1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Entomology
  4. Volume 66, 2021
  5. Article

Annual Review of Entomology

Volume 66, 2021

Emergence of as a Major Pest of Food Legumes and Evolution of Management Practices in Asia and Africa

Abstract

Legume pod borer, , has emerged as a major pest on food legumes in Asia and Africa. It is an oligophagous pest, feeding on over 70 species in Fabaceae. We examine the species complex in Asia, Africa, Oceania, and the Americas, with an emphasis on molecular taxonomy. Studies on pheromone production and perception suggest the existence of pheromone polymorphism, especially in Asia and Africa. No -resistant varieties are available in the major food legumes including cowpea, pigeonpea, mungbean, and yard-long bean. Legume growers use chemical pesticides indiscriminately, leading to the development of pesticide resistance. However recent developments in habitat management, classical biocontrol with more efficient parasitoids, biopesticides, and judicious use of insecticides pave the way for sustainable management of , which can reduce the pesticide misuse. Active engagement of the private sector and policy makers can increase the adoption of integrated pest management approaches in food legumes.

Keyword(s): biological control, habitat management, host–plant interactions, insecticides, pheromone, species complex
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-ento-021220-084539
2021-01-07
2024-04-20
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/en/66/1/annurev-ento-021220-084539.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-ento-021220-084539&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. 1. 
    Adati T, Tamò M, Yusuf S, Downham M, Singh B, Hammond W 2007. Integrated pest management for cowpea-cereal cropping systems in the West African savannah. Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci. 27:123–37
     [Google Scholar]
  2. 2. 
    Adati T, Tatsuki S. 1999. Identification of female sex pheromone of the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata and antagonistic effects of geometrical isomers. J. Chem. Ecol. 25:105–16
     [Google Scholar]
  3. 3. 
    Agunbiade TA, Coates BS, Datinon B, Djouaka R, Sun W et al. 2014. Genetic differentiation among Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) populations on cultivated cowpea and wild host plants: implications for insect resistance management and biological control strategies. PLOS ONE 9:3e92072
     [Google Scholar]
  4. 4. 
    Agunbiade TA, Sun W, Coates BS, Traore F, Ojo JA et al. 2018. Insect pests and integrated pest management techniques in grain legume cultivation. Achieving Sustainable Cultivation of Grain Legumes, Vol. 1: Advances in Breeding and Cultivation Techniques S Sivasankar, D Bergvinson, P Gaur, S Agrawal, S Beebe, M Tamò 297–320 Cambridge, UK: Burleigh Dodds
     [Google Scholar]
  5. 5. 
    Ahmed MT, Miah MRU, Amin MR, Hossain MM 2015. Evaluation of some plant materials against pod borer infestation in Country bean with reference to flower production. Ann. Bangladesh Agric. 19:71–78
     [Google Scholar]
  6. 6. 
    Ahmed R, Haque M, Ahmed K, Uddin M, Khan M 2018. Screening of yard long bean genotypes for resistance to legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius. J. Bangladesh Agric. Univ. 16:424–28
     [Google Scholar]
  7. 7. 
    Arodokoun DY, Tamò M, Cloutier C, Adeoti R 2003. The importance of alternative host plants for the annual cycle of the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Insect Sci. Appl. 23:103–13
     [Google Scholar]
  8. 8. 
    Arodokoun DY, Tamò M, Cloutier C, Brodeur J 2006. Larval parasitoids occurring on Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Benin, West Africa. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 113:320–25
     [Google Scholar]
  9. 9. 
    Atachi P, Dannon EA, Rurema DG 2007. Trap cropping and intercropping of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) in pest management of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) in Southern Benin: competing risk and pest status in pod attack. Ann. Sci. Agron. 9:43226
     [Google Scholar]
  10. 10. 
    Ba MN, Huesing JE, Dabiré-Binso CL, Tamò M, Pittendrigh BR et al. 2019. The legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), an important insect pest of cowpea: a review emphasizing West Africa. Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci. 39:93–106
     [Google Scholar]
  11. 11. 
