1932

Abstract

Bipolar disorder is a lifelong mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings between mania and depression. Despite fitness costs associated with increased mortality and significant impairment, bipolar disorder has persisted in the population with a high heritability and a stable prevalence. Creativity and other positive traits have repeatedly been associated with the bipolar spectrum, particularly among unaffected first-degree relatives and those with milder expressions of bipolar traits. This suggests a model in which large doses of risk variants cause illness, but mild to moderate doses confer advantages, which serve to maintain bipolar disorder in the population. Bipolar disorder may thus be better conceptualized as a dimensional trait existing at the extreme of normal population variation in positive temperament, personality, and cognitive traits, aspects of which may reflect a shared vulnerability with creativity. Investigations of this shared vulnerability may provide insight into the genetic mechanisms underlying illness and suggest novel treatments.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095449
2020-05-07
2024-03-28
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/clinpsy/16/1/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095449.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095449&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Akiskal HS. 2002. The bipolar spectrum—the shaping of a new paradigm in psychiatry. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 4:11–3
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Akiskal HS, Akiskal K. 1988. Reassessing the prevalence of bipolar disorders: clinical significance and artistic creativity. Psychiatry Psychobiol 3:29–36
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Akiskal HS, Akiskal K. 1994. Tempéraments et humeur des musiciens de blues. Nervure 8:28–30
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Akiskal HS, Akiskal KK. 2007. In search of Aristotle: temperament, human nature, melancholia, creativity and eminence. J. Affect. Disord. 100:1–31–6
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Akiskal HS, Mendlowicz MV, Jean-Louis G, Rapaport MH, Kelsoe JR et al. 2005. TEMPS-A: validation of a short version of a self-rated instrument designed to measure variations in temperament. J. Affect. Disord. 85:45–52
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Akiskal KK, Akiskal HS. 2005. The theoretical underpinnings of affective temperaments: implications for evolutionary foundations of bipolar disorder and human nature. J. Affect. Disord. 85:231–39
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Andreasen NC. 1987. Creativity and mental illness: prevalence rates in writers and their first-degree relatives. Am. J. Psychiatry 144:1288–92
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Andreasen NC, Glick ID. 1988. Bipolar affective disorder and creativity: implications and clinical management. Compr. Psychiatry 29:207–17
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Andreasen NJ, Powers PS. 1975. Creativity and psychosis: an examination of conceptual style. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 32:70–73
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Angrist B. 1994. Clinical variations of amphetamine psychosis. Amphetamine and Its Analogs AK Cho, DS Segal 387–414 San Diego, CA: Academic
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Asai T, Sugimori E, Bando N, Tanno Y 2011. The hierarchic structure in schizotypy and the five-factor model of personality. Psychiatry Res 185:78–83
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Bachner-Melman R, Dina C, Zohar AH, Constantini N, Lerer E et al. 2005. AVPR1a and SLC6A4 gene polymorphisms are associated with creative dance performance. PLOS Genet 1:e42
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Barnett JH, Huang J, Perlis RH, Young MM, Rosenbaum JF et al. 2011. Personality and bipolar disorder: dissecting state and trait associations between mood and personality. Psychol. Med. 41:1593–604
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Barnett JH, Smoller JW. 2009. The genetics of bipolar disorder. Neuroscience 164:331–43
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Barrantes-Vidal N. 2004. Creativity & madness revisited from current psychological perspectives. J. Conscious. Stud. 11:58–78
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Batey M, Furnham A. 2008. The relationship between measures of creativity and schizotypy. Personal. Individ. Differ. 45:816–21
