibition mediated by EGFR pathway activation in non-small cell lung cancer. PLOS ONE 8:e82236
    [Google Scholar]
23. De Koning H, Van Der Aalst C, Ten Haaf K, Oudkerk M 2018. Effects of volume CT lung cancer screening: mortality results of the NELSON randomised-controlled population based trial. J. Thorac. Oncol. 13:Suppl.S185
    [Google Scholar]
24. Dongre A, Weinberg RA. 2019. New insights into the mechanisms of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and implications for cancer. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 20:69–84
    [Google Scholar]
25. Drilon AE, Camidge DR, Ou S-HI, Clark JW, Socinski MA et al. 2016. Efficacy and safety of crizotinib in patients (pts) with advanced MET exon 14-altered non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J. Clin. Oncol. 34:108 Abstr .)
    [Google Scholar]
26. Duncan JS, Whittle MC, Nakamura K, Abell AN, Midland AA et al. 2012. Dynamic reprogramming of the kinome in response to targeted MEK inhibition in triple-negative breast cancer. Cell 149:307–21
    [Google Scholar]
27. Eigenmann MJ, Frances N, Lavé T, Walz A-C 2017. PKPD modeling of acquired resistance to anti-cancer drug treatment. J. Pharmacokinet. Pharmacodyn. 44:617–30
    [Google Scholar]
28. Engelman JA, Zejnullahu K, Mitsudomi T, Song Y, Hyland C et al. 2007. MET amplification leads to gefitinib resistance in lung cancer by activating ERBB3 signaling. Science 316:1039–43
    [Google Scholar]
29. Finlay MR, Anderton M, Ashton S, Ballard P, Bethel PA et al. 2014. Discovery of a potent and selective EGFR inhibitor (AZD9291) of both sensitizing and T790M resistance mutations that spares the wild type form of the receptor. J. Med. Chem. 57:8249–67
    [Google Scholar]
30. Fontana RS, Sanderson DR, Woolner LB, Taylor WF, Miller WE et al. 1991. Screening for lung cancer: a critique of the Mayo Lung Project. Cancer 67:1155–64
    [Google Scholar]
31. Foo J, Michor F. 2014. Evolution of acquired resistance to anti-cancer therapy. J. Theor. Biol. 355:10–20
    [Google Scholar]
32. Fujita S, Masago K, Katakami N, Yatabe Y 2016. Transformation to SCLC after treatment with the ALK inhibitor alectinib. J. Thorac. Oncol. 11:e67–72
    [Google Scholar]
33. Gainor JF, Shaw AT, Sequist LV, Fu X, Azzoli CG et al. 2016. EGFR mutations and ALK rearrangements are associated with low response rates to PD-1 pathway blockade in non-small cell lung cancer: a retrospective analysis. Clin. Cancer Res. 22:4585–93
    [Google Scholar]
34. Gandhi L, Rodriguez-Abreu D, Gadgeel S, Esteban E, Felip E et al. 2018. Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. New Engl. J. Med. 378:2078–92
    [Google Scholar]
35. Genovese G, Kahler AK, Handsaker RE, Lindberg J, Rose SA et al. 2014. Clonal hematopoiesis and blood-cancer risk inferred from blood DNA sequence. New Engl. J. Med. 371:2477–87
    [Google Scholar]
36. Gettinger S, Horn L, Jackman D, Spigel D, Antonia S et al. 2018. Five-year follow-up of nivolumab in previously treated advanced non–small-cell lung cancer: results from the CA209-003 study. J. Clin. Oncol. 36:1675–84
    [Google Scholar]
37. Gomez DR, Blumenschein GR Jr., Lee JJ, Hernandez M, Ye R et al. 2016. Local consolidative therapy versus maintenance therapy or observation for patients with oligometastatic non-small-cell lung cancer without progression after first-line systemic therapy: a multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol 17:1672–82
    [Google Scholar]
38. Gong K, Guo G, Gerber DE, Gao B, Peyton M et al. 2018. TNF-driven adaptive response mediates resistance to EGFR inhibition in lung cancer. J. Clin. Investig. 128:2500–18
    [Google Scholar]
39. Gormally E, Vineis P, Matullo G, Veglia F, Caboux E et al. 2006. TP53 and KRAS2 mutations in plasma DNA of healthy subjects and subsequent cancer occurrence: a prospective study. Cancer Res 66:6871–76