    Ba MN, Huesing JE, Tamò M, Higgins TJV, Pittendrigh BR et al. 2018. An assessment of the risk of Bt-cowpea to non-target organisms in West Africa. J. Pest Sci. 91:1165–79
     [Google Scholar]
  12. 12. 
    Badii BK, Asante SK, Ayertey JN 2008. Field evaluation of neem seed extract for the control of major pests of cowpea in northern Ghana. Ghana J. Agric. Sci. 41:191–202
     [Google Scholar]
  13. 13. 
    Bendera M, Ekesi S, Ndung'u M, Srinivasan R, Torto B 2015. A major host plant volatile, 1-octen-3-ol, contributes to coupling in the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Sci. Nat. 102:47
     [Google Scholar]
  14. 14. 
    Bett B, Gollasch S, Moore A, James W, Armstrong J et al. 2017. Transgenic cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) expressing Bacillus thuringiensis Vip3Ba protein are protected against the Maruca pod borer (Maruca vitrata). Plant Cell Tiss. Organ Cult. 131:335–45
     [Google Scholar]
  15. 15. 
    Bhanu KRM, Gowda BG, Srinivasan R, Divya TN, Ramchandra VA et al. 2018. The sex pheromone of legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) revisited. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. 15:163–82
     [Google Scholar]
  16. 16. 
    Borah BK, Dutta SK. 2001. Natural enemies of legume pod borer, Maruca testulalis Geyer in Jorhat, Assam. Insect Environ 7:113–14
     [Google Scholar]
  17. 17. 
    Borah BK, Sarma KK 2004. Record of parasitoids of legume pod borer Maruca testulalis Geyer in Assam. Insect Environ 10:77–78
     [Google Scholar]
  18. 18. 
    Brier HB, Murray DAH, Wilson LJ, Nicholas AH, Miles MM et al. 2008. An overview of integrated pest management (IPM) in northeastern Australian grain farming systems: past, present and future prospects. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 48:1574–93
     [Google Scholar]
  19. 19. 
    CAB Int. 2005. Maruca vitrata (lima bean pod borer) Datasheet, Crop Prot. Compend., CAB Int Wallingford, UK:
     [Google Scholar]
  20. 20. 
    Cha WH, Kim W, Jung JK, Lee DW 2017. Putative pheromone biosynthesis pathway in Maruca vitrata by transcriptomic analysis. J. Asia-Pac. Entomol. 20:165–73
     [Google Scholar]
  21. 21. 
    Chandrayudu E, Srinivasan S, Rao NV 2006. Evaluation of certain new insecticides against spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata in cowpea. Indian J. Plant Prot. 34:118–19
     [Google Scholar]
  22. 22. 
    Cheema HK, Pratap A, Sujayanand GK 2017. Breeding for insect resistance in mungbean and urd bean. Breeding Insect Resistant Crops for Sustainable Agriculture R Arora, S Sandhu 353–85 Berlin: Springer
     [Google Scholar]
  23. 23. 
    Choragudi SR, Eswari KB, Sudarshanam A 2008. Field evaluation of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) OVT entries in kharif and rabi seasons against thrips and Maruca vitrata Fabricius. J. Res. ANGRAU 36:17–22
     [Google Scholar]
  24. 24. 
    Cock MJW. 1985. A Review of Biological Control of Pests in the Commonwealth Caribbean and Bermuda up to 1982 Wallingford, UK: Commonw. Agric. Bur.
  25. 25. 
    Dannon EA, Tamò M, Agboton C, van Huis A, Dicke M 2012. Effect of Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) host plants on life-history parameters of the parasitoid Apanteles taragamae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Insect Sci 19:518–28
     [Google Scholar]
  26. 26. 
    Dannon EA, Tamò M, van Huis A, Dicke M 2010. Effects of volatiles from Maruca vitrata larvae and caterpillar-infested flowers of their host plant Vigna unguiculata on the foraging behavior of the parasitoid Apanteles taragamae. J. Chem. Ecol 36:1083–91
     [Google Scholar]
  27. 27. 
    Dar MH, Rizvi PQ, Naqvi NA 2003. Effect of intercropping on the major insect pests of greengram and blackgram. Shashpa 10:85–87
     [Google Scholar]
  28. 28. 