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Batey M, Furnham A. 2009. The relationship between creativity, schizotypy and intelligence. Individ. Differ. Res. 7:272–84
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Benedek M, Franz F, Heene M, Neubauer AC 2012. Differential effects of cognitive inhibition and intelligence on creativity. Personal. Individ. Differ. 53:480–85
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Blangero J, Williams JT, Almasy L 2003. Novel family-based approaches to genetic risk in thrombosis. J. Thromb. Haemost. 1:1391–97
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Brod JH. 1997. Creativity and schizotypy. Schizotypy: Implications for Illness and Health GS Claridge 276–98 Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Buchsbaum MS, Christian BT, Lehrer DS, Narayanan TK, Shi B et al. 2006. D2/D3 dopamine receptor binding with [F-18]fallypride in thalamus and cortex of patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 85:232–44
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Burch G, Pavelis C, Hemsley DR, Corr PJ 2006. Schizotypy and creativity in visual artists. Br. J. Psychol. 97:177–90
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Burmeister M, McInnis MG, Zollner S 2008. Psychiatric genetics: progress amid controversy. Nat. Rev. Genet. 9:527–40
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Carson SH. 2011. Creativity and psychopathology: a shared vulnerability model. Can. J. Psychiatry 56:144–53
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Carson SH, Peterson JB, Higgins DM 2003. Decreased latent inhibition is associated with increased creative achievement in high-functioning individuals. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 85:499–506
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Chalecka-Franaszek E, Chuang DM. 1999. Lithium activates the serine/threonine kinase Akt-1 and suppresses glutamate-induced inhibition of Akt-1 activity in neurons. PNAS 96:8745–50
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Coryell W, Endicott J, Keller M, Andreasen N, Grove W et al. 1989. Bipolar affective disorder and high achievement: a familial association. Am. J. Psychiatry 146:983–88
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Costa PT Jr., McCrae RR. 1992. NEO PI-R Professional Manual: Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) Odessa, FL: Psychol. Assess. Resour.
  29. Craddock N, Owen MJ. 2005. The beginning of the end for the Kraepelinian dichotomy. Br. J. Psychiatry 186:364–66
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Crespi B, Summers K, Dorus S 2007. Adaptive evolution of genes underlying schizophrenia. Proc. Biol. Sci. 274:2801–10
    [Google Scholar]
  31. de Filippo C, Key FM, Ghirotto S, Benazzo A, Meneu JR et al. 2016. Recent selection changes in human genes under long-term balancing selection. Mol. Biol. Evol. 33:1435–47
    [Google Scholar]
  32. de Manzano O, Cervenka S, Karabanov A, Farde L, Ullen F 2010. Thinking outside a less intact box: thalamic dopamine D2 receptor densities are negatively related to psychometric creativity in healthy individuals. PLOS ONE 5:e10670
    [Google Scholar]
  33. De Sarno P, Li X, Jope RS 2002. Regulation of Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta phosphorylation by sodium valproate and lithium. Neuropharmacology 43:1158–64
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Diehl DJ, Gershon S. 1992. The role of dopamine in mood disorders. Compr. Psychiatry 33:115–20
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Dollinger SJ, Urban KK, James TA 2004. Creativity and openness: further validation of two creative product measures. Creativity Res. J. 16:35–47
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Duckworth AL, Steen TA, Seligman ME 2005. Positive psychology in clinical practice. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 1:629–51
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Eckblad M, Chapman LJ. 1986. Development and validation of a scale for hypomanic personality. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 95:214–22
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Ellenbroek BA, Budde S, Cools AR 1996. Prepulse inhibition and latent inhibition: the role of dopamine in the medial prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience 75:535–42
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Evans L, Akiskal HS, Keck PE Jr., McElroy SL, Sadovnick AD et al. 2005. Familiality of temperament in bipolar disorder: support for a genetic spectrum. J. Affect. Disord. 85:153–68