    [Google Scholar]
40. Gorre ME, Mohammed M, Ellwood K, Hsu N, Paquette R et al. 2001. Clinical resistance to STI-571 cancer therapy caused by BCR-ABL gene mutation or amplification. Science 293:876–80
    [Google Scholar]
41. Hangauer MJ, Viswanathan VS, Ryan MJ, Bole D, Eaton JK et al. 2017. Drug-tolerant persister cancer cells are vulnerable to GPX4 inhibition. Nature 551:247–50
    [Google Scholar]
42. Hata AN, Niederst MJ, Archibald HL, Gomez-Caraballo M, Siddiqui FM et al. 2016. Tumor cells can follow distinct evolutionary paths to become resistant to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition. Nat. Med. 22:262–69
    [Google Scholar]
43. Hauser K, Negron C, Albanese SK, Ray S, Steinbrecher T et al. 2018. Predicting resistance of clinical Abl mutations to targeted kinase inhibitors using alchemical free-energy calculations. Commun. Biol. 1:70
    [Google Scholar]
44. Havel JJ, Chowell D, Chan TA 2019. The evolving landscape of biomarkers for checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy. Nat. Rev. Cancer 19:133–50
    [Google Scholar]
45. Herbst RS, Baas P, Kim DW, Felip E, Perez-Gracia JL et al. 2016. Pembrolizumab versus docetaxel for previously treated, PD-L1-positive, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (KEYNOTE-010): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 387:1540–50
    [Google Scholar]
46. Herbst RS, Prager D, Hermann R, Fehrenbacher L, Johnson BE et al. 2005. TRIBUTE: a phase III trial of erlotinib hydrochloride (OSI-774) combined with carboplatin and paclitaxel chemotherapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 23:5892–99
    [Google Scholar]
47. Hobeika C, Rached G, Eid R, Haddad F, Chucri S et al. 2018. ALK-rearranged adenocarcinoma transformed to small-cell lung cancer: A new entity with specific prognosis and treatment. ? Pers. Med. 15:111–15
    [Google Scholar]
48. Horn L, Spigel DR, Vokes EE, Holgado E, Ready N et al. 2017. Nivolumab versus docetaxel in previously treated patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: two-year outcomes from two randomized, open-label, phase III trials (CheckMate 017 and CheckMate 057). J. Clin. Oncol. 35:3924–33
    [Google Scholar]
49. Hrustanovic G, Olivas V, Pazarentzos E, Tulpule A, Asthana S et al. 2015. RAS-MAPK dependence underlies a rational polytherapy strategy in EML4-ALK-positive lung cancer. Nat. Med. 21:1038–47
    [Google Scholar]
50. Hui L, Zhang S, Dong X, Tian D, Cui Z, Qiu X 2013. Prognostic significance of Twist and N-cadherin expression in NSCLC. PLOS ONE 8:e62171
    [Google Scholar]
51. Jamal-Hanjani M, Wilson GA, McGranahan N, Birkbak NJ, Watkins TBK et al. 2017. Tracking the evolution of non-small-cell lung cancer. New Engl. J. Med. 376:2109–21
    [Google Scholar]
52. Jordan EJ, Kim HR, Arcila ME, Barron D, Chakravarty D et al. 2017. Prospective comprehensive molecular characterization of lung adenocarcinomas for efficient patient matching to approved and emerging therapies. Cancer Discov 7:596–609
    [Google Scholar]
53. Kobayashi S, Boggon TJ, Dayaram T, Janne PA, Kocher O et al. 2005. EGFR mutation and resistance of non-small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib. New Engl. J. Med. 352:786–92
    [Google Scholar]
54. Kohno T, Ichikawa H, Totoki Y, Yasuda K, Hiramoto M et al. 2012. KIF5B-RET fusions in lung adenocarcinoma. Nat. Med. 18:375–77
    [Google Scholar]
55. Lai GGY, Lim TH, Lim J, Liew PJR, Kwang XL et al. 2019. Clonal MET amplification as a determinant of tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance in epidermal growth factor receptor–mutant non–small-cell lung cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 37:876–84
    [Google Scholar]
56. Lavi O, Gottesman MM, Levy D 2012. The dynamics of drug resistance: a mathematical perspective. Drug Resist. Updates 15:90–97