    De Prins J, Heughebaert A 2019. Afromoths, online database of Afrotropical moth species (Lepidoptera) Data set, Belg. Biodivers. Platf Brussels: Version 1.7
  29. 29. 
    Dialoke SA, Agu CM, Ojiako FO, Onweremadu E, Onyishi GO et al. 2010. Survey of insect pests on pigeonpea in Nigeria. J. SAT Agric. Res. 8:1–8
     [Google Scholar]
  30. 30. 
    Downham MCA, Hall DR, Chamberlain DJ, Cork A, Farman DI et al. 2003. Minor components in the sex pheromone of legume pod-borer: Maruca vitrata development of an attractive blend. J. Chem. Ecol. 29:989–1012
     [Google Scholar]
  31. 31. 
    Downham MCA, Tamò M, Hall DR, Datinon B, Adetonah S et al. 2004. Developing pheromone traps and lures for Maruca vitrata in Benin, West Africa. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 110:151–58
     [Google Scholar]
  32. 32. 
    Ekesi S. 1999. Insecticide resistance in field populations of the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius in Nigeria. Int. J. Pest Manag. 45:57–59
     [Google Scholar]
  33. 33. 
    Ekesi S. 2000. Effect of volatiles and crude extracts of different plant materials on egg viability of Maruca vitrata and Clavigralla tomentosicollis. Phytoparasitica 28:305–10
     [Google Scholar]
  34. 34. 
    Ekesi S, Adamu RS, Maniania NK 2002. Ovicidal activity of entomopathogenic hyphomycetes to the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata and the pod sucking bug. Clavigralla tomentosicollis. Crop Prot. 21:589–95
     [Google Scholar]
  35. 35. 
    Elfekih S, Etter P, Tay WT, Fumagalli M, Gordon K et al. 2018. Genome-wide analyses of the Bemisia tabaci species complex reveal contrasting patterns of admixture and complex demographic histories. PLOS ONE 13:1e0190555
     [Google Scholar]
  36. 36. 
    Fatokun CA. 2002. Breeding cowpea for resistance to insect pests: attempted crosses between cowpea and Vigna vexillata. Challenges and Opportunities for Enhancing Sustainable Cowpea Production CA Fatokun, SA Tarawali, BB Singh, PM Kormawa, M Tamò 52–61 Ibadan, Nigeria: IITA
     [Google Scholar]
  37. 37. 
    Fatokun CA, Perrino P, Ng NQ 1997. Wide crossing in African Vigna species. Advances in Cowpea Research BB Singh, M Mohan Raj, KE Dashiell, LEN Jackai 50–57 Ibadan, Nigeria: IITA
     [Google Scholar]
  38. 38. 
    Gopali JB, Teggelli R, Mannur DM, Yelshetty S 2010. Web-forming lepidopteran, Maruca vitrata Fabricius: an emerging and destructive pest in pigeonpea. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci. 23:35–38
     [Google Scholar]
  39. 39. 
    Gowda GB, Bhanu KRM, Chakravarthy A 2015. Electrophysiological responses of female Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to flower and pod extracts of host plants. Mysore J. Agric. Sci. 49:318–20
     [Google Scholar]
  40. 40. 
    Greathead DJ. 1971. A review of biological control in the Ethiopian Region CIBC Tech. Comm. 5, CAB Int Wallingford, UK:
  41. 41. 
    Grigolli JFJ, Luis A, Lourencao F, Avila CJ 2015. Field efficacy of chemical pesticides against Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) infesting soybean in Brazil. Am. J. Plant Sci. 6:537–44
     [Google Scholar]
  42. 42. 
    Groot AT, Schofl G, Inglis O, Donnerhacke S, Classen A et al. 2014. Within-population variability in a moth sex pheromone blend: genetic basis and behavioural consequences. Proc. Biol. Sci. 281:177920133054
     [Google Scholar]
  43. 43. 