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Eysenck HJ. 1995. Genius: The Natural History of Creativity Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  41. Fears SC, Service SK, Kremeyer B, Araya C, Araya X et al. 2014. Multisystem component phenotypes of bipolar disorder for genetic investigations of extended pedigrees. JAMA Psychiatry 71:375–87
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Feist GJ. 1998. A meta-analysis of personality in scientific and artistic creativity. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 2:290–309
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Folley BS, Park S. 2005. Verbal creativity and schizotypal personality in relation to prefrontal hemispheric laterality: a behavioral and near-infrared optical imaging study. Schizophr. Res. 80:271–82
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Furnham A, Batey M, Anand K, Manfield J 2008. Personality, hypomania, intelligence and creativity. Personal. Individ. Differ. 44:1060–69
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Galvez JF, Thommi S, Ghaemi SN 2011. Positive aspects of mental illness: a review in bipolar disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 128:185–90
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Gardner R Jr 1982. Mechanisms in manic-depressive disorder: an evolutionary model. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 39:1436–41
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Gilhooly KJ, Fioratou E, Anthony SH, Wynn V 2007. Divergent thinking: strategies and executive involvement in generating novel uses for familiar objects. Br. J. Psychol. 98:611–25
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Giros B, el Mestikawy S, Godinot N, Zheng K, Han H et al. 1992. Cloning, pharmacological characterization, and chromosome assignment of the human dopamine transporter. Mol. Pharmacol. 42:383–90
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Goodwin FK, Jamison KR. 2007. Manic-Depressive Illness: Bipolar Disorders and Recurrent Depression New York: Oxford Univ. Press
  50. Green MJ, Williams LM. 1999. Schizotypy and creativity as effects of reduced cognitive inhibition. Personal. Individ. Differ. 27:263–76
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Greenwood TA. 2017. Positive traits in the bipolar spectrum: the space between madness and genius. Mol. Neuropsychiatry 2:198–212
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Greenwood TA, Alexander M, Keck PE, McElroy S, Sadovnick AD et al. 2001. Evidence for linkage disequilibrium between the dopamine transporter and bipolar disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. 105:145–51
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Greenwood TA, Badner JA, Byerley W, Keck PE, McElroy SL et al. 2013a. Heritability and genome-wide SNP linkage analysis of personality in bipolar disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 151:748–55
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Greenwood TA, Badner JA, Byerley W, Keck PE, McElroy SL et al. 2013b. Heritability and genome-wide SNP linkage analysis of temperament in bipolar disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 150:1031–40
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Greenwood TA, Lazzeroni LC, Murray SS, Cadenhead KS, Calkins ME et al. 2011. Analysis of 94 candidate genes and 12 endophenotypes for schizophrenia from the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 168:930–46
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Greenwood TA, Light GA, Swerdlow NR, Radant AD, Braff DL 2012. Association analysis of 94 candidate genes and schizophrenia-related endophenotypes. PLOS ONE 7:e29630
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Greenwood TA, Schork NJ, Eskin E, Kelsoe JR 2006. Identification of additional variants within the human dopamine transporter gene provides further evidence for an association with bipolar disorder in two independent samples. Mol. Psychiatry 11:125–33
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Greenwood TA, Swerdlow NR, Gur RE, Cadenhead KS, Calkins ME et al. 2013c. Genome-wide linkage analyses of 12 endophenotypes for schizophrenia from the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 170:521–32
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Grillon C, Courchesne E, Ameli R, Geyer MA, Braff DL 1990. Increased distractibility in schizophrenic patients. Electrophysiologic and behavioral evidence. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 47:171–79
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Guilford JP. 1967. The Nature of Human Intelligence New York: McGraw-Hill