    [Google Scholar]
57. Le X, Puri S, Negrao MV, Nilsson MB, Robichaux J et al. 2018. Landscape of EGFR-dependent and -independent resistance mechanisms to osimertinib and continuation therapy beyond progression in EGFR-mutant NSCLC. Clin. Cancer Res. 24:6195–203
    [Google Scholar]
58. Lin L, Asthana S, Chan E, Bandyopadhyay S, Martins MM et al. 2014. Mapping the molecular determinants of BRAF oncogene dependence in human lung cancer. PNAS 111:E748–57
    [Google Scholar]
59. Lin L, Sabnis AJ, Chan E, Olivas V, Cade L et al. 2015. The Hippo effector YAP promotes resistance to RAF- and MEK-targeted cancer therapies. Nat. Genet. 47:250–56
    [Google Scholar]
60. Lindeman NI, Cagle PT, Aisner DL, Arcila ME, Beasley MB et al. 2018. Updated molecular testing guideline for the selection of lung cancer patients for treatment with targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors: guideline from the College of American Pathologists, the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the Association for Molecular Pathology. J. Mol. Diagn. 20:129–59
    [Google Scholar]
61. Lu X, Yu L, Zhang Z, Ren X, Smaill JB, Ding K 2018. Targeting EGFR^L858R/T790M and EGFR^{L858R/T790M/C797S} resistance mutations in NSCLC: current developments in medicinal chemistry. Med. Res. Rev. 38:1550–81
    [Google Scholar]
62. Lynch TJ, Bell DW, Sordella R, Gurubhagavatula S, Okimoto RA et al. 2004. Activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor underlying responsiveness of non-small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib. New Engl. J. Med. 350:2129–39
    [Google Scholar]
63. Marchetti A, Felicioni L, Malatesta S, Grazia Sciarrotta M, Guetti L et al. 2011. Clinical features and outcome of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer harboring BRAF mutations. J. Clin. Oncol. 29:3574–79
    [Google Scholar]
64. McCoach CE, Bivona TG. 2019. Engineering multidimensional evolutionary forces to combat cancer. Cancer Discov 9:587–604
    [Google Scholar]
65. McCoach CE, Le AT, Gowan K, Jones K, Schubert L et al. 2018. Resistance mechanisms to targeted therapies in ROS1⁺ and ALK⁺ non-small cell lung cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 24:3334–47
    [Google Scholar]
66. Michels S, Heydt C, van Veggel BV, Deschler-Baier B, Pardo N et al. 2019. Genomic profiling identifies outcome-relevant mechanisms of innate and acquired resistance to third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy in lung cancer. JCO Precis. Oncol. 3: In press
    [Google Scholar]
67. Midha A, Dearden S, McCormack R 2015. EGFR mutation incidence in non-small-cell lung cancer of adenocarcinoma histology: a systematic review and global map by ethnicity (mutMapII). Am. J. Cancer Res. 5:2892–911
    [Google Scholar]
68. Moazed D. 2011. Mechanisms for the inheritance of chromatin states. Cell 146:510–18
    [Google Scholar]
69. Mok TS, Wu YL, Thongprasert S, Yang CH, Chu DT et al. 2009. Gefitinib or carboplatin-paclitaxel in pulmonary adenocarcinoma. New Engl. J. Med. 361:947–57
    [Google Scholar]
70. Moyer VA. 2014. Screening for lung cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann. Intern. Med. 160:330–38
    [Google Scholar]
71. Nagasaka M, Gadgeel SM. 2018. Role of chemotherapy and targeted therapy in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. Expert Rev. Anticancer Therapy 18:63–70
    [Google Scholar]
72. Nazarian R, Shi H, Wang Q, Kong X, Koya RC et al. 2010. Melanomas acquire resistance to B-RAF(V600E) inhibition by RTK or N-RAS upregulation. Nature 468:973–77
    [Google Scholar]
73. Neel DS, Allegakoen DV, Olivas V, Mayekar MK, Hemmati G et al. 2018. Differential subcellular localization regulates oncogenic signaling by ROS1 kinase fusion proteins. Cancer Res 79:546–56