    Hammig MD, Shepard BM, Carner GR, Dilts R, Rauf A 2008. Areawide pest management for non-rice food crops in Southeast Asia. Areawide Pest Management: Theory and Implementation O Koul, G Cuperus, N Elliott 326–50 Wallingford, UK: CAB Int.
     [Google Scholar]
  44. 44. 
    Hossain MA, Islam MR, Hossain M 2019. Eco-friendly management of flower thrips and pod borers of mungbean through Sesame intercropping. Cercet. Agron. Mold. 52:186–96
     [Google Scholar]
  45. 45. 
    Huang CC, Peng WK. 2001. Emergence, mating, and oviposition of the bean pod borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Formos. Entomol. 21:37–45
     [Google Scholar]
  46. 46. 
    Huang CC, Peng WK, Talekar NS 2002. Larval population changes in the bean pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on Sesbania cannabina on an AVRDC Farm, Tainan, Taiwan. Formos. Entomol. 22:271–78
     [Google Scholar]
  47. 47. 
    Huang CC, Peng WK, Talekar NS 2003. Parasitoids and other natural enemies of Maruca vitrata feeding on Sesbania cannabina in Taiwan. BioControl 48:407–16
     [Google Scholar]
  48. 48. 
    Huesing J, Romeis J, Ellstrand N, Raybould A, Hellmich R et al. 2011. Regulatory considerations surrounding the deployment of Bt-expressing cowpea in Africa: report of the deliberations of an expert panel. GM Crops 2:211–24
     [Google Scholar]
  49. 49. 
    Jackai LEN, Oghiakhe S. 1989. Pod wall trichomes and resistance of two wild cowpea, Vigna vexillata, accessions to Maruca testualis Geyer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stål (Hemiptera: Coreidae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 79:595–605
     [Google Scholar]
  50. 50. 
    Jackai LEN, Oyediran IO. 1991. The potential of neem Azadirachta indica A. Juss. for controlling post-flowering pests of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata Walp—I. The pod borer. Maruca testulalis. Insect Sci. Appl. 12:103–9
     [Google Scholar]
  51. 51. 
    Jackai LEN, Singh SR. 1981. Studies on some behavioral aspects of Maruca testulalis on selected species of Crotalaria and Vigna unguiculuta. Trop. Grain Legum. Bull 22:34
     [Google Scholar]
  52. 52. 
    Jackai LEN, Singh SR. 1983. Suitability of selected leguminous plants for development of Maruca testulalis larvae. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 34:174–78
     [Google Scholar]
  53. 53. 
    Jakhar BL, Prajapati DM, Ravindrababu Y 2017. Morphological and bio-chemical factors associated with resistance to Maruca vitrata Fabricius in cowpea. Legum. Res. 40:959–61
     [Google Scholar]
  54. 54. 
    Jaydeep H, Srinivasan S, Muralikrishna T 2008. Biochemical basis of resistance to spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius in mungbean. J. Entomol. Res. 30:313–16
     [Google Scholar]
  55. 55. 
    Jung JK, Seo BY, Kim Y, Lee SW 2016. Can Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) over-winter in Suwon area. Korean J. Appl. Entomol. 55:439–44
     [Google Scholar]
  56. 56. 
    Kanhere RD, Patel VN, Umbarkar PS, Kakde AM 2012. Bioefficacy of different insecticides against spotted pod borer, Maruca testulalis Geyer infesting cowpea. Legum. Res. 35:44–46
     [Google Scholar]
  57. 57. 
    Kapoor B, Shankar U. 2019. Trap catches of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner and Maruca vitrata Fabricius and their natural enemies on black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]. J. Entomol. Zool. Stud. 7:246–51
     [Google Scholar]
  58. 58. 
    King ABS, Saunders JL. 1984. Las Plagas Invertebradas de Cultivos Anuales Alimenticios en América Central London: Overseas Dev. Admin.
  59. 59. 
    Kirti JS, Gill NS. 2005. Taxonomic studies on Indian species of genus Maruca Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Pyraustinae). Zoos Print J 20:1930–31
     [Google Scholar]
  60. 60. 