  61. Hall J, Whalley HC, Job DE, Baig BJ, McIntosh AM et al. 2006. A neuregulin 1 variant associated with abnormal cortical function and psychotic symptoms. Nat. Neurosci. 9:1477–78
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Hare E, Contreras J, Raventos H, Flores D, Jerez A et al. 2012. Genetic structure of personality factors and bipolar disorder in families segregating bipolar disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 136:1027–33
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Henry GM, Weingartner H, Murphy DL 1971. Idiosyncratic patterns of learning and word association during mania. Am. J. Psychiatry 128:564–74
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Higier RG, Jimenez AM, Hultman CM, Borg J, Roman C et al. 2014. Enhanced neurocognitive functioning and positive temperament in twins discordant for bipolar disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 171:1191–98
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Jacobs D, Silverstone T. 1986. Dextroamphetamine-induced arousal in human subjects as a model for mania. Psychol. Med. 16:323–29
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Jamison KR. 1989. Mood disorders and patterns of creativity in British writers and artists. Psychiatry 52:125–34
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Jamison KR. 1993. Touched with Fire: Manic-Depressive Illness and the Artistic Temperament New York: Free Press
  68. Jang KL, Livesley WJ, Vernon PA 1996. Heritability of the Big Five personality dimensions and their facets: a twin study. J. Personal. 64:577–91
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Jauk E, Benedek M, Dunst B, Neubauer AC 2013. The relationship between intelligence and creativity: new support for the threshold hypothesis by means of empirical breakpoint detection. Intelligence 41:212–21
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Johnson SL, Edge MD, Holmes MK, Carver CS 2012a. The behavioral activation system and mania. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 8:243–67
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Johnson SL, Eisner LR, Carver CS 2009. Elevated expectancies among persons diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Br. J. Clin. Psychol. 48:217–22
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Johnson SL, Murray G, Fredrickson B, Youngstrom EA, Hinshaw S et al. 2012b. Creativity and bipolar disorder: touched by fire or burning with questions. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 32:11–12
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Juda A. 1949. The relationship between highest mental capacity and psychic abnormalities. Am. J. Psychiatry 106:296–307
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Kalkman HO. 2006. The role of the phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase-protein kinase B pathway in schizophrenia. Pharmacol. Ther. 110:117–34
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Karimi Z, Windmann S, Gunturkun O, Abraham A 2007. Insight problem solving in individuals with high versus low schizotypy. J. Res. Personal. 41:473–80
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Kaufman JC, Plucker JA. 2011. Intelligence and creativity. The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence RJ Sternberg, SB Kaufman 771–83 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Keller MC. 2018. Evolutionary perspectives on genetic and environmental risk factors for psychiatric disorders. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 14:471–93
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Keller MC, Miller G. 2006. Resolving the paradox of common, harmful, heritable mental disorders: Which evolutionary genetic models work best. Behav. Brain Sci. 29:385–404
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Kelsoe JR. 2003. Arguments for the genetic basis of the bipolar spectrum. J. Affect. Disord. 73:183–97
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Keri S. 2009. Genes for psychosis and creativity: A promoter polymorphism of the neuregulin 1 gene is related to creativity in people with high intellectual achievement. Psychol. Sci. 20:1070–73
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Keri S, Kiss I, Kelemen O 2009. Effects of a neuregulin 1 variant on conversion to schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder in people at high risk for psychosis. Mol. Psychiatry 14:118–19
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Merikangas KR, Walters EE 2005. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 62:617–27
