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Annual Review of Clinical Psychology

Volume 16, 2020

Bottom-Up and Top-Down Paradigms for Psychopathology: A Half-Century Odyssey

Abstract

Bottom-up paradigms prioritize empirical data from which to derive conceptualizations of psychopathology. These paradigms use multivariate statistics to identify syndromes of problems that tend to co-occur plus higher-order groupings such as those designated as internalizing and externalizing. Bottom-up assessment instruments obtain self-ratings and collateral ratings of behavioral, emotional, social, and thought problems and strengths for ages 1½–90+. Ratings of population samples provide norms for syndrome and higher-order scales for each gender, at different ages, rated by different informants, in relation to multicultural norms. The normed assessment instruments operationalize the empirically derived syndromes and higher-order groupings for applications to clinical services, research, and training. Because cross-informant agreement is modest and no single informant provides comprehensive assessment data, software compares ratings by different informants. Top-down paradigms prioritize conceptual representations of the nature and structure of psychopathology, as exemplified by psychodynamic, DSM/ICD, and HiTOP paradigms. Although these paradigms originated with observations, they tend to prioritize conceptual representations over empirical data.

Keyword(s): autobiography, dimensional hierarchies, externalizing, internalizing, multicultural, psychopathology, syndromes
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2020-05-07
2024-04-19
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Bottom-Up and Top-Down Paradigms for Psychopathology: A Half-Century Odyssey
Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 16, 1 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-071119-115831
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-071119-115831
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-071119-115831
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