    Kumar P, Huang LZ, Srinivasan R 2014. Effect of three commercial bio pesticides of neem (Azadirachta indica) and Bacillus thuringiensis on legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Thailand. Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci. 34:80–87
     [Google Scholar]
  61. 61. 
    Lee ST, Srinivasan R, Wu YJ, Talekar NS 2007. Occurrence and characterization of a nucleopolyhedrovirus from Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) isolated in Taiwan. BioControl 52:801–19
     [Google Scholar]
  62. 62. 
    Liao CT, Lin CS. 2000. Occurrence of the legume pod borer, Maruca testulalis Geyer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata Walp) and its insecticides application trial. Plant Prot. Bull. 42:213–22
     [Google Scholar]
  63. 63. 
    Lopez-Vaamonde C, Sire L, Rasmussen B, Rougerie R, Wieser C et al. 2019. DNA barcodes reveal deeply neglected diversity and numerous invasions of micromoths in Madagascar. Genome 62:108–21
     [Google Scholar]
  64. 64. 
    Lu PF, Qiao HL, Luo YQ 2013. Female sex pheromone blends and male response of the legume pod borer Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), in two populations of mainland China. Z. Naturforsch. 68:416–27
     [Google Scholar]
  65. 65. 
    Malini P, Schafleitner R, Krishnan M, Srinivasan R 2013. Identification and variations in pheromone-binding proteins among legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata) populations from Asia and Africa. Abstracts of the International Chemical Ecology Conference 2013106 Lexington, KY: Int. Soc. Chem. Ecol.
     [Google Scholar]
  66. 66. 
    Malini P, Schafleitner R, Krishnan M, Srinivasan R 2015. Phylogeographical structure in mitochondrial DNA of legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata) population in tropical Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. PLOS ONE 10:4e0124057
     [Google Scholar]
  67. 67. 
    Malini P, Schafleitner R, Srinivasan R, Krishnan M 2014. Phylogenetic pattern of the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius populations from tropical Asia and Africa. Formos. Entomol. 33:356
     [Google Scholar]
  68. 68. 
    Malini P, Srinivasan R, Lin MY, Yule S, Krishnan M 2014. A review on the diversity within the legume pod borer (Maruca spp.), its host plants and natural enemies. Bangladesh J. Entomol. 24:21–11
     [Google Scholar]
  69. 69. 
    Malini P, Srinivasan R, Schafleitner R, Krishnan M 2019. Pheromone‐binding proteins based phylogenetics and phylogeography of Maruca spp. from Asia, Africa, Oceania, and South America. Ecol. Evol. 9:9239–72
     [Google Scholar]
  70. 70. 
    Mao A, Zhou J, Mao B, Zheng YA, Wang Y et al. 2016. Sex pheromone recognition and characterization of three pheromone‐binding proteins in the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Sci. Rep. 6:34484
     [Google Scholar]
  71. 71. 
    Margam VM, Coates BS, Ba MN, Sun W, Binso-Dabire CL et al. 2011. Geographic distribution of phylogenetically-distinct legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae). Mol. Biol. Rep. 38:893–903
     [Google Scholar]
  72. 72. 
    Mbonu OA. 2006. Effect of aqueous extracts of tropical plants for management of Maruca vitrata Fabricius and Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stål on cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. plants. J. Entomol. 3:170–75
     [Google Scholar]
  73. 73. 
    Mehinto JT, Atachi P, Elégbédé M, Kpindou OKD, Tamò M 2014. Efficacité comparée des insecticides de natures différentes dans la gestion des insectes ravageurs du niébé au Centre du Bénin. J. Appl. Biosci. 84:7695–706
     [Google Scholar]
  74. 74. 
    Mehinto JT, Atachi P, Kpindou OKD, Tamò M 2014. Pathogenicity of entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana on larvae of the legume pod borer Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 9:55–64
     [Google Scholar]
  75. 75. 
    Mohan C, Sathiamma B. 2007. Potential for lab rearing of Apanteles taragamae, the larval endoparasitoid of coconut pest Opisina arenosella, on the rice moth Corcyra cephalonica. BioControl 52:747–52
     [Google Scholar]
  76. 76. 