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Key FM, Teixeira JC, de Filippo C, Andres AM 2014. Advantageous diversity maintained by balancing selection in humans. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 29:45–51
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Kozlovsky N, Amar S, Belmaker RH, Agam G 2006. Psychotropic drugs affect Ser9-phosphorylated GSK-3 beta protein levels in rodent frontal cortex. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 9:337–42
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Kyaga S, Landen M, Boman M, Hultman CM, Langstrom N, Lichtenstein P 2013. Mental illness, suicide and creativity: 40-year prospective total population study. J. Psychiatr. Res. 47:83–90
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Kyaga S, Lichtenstein P, Boman M, Hultman C, Langstrom N, Landen M 2011. Creativity and mental disorder: family study of 300,000 people with severe mental disorder. Br. J. Psychiatry 199:373–79
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Law AJ, Lipska BK, Weickert CS, Hyde TM, Straub RE et al. 2006. Neuregulin 1 transcripts are differentially expressed in schizophrenia and regulated by 5′ SNPs associated with the disease. PNAS 103:6747–52
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Lobban F, Taylor K, Murray C, Jones S 2012. Bipolar disorder is a two-edged sword: a qualitative study to understand the positive edge. J. Affect. Disord. 141:204–12
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Ludwig AM. 1992. Creative achievement and psychopathology: comparison among professions. Am. J. Psychother. 46:330–56
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Ma H. 2009. The effect size of variables associated with creativity: a meta-analysis. Creativity Res. J. 21:30–42
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Madras BK. 2013. History of the discovery of the antipsychotic dopamine D2 receptor: a basis for the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. J. Hist. Neurosci. 22:62–78
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Mahon K, Perez-Rodriguez MM, Gunawardane N, Burdick KE 2013. Dimensional endophenotypes in bipolar disorder: affective dysregulation and psychosis proneness. J. Affect. Disord. 151:695–701
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Mason L, O'Sullivan N, Blackburn M, Bentall R, El-Deredy W 2012. I want it now! Neural correlates of hypersensitivity to immediate reward in hypomania. Biol. Psychiatry 71:530–37
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Mason L, O'Sullivan N, Montaldi D, Bentall RP, El-Deredy W 2014. Decision-making and trait impulsivity in bipolar disorder are associated with reduced prefrontal regulation of striatal reward valuation. Brain 137:2346–55
    [Google Scholar]
  95. McCrae RR. 1987. Creativity, divergent thinking, and openness to experience. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 52:1258–65
    [Google Scholar]
  96. McKenna PJ. 1987. Pathology, phenomenology and the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 151:288–301
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Meyer TD, Hautzinger M. 2003. Screening for bipolar disorders using the Hypomanic Personality Scale. J. Affect. Disord. 75:149–54
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Miller G. 2001. Aesthetic fitness: how sexual selection shaped artistic virtuosity as a fitness indicator and aesthetic preference as mate choice criteria. Bull. Psychol. Arts 2:120–25
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Morvan Y, Tibaoui F, Bourdel MC, Loo H, Akiskal KK et al. 2011. Confirmation of the factorial structure of temperamental autoquestionnaire TEMPS-A in non-clinical young adults and relation to current state of anxiety, depression and to schizotypal traits. J. Affect. Disord. 131:37–44
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Murray G, Johnson SL. 2010. The clinical significance of creativity in bipolar disorder. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 30:721–32
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Nelson B, Rawlings D. 2010. Relating schizotypy and personality to the phenomenology of creativity. Schizophr. Bull. 36:388–99
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Nesse RM. 2004. Cliff-edged fitness functions and the persistence of schizophrenia. Behav. Brain Sci. 27:862–63
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Nettle D. 2006. Schizotypy and mental health amongst poets, visual artists, and mathematicians. J. Res. Personal. 40:876–90