    [Google Scholar]
74. Niederst MJ, Sequist LV, Poirier JT, Mermel CH, Lockerman EL et al. 2015. RB loss in resistant EGFR mutant lung adenocarcinomas that transform to small-cell lung cancer. Nat. Commun. 6:6377
    [Google Scholar]
75. Noguchi S, Saito A, Horie M, Mikami Y, Suzuki HI et al. 2014. An integrative analysis of the tumorigenic role of TAZ in human non–small cell lung cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 20:4660–72
    [Google Scholar]
76. Ohashi K, Sequist LV, Arcila ME, Moran T, Chmielecki J et al. 2012. Lung cancers with acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitors occasionally harbor BRAF gene mutations but lack mutations in KRAS, NRAS, or MEK1. . PNAS 109:E2127–33
    [Google Scholar]
77. Okimoto RA, Lin L, Olivas V, Chan E, Markegard E et al. 2016. Preclinical efficacy of a RAF inhibitor that evades paradoxical MAPK pathway activation in protein kinase BRAF-mutant lung cancer. PNAS 113:13456–61
    [Google Scholar]
78. Ou SI, Young L, Schrock AB, Johnson A, Klempner SJ et al. 2017. Emergence of preexisting MET Y1230C mutation as a resistance mechanism to crizotinib in NSCLC with MET exon 14 skipping. J. Thorac. Oncol. 12:137–40
    [Google Scholar]
79. Pao W, Miller VA, Politi KA, Riely GJ, Somwar R et al. 2005. Acquired resistance of lung adenocarcinomas to gefitinib or erlotinib is associated with a second mutation in the EGFR kinase domain. PLOS Med 2:e73
    [Google Scholar]
80. Park KS, Raffeld M, Moon YW, Xi L, Bianco C et al. 2014. CRIPTO1 expression in EGFR-mutant NSCLC elicits intrinsic EGFR-inhibitor resistance. J. Clin. Investig. 124:3003–15
    [Google Scholar]
81. Patel H, Pawara R, Ansari A, Surana S 2017. Recent updates on third generation EGFR inhibitors and emergence of fourth generation EGFR inhibitors to combat C797S resistance. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 142:32–47
    [Google Scholar]
82. Patz EF Jr., Pinsky P, Gatsonis C, Sicks JD, Kramer BS et al. 2014. Overdiagnosis in low-dose computed tomography screening for lung cancer. JAMA Intern. Med. 174:269–74
    [Google Scholar]
83. Peters S, Camidge DR, Shaw AT, Gadgeel S, Ahn JS et al. 2017. Alectinib versus crizotinib in untreated ALK-positive non–small-cell lung cancer. New Engl. J. Med. 377:829–38
    [Google Scholar]
84. Piotrowska Z, Isozaki H, Lennerz JK, Gainor JF, Lennes IT et al. 2018. Landscape of acquired resistance to osimertinib in EGFR-mutant NSCLC and clinical validation of combined EGFR and RET inhibition with osimertinib and BLU-667 for acquired RET fusion. Cancer Discov 8:1529–39
    [Google Scholar]
85. Planchard D, Smit EF, Groen HJM, Mazieres J, Besse B et al. 2017. Dabrafenib plus trametinib in patients with previously untreated BRAF^V600E-mutant metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: an open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 18:1307–16
    [Google Scholar]
86. Poulikakos PI, Persaud Y, Janakiraman M, Kong X, Ng C et al. 2011. RAF inhibitor resistance is mediated by dimerization of aberrantly spliced BRAF(V600E). Nature 480:387–90
    [Google Scholar]
87. Rapp E, Pater JL, Willan A, Cormier Y, Murray N et al. 1988. Chemotherapy can prolong survival in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer—report of a Canadian multicenter randomized trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 6:633–41
    [Google Scholar]
88. Reck M, Jotte R, Mok TSK, Lim DW, Cappuzzo F et al. 2019a. IMpower150: an exploratory analysis of efficacy outcomes in patients with EGFR mutations. Ann. Oncol. 30:Suppl. 2ii38–68
    [Google Scholar]
89. Reck M, Rodriguez-Abreu D, Robinson AG, Hui R, Csoszi T et al. 2019b. Updated analysis of KEYNOTE-024: pembrolizumab versus platinum-based chemotherapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer with PD-L1 tumor proportion score of 50% or greater. J. Clin. Oncol. 37:537–46