    Mohan MC, Reddy NP, Devi UK, Kongara R, Sharma HC 2007. Growth and insect assays of Beauveria bassiana with neem to test their compatibility and synergism. Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 17:1059–69
     [Google Scholar]
  77. 77. 
    Mohapatra SD, Srivastava CP. 2008. Toxicity of biorational insecticides against spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius in short duration pigeonpea. Indian J. Entomol. 70:61–63
     [Google Scholar]
  78. 78. 
    Muhammad A, Malgwi AM, Adamu RS 2017. Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larval population dynamics as affected by intra-row spacing, sowing dates and biopesticides on cowpea. J. Sci. Agric. 1:352–64
     [Google Scholar]
  79. 79. 
    Nabirye J, Nampala P, Ogenga-Latigo MW, Kyamanywa S, Wilson H et al. 2003. Farmer-participatory evaluation of cowpea integrated pest management (IPM) technologies in Eastern Uganda. Crop Prot 22:31–38
     [Google Scholar]
  80. 80. 
    Nampala P, Ogenga-Latigo MW, Kyamanywa S, Adipala E, Karungi J et al. 1999. Integrated management of major field pests of cowpea in eastern Uganda. Afr. Crop. Sci. J.479–86
     [Google Scholar]
  81. 81. 
    Nampala P, Ogenga-Latigo MW, Kyamanywa S, Adipala E, Oyobo N, Jackai LE 2002. Potential impact of intercropping on major cowpea field pests in Uganda. Afr. Crop. Sci. J. 10:335–44
     [Google Scholar]
  82. 82. 
    Nasiya-Beegum AN, Subramanian M. 2019. Effect of trichomes in cowpea on infestation by spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). J. Hortic. Sci. 14:69–72
     [Google Scholar]
  83. 83. 
    Nebapure S, Agnihotri M. 2011. Canthecona furcellata: a predator of Maruca vitrata. Ann. Plant Prot. Sci 19:477–78
     [Google Scholar]
  84. 84. 
    Oghiakhe S, Jackai LEN, Makanjuola WA 1991. Cowpea plant architecture in relation to infestation and damage by the legume pod borer, Maruca testulalis Geyer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)—I. Effect of canopy structure and pod position. Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci. 12:193–99
     [Google Scholar]
  85. 85. 
    Oghiakhe S, Jackai LEN, Makanjuola WA 1992. Cowpea plant architecture in relation to infestation and damage by the legume pod borer, Maruca testulalis Geyer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)—2. Effect of pod angle. Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci. 13:339–44
     [Google Scholar]
  86. 86. 
    Olgiangbe NO, Jackai LEN, Ewete EK, Lajide L 2000. The nutritional ecology of Maruca vitrata Fabricius. I. Development on flowers of wild and cultivated Vigna species. Insect Sci. Appl. 20:259–68
     [Google Scholar]
  87. 87. 
    Onstad DW, Kang J, Pittendrigh BR, Ba NM, Dabire C et al. 2012. Modeling evolution of resistance by Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to transgenic insecticidal cowpea in Africa. Environ. Entomol. 41:1255–67
     [Google Scholar]
  88. 88. 
    Osei-Owusu J, Vuts J, Caulfield JC, Woodcock CM, Withall DM et al. 2020. Identification of semiochemicals from cowpea, Vigna unguiculata, for low-input management of the legume pod borer. Maruca vitrata. J. Chem. Ecol. 46:288–98
     [Google Scholar]
  89. 89. 
    Otieno WA, Odindo MO, Okeyo-Owuor JB, Sabwa DM 1983. Studies on the legume pod-borer, Maruca testulalis Geyer—VII. Field surveys on pathogenic microorganisms. Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci. 4:211–15
     [Google Scholar]
  90. 90. 
    Panicker PR, Koommen S, Mathew TB, Saraswathi P 2002. Inter-relationships of flower, pod and seed damages by legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata) (Lepidopotera: Pyralidae) in yard-long bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis). Indian J. Agric. Sci. 72:51–53
     [Google Scholar]
  91. 91. 