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Nettle D, Clegg H. 2006. Schizotypy, creativity and mating success in humans. Proc. Biol. Sci. 273:611–15
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Nowakowska C, Strong CM, Santosa CM, Wang PW, Ketter TA 2005. Temperamental commonalities and differences in euthymic mood disorder patients, creative controls, and healthy controls. J. Affect. Disord. 85:207–15
    [Google Scholar]
  106. O'Reilly T, Dunbar R, Bentall RP 2001. Schizotypy and creativity: an evolutionary connection. Personal. Individ. Differ. 31:1067–78
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Parker G, Paterson A, Fletcher K, Blanch B, Graham R 2012. The ‘magic button question’ for those with a mood disorder—would they wish to re-live their condition. J. Affect. Disord. 136:419–24
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Parson RJ, Tittler BI, Cook VJ 1984. A multi-trait multi-method evaluation of creativity and openness. Psychol. Rep. 54:403–10
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Peluso MA, Hatch JP, Glahn DC, Monkul ES, Sanches M et al. 2007. Trait impulsivity in patients with mood disorders. J. Affect. Disord. 100:227–31
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Polatin P, Fieve RR. 1971. Patient rejection of lithium carbonate prophylaxis. JAMA 218:864–66
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Power RA, Kyaga S, Uher R, MacCabe JH, Langstrom N et al. 2013. Fecundity of patients with schizophrenia, autism, bipolar disorder, depression, anorexia nervosa, or substance abuse versus their unaffected siblings. JAMA Psychiatry 70:22–30
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Power RA, Steinberg S, Bjornsdottir G, Rietveld CA, Abdellaoui A et al. 2015. Polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder predict creativity. Nat. Neurosci. 18:953–55
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Prentky RA. 1980. Creativity and Psychopathology: A Neurocognitive Perspective New York: Praeger
  114. Purcell SM, Moran JL, Fromer M, Ruderfer D, Solovieff N et al. 2014. A polygenic burden of rare disruptive mutations in schizophrenia. Nature 506:185–90
    [Google Scholar]
  115. Raine A. 2006. Schizotypal personality: neurodevelopmental and psychosocial trajectories. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 2:291–326
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Rawlings D, Locarnini A. 2008. Dimensional schizotypy, autism, and unusual word associations in artists and scientists. J. Res. Personal. 42:465–71
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Rees E, Kirov G, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ 2012. De novo mutation in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 38:377–81
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Reuter M, Roth S, Holve K, Hennig J 2006. Identification of first candidate genes for creativity: a pilot study. Brain Res 1069:190–97
    [Google Scholar]
  119. Richards R, Kinney DK, Lunde I, Benet M, Merzel AP 1988. Creativity in manic-depressives, cyclothymes, their normal relatives, and control subjects. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 97:281–88
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Ross SR, Lutz CJ, Bailley SE 2002. Positive and negative symptoms of schizotypy and the Five-Factor Model: a domain and facet level analysis. J. Personal. Assess. 79:53–72
    [Google Scholar]
  121. Russ S. 1993. Affect and Creativity: The Role of Affect and Play in the Creative Process Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
  122. Rybakowski JK, Klonowska P. 2011. Bipolar mood disorder, creativity and schizotypy: an experimental study. Psychopathology 44:296–302
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Santosa CM, Strong CM, Nowakowska C, Wang PW, Rennicke CM, Ketter TA 2007. Enhanced creativity in bipolar disorder patients: a controlled study. J. Affect. Disord. 100:31–39
    [Google Scholar]
  124. Sass LA. 2001. Schizophrenia, modernism, and the “creative imagination”: on creativity and psychopathology. Creativity Res. J. 13:55–74
    [Google Scholar]
  125. Schuldberg D. 2001. Six subclinical spectrum traits in normal creativity. Creativity Res. J. 13:15–16
    [Google Scholar]
  126. Schuldberg D, French C, Stone BL, Heberle J 1988. Creativity and schizotypal traits. Creativity test scores and perceptual aberration, magical ideation, and impulsive nonconformity. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 176:648–57
    [Google Scholar]