    [Google Scholar]
90. Reck M, von Pawel J, Zatloukal P, Ramlau R, Gorbounova V et al. 2009. Phase III trial of cisplatin plus gemcitabine with either placebo or bevacizumab as first-line therapy for nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer: AVAiL. J. Clin. Oncol. 27:1227–34
    [Google Scholar]
91. Rikova K, Guo A, Zeng Q, Possemato A, Yu J et al. 2007. Global survey of phosphotyrosine signaling identifies oncogenic kinases in lung cancer. Cell 131:1190–203
    [Google Scholar]
92. Rizvi NA, Hellmann MD, Snyder A, Kvistborg P, Makarov V et al. 2015. Mutational landscape determines sensitivity to PD-1 blockade in non-small cell lung cancer. Science 348:124–28
    [Google Scholar]
93. Robert C, Karaszewska B, Schachter J, Rutkowski P, Mackiewicz A et al. 2015. Improved overall survival in melanoma with combined dabrafenib and trametinib. New Engl. J. Med. 372:30–39
    [Google Scholar]
94. Rosell R, Carcereny E, Gervais R, Vergnenegre A, Massuti B et al. 2012. Erlotinib versus standard chemotherapy as first-line treatment for European patients with advanced EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (EURTAC): a multicentre, open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 13:239–46
    [Google Scholar]
95. Rotow J, Bivona TG. 2017. Understanding and targeting resistance mechanisms in NSCLC. Nat. Rev. Cancer 17:637–58
    [Google Scholar]
96. Rudin CM, Hong K, Streit M 2013. Molecular characterization of acquired resistance to the BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib in a patient with BRAF-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer. J. Thorac. Oncol. 8:e41–42
    [Google Scholar]
97. Salgia R, Kulkarni P. 2018. The genetic/non-genetic duality of drug ‘resistance’ in cancer. Trends Cancer 4:110–18
    [Google Scholar]
98. Sandler AB, Nemunaitis J, Denham C, von Pawel J, Cormier Y et al. 2000. Phase III trial of gemcitabine plus cisplatin versus cisplatin alone in patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 18:122–30
    [Google Scholar]
99. Schiller JH, Harrington D, Belani CP, Langer C, Sandler A et al. 2002. Comparison of four chemotherapy regimens for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. New Engl. J. Med. 346:92–98
    [Google Scholar]
100. Sequist LV, Waltman BA, Dias-Santagata D, Digumarthy S, Turke AB et al. 2011. Genotypic and histological evolution of lung cancers acquiring resistance to EGFR inhibitors. Sci. Transl. Med. 3:75ra26
     [Google Scholar]
101. Sharma SV, Lee DY, Li B, Quinlan MP, Takahashi F et al. 2010. A chromatin-mediated reversible drug-tolerant state in cancer cell subpopulations. Cell 141:69–80
     [Google Scholar]
102. Shaw AT, Ou SH, Bang YJ, Camidge DR, Solomon BJ et al. 2014. Crizotinib in ROS1-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer. New Engl. J. Med. 371:1963–71
     [Google Scholar]
103. Shen SY, Singhania R, Fehringer G, Chakravarthy A, Roehrl MHA et al. 2018. Sensitive tumour detection and classification using plasma cell-free DNA methylomes. Nature 563:579–83
     [Google Scholar]
104. Shi H, Moriceau G, Kong X, Lee MK, Lee H et al. 2012. Melanoma whole-exome sequencing identifies ^V600EB-RAF amplification-mediated acquired B-RAF inhibitor resistance. Nat. Commun. 3:724
     [Google Scholar]
105. Socinski MA, Jotte RM, Cappuzzo F, Orlandi F, Stroyakovskiy D et al. 2018. Atezolizumab for first-line treatment of metastatic nonsquamous NSCLC. New Engl. J. Med. 378:2288–301
     [Google Scholar]
106. Soda M, Choi YL, Enomoto M, Takada S, Yamashita Y et al. 2007. Identification of the transforming EML4-ALK fusion gene in non-small-cell lung cancer. Nature 448:561–66
     [Google Scholar]