  127. Seligman ME, Steen TA, Park N, Peterson C 2005. Positive psychology progress: empirical validation of interventions. Am. Psychol. 60:410–21
    [Google Scholar]
  128. Shaner A, Miller G, Mintz J 2004. Schizophrenia as one extreme of a sexually selected fitness indicator. Schizophr. Res. 70:101–9
    [Google Scholar]
  129. Silvia PJ. 2008. Another look at creativity and intelligence: exploring higher-order models and probable confounds. Personal. Individ. Diff. 44:1012–21
    [Google Scholar]
  130. Simeonova DI, Chang KD, Strong C, Ketter TA 2005. Creativity in familial bipolar disorder. J. Psychiatr. Res. 39:623–31
    [Google Scholar]
  131. Soeiro-de-Souza MG, Dias VV, Bio DS, Post RM, Moreno RA 2011. Creativity and executive function across manic, mixed and depressive episodes in bipolar I disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 135:292–97
    [Google Scholar]
  132. Srivastava S, Childers ME, Baek JH, Strong CM, Hill SJ et al. 2010. Toward interaction of affective and cognitive contributors to creativity in bipolar disorders: a controlled study. J. Affect. Disord. 125:27–34
    [Google Scholar]
  133. Srivastava S, Ketter TA. 2010. The link between bipolar disorders and creativity: evidence from personality and temperament studies. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 12:522–30
    [Google Scholar]
  134. Stahl EA, Breen G, Forstner AJ, McQuillin A, Ripke S et al. 2019. Genome-wide association study identifies 30 loci associated with bipolar disorder. Nat. Genet. 51:793–803
    [Google Scholar]
  135. Strong CM, Nowakowska C, Santosa CM, Wang PW, Kraemer HC, Ketter TA 2007. Temperament–creativity relationships in mood disorder patients, healthy controls and highly creative individuals. J. Affect. Disord. 100:41–48
    [Google Scholar]
  136. Swann AC, Anderson JC, Dougherty DM, Moeller FG 2001. Measurement of inter-episode impulsivity in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res 101:195–97
    [Google Scholar]
  137. Talvik M, Nordstrom AL, Olsson H, Halldin C, Farde L 2003. Decreased thalamic D2/D3 receptor binding in drug-naive patients with schizophrenia: a PET study with [11C]FLB 457. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 6:361–70
    [Google Scholar]
  138. Taylor L, Faraone SV, Tsuang MT 2002. Family, twin, and adoption studies of bipolar disease. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 4:130–33
    [Google Scholar]
  139. Tremblay CH, Grosskopf S, Yang K 2010. Brainstorm: occupational choice, bipolar illness and creativity. Econ. Hum. Biol. 8:233–41
    [Google Scholar]
  140. Tsakanikos E, Claridge G. 2005. More words, less words: verbal fluency as a function of ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ schizotypy. Personal. Individ. Diff. 39:705–13
    [Google Scholar]
  141. Uher R. 2009. The role of genetic variation in the causation of mental illness: an evolution-informed framework. Mol. Psychiatry 14:1072–82
    [Google Scholar]
  142. Voight BF, Kudaravalli S, Wen X, Pritchard JK 2006. A map of recent positive selection in the human genome. PLOS Biol 4:e72
    [Google Scholar]
  143. Vollema MG, Sitskoorn MM, Appels MC, Kahn RS 2002. Does the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire reflect the biological–genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 54:39–45
    [Google Scholar]
  144. Volter C, Riedel M, Wostmann N, Aichert DS, Lobo S et al. 2012. Sensorimotor gating and D2 receptor signalling: evidence from a molecular genetic approach. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 15:1427–40
    [Google Scholar]
  145. Vosburg SK. 1998. The effects of positive and negative mood on divergent-thinking performance. Creativity Res. J. 11:165–72
    [Google Scholar]
  146. Walsh T, McClellan JM, McCarthy SE, Addington AM, Pierce SB et al. 2008. Rare structural variants disrupt multiple genes in neurodevelopmental pathways in schizophrenia. Science 320:539–43
    [Google Scholar]
  147. Wills GI. 2003. Forty lives in the bebop business: mental health in a group of eminent jazz musicians. Br. J. Psychiatry 183:255–59
    [Google Scholar]
  148. Woody E, Claridge G. 1977. Psychoticism and thinking. Br. J. Soc. Clin. Psychol. 16:241–48
    [Google Scholar]
  149. Yasuno F, Suhara T, Okubo Y, Sudo Y, Inoue M et al. 2004. Low dopamine d(2) receptor binding in subregions of the thalamus in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 161:1016–22
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095449
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095449
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error