107. Solomon BJ, Kim DW, Wu YL, Nakagawa K, Mekhail T et al. 2018. Final overall survival analysis from a study comparing first-line crizotinib versus chemotherapy in ALK-mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 36:2251–58
     [Google Scholar]
108. Soria JC, Ohe Y, Vansteenkiste J, Reungwetwattana T, Chewaskulyong B et al. 2018. Osimertinib in untreated EGFR-mutated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. New Engl. J. Med. 378:113–25
     [Google Scholar]
109. Suda K, Murakami I, Sakai K, Mizuuchi H, Shimizu S et al. 2015. Small cell lung cancer transformation and T790M mutation: complimentary roles in acquired resistance to kinase inhibitors in lung cancer. Sci. Rep. 5:14447
     [Google Scholar]
110. Sun X, Bao J, Shao Y 2016. Mathematical modeling of therapy-induced cancer drug resistance: connecting cancer mechanisms to population survival rates. Sci. Rep. 6:22498
     [Google Scholar]
111. Taniguchi H, Yamada T, Wang R, Tanimura K, Adachi Y et al. 2019. AXL confers intrinsic resistance to osimertinib and advances the emergence of tolerant cells. Nat. Commun. 10:259
     [Google Scholar]
112. Thress KS, Paweletz CP, Felip E, Cho BC, Stetson D et al. 2015. Acquired EGFR C797S mutation mediates resistance to AZD9291 in non–small cell lung cancer harboring EGFR T790M. Nat. Med. 21:560–62
     [Google Scholar]
113. Van Allen EM, Wagle N, Sucker A, Treacy DJ, Johannessen CM et al. 2014. The genetic landscape of clinical resistance to RAF inhibition in metastatic melanoma. Cancer Discov 4:94–109
     [Google Scholar]
114. Viswanathan VS, Ryan MJ, Dhruv HD, Gill S, Eichhoff OM et al. 2017. Dependency of a therapy-resistant state of cancer cells on a lipid peroxidase pathway. Nature 547:453–57
     [Google Scholar]
115. Weinstein IB, Joe AK. 2006. Mechanisms of disease: oncogene addiction—a rationale for molecular targeting in cancer therapy. Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol. 3:448–57
     [Google Scholar]
116. Whittaker SR, Theurillat JP, Van Allen E, Wagle N, Hsiao J et al. 2013. A genome-scale RNA interference screen implicates NF1 loss in resistance to RAF inhibition. Cancer Discov 3:350–62
     [Google Scholar]
117. Wu Y-L, Lee JS, Thongprasert S, Yu CJ, Zhang L et al. 2013. Intercalated combination of chemotherapy and erlotinib for patients with advanced stage non-small-cell lung cancer (FASTACT-2): a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet Oncol 14:777–86
     [Google Scholar]
118. Wu Y-L, Zhang L, Kim D-W, Liu X, Lee DH et al. 2018. Phase Ib/II study of capmatinib (INC280) plus gefitinib after failure of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor therapy in patients with EGFR-mutated, MET factor–dysregulated non–small-cell lung cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 36:3101–9
     [Google Scholar]
119. Yasuda H, Park E, Yun C-H, Sng NJ, Lucena-Araujo AR et al. 2013. Structural, biochemical, and clinical characterization of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 20 insertion mutations in lung cancer. Sci. Transl. Med. 5:216ra177
     [Google Scholar]
120. Yu HA, Arcila ME, Rekhtman N, Sima CS, Zakowski MF et al. 2013. Analysis of tumor specimens at the time of acquired resistance to EGFR-TKI therapy in 155 patients with EGFR-mutant lung cancers. Clin. Cancer Res. 19:2240–47
     [Google Scholar]
121. Yun CH, Mengwasser KE, Toms AV, Woo MS, Greulich H et al. 2008. The T790M mutation in EGFR kinase causes drug resistance by increasing the affinity for ATP. PNAS 105:2070–75
     [Google Scholar]
122. Zhang T, Guo L, Creighton CJ, Lu Q, Gibbons DL et al. 2016. A genetic cell context-dependent role for ZEB1 in lung cancer. Nat. Commun. 7:12231
     [Google Scholar]
123. Zhang Z, Lee JC, Lin L, Olivas V, Au V et al. 2012. Activation of the AXL kinase causes resistance to EGFR-targeted therapy in lung cancer. Nat. Genet. 44:852–60
     [Google Scholar]