    Parthasarathy R, Rabindra RJ, Palanisamy S, Kennedy JS 2004. Studies on infectivity of a heterologous baculovirus for the management of legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius. Indian J. Plant Prot. 32:19–23
     [Google Scholar]
  92. 92. 
    Peter C, David BV. 1990. Influence of host plants on the parasitism of Diaphania indica (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) by Apanteles taragamae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci. 11:903–6
     [Google Scholar]
  93. 93. 
    Pillai AK, Meena A, Selvaraj S 2013. Field efficacy of biopesticides against pod borer complex in pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Biopestic. Int. 9:132–38
     [Google Scholar]
  94. 94. 
    Popelka JC, Gollasch S, Moore A, Molvig L, Higgins TJV 2006. Genetic transformation of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. and stable transmission of the transgenes to progeny. Plant Cell Rep 25:304–12
     [Google Scholar]
  95. 95. 
    Rachappa V, Lingappa S, Patil RK, Kulkarni KA 2005. Field performance of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschinkoff) Sorokin against pod borer, Maruca testulalis Geyer on cowpea. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci. 18:817–19
     [Google Scholar]
  96. 96. 
    Randhawa HS, Saini MK. 2015. Efficacy of different insecticides against pod borer (Maruca vitrata Fabricius) in pigeonpea. Legum. Res. 38:687–90
     [Google Scholar]
  97. 97. 
    Rao MS, Reddy KD, Singh TVK 2003. Impact of intercropping on Empoasca kerri of pigeonpea in rainy and post rainy season. Indian J. Entomol. 65:506–12
     [Google Scholar]
  98. 98. 
    Rao MS, Reddy KD, Srivatsava NN, Singh TVK, Reddy GS, Ramakrishna YS 2004. Effect of change in microclimate on insect pests and their predators in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan). Indian J. Agric. Sci. 74:399–402
     [Google Scholar]
  99. 99. 
    Rose HS, Singh AP. 1989. Use of internal reproductive organs in the identification of Indian species of the genus Maruca Walker (Pyraustinae: Pyralidae: Lepidoptera). J. Adv. Zool. 10:99–103
     [Google Scholar]
  100. 100. 
    Rouf FMA, Sardar MA. 2011. Effect of crude seed extract of some indigenous plants for the control of legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata Fabricius) on Country bean. Bangladesh J. Agric. Res. 36:41–50
     [Google Scholar]
  101. 101. 
    Roy D, Chakraborty G, Sarkar PK 2017. Comparative efficacy, non-target toxicity and economics of seven novel pre-mixed formulations against Maruca testulalis Geyer and Aphis craccivora Koch. infesting cowpea. J. Environ. Biol. 38:603–9
     [Google Scholar]
  102. 102. 
    Sahoo BK, Senapati B. 2000. Natural enemies of pod borers in pigeonpea. Int. Chickpea Pigeonpea Newsl. 7:57–59
     [Google Scholar]
  103. 103. 
    Sambathkumar S, Durairaj C, Ganapathy N, Mohankumar S 2015. Field evaluation of newer insecticide molecules and botanicals against pod borers of Red gram. Legum. Res. 38:260–67
     [Google Scholar]
  104. 104. 
    Sambathkumar S, Durairaj C, Mohankumar S, Preetha B, Aravintharaj R et al. 2017. Host induced genetic variation in legume pod borer. Maruca vitrata. J. Environ. Biol. 38:1281–91
     [Google Scholar]
  105. 105. 
    Saxena KB, Lateef SS, Fonseka HHD, Ariyaratne HP, Dharamsena CMD 1996. Maruca testulalis damage in determinate and indeterminate lines of pigeonpea in Sri Lanka. Int. Chickpea Newsl. 3:91–93
     [Google Scholar]
  106. 106. 
    Schläger S, Beran F, Groot AT, Ulrichs C, Veit D et al. 2015. Pheromone blend analysis and cross-attraction among populations of Maruca vitrata from Asia and West Africa. J. Chem. Ecol. 41:1155–62
     [Google Scholar]
  107. 107. 
    Schläger S, Ulrichs C, Srinivasan R, Beran F, Bhanu KRM et al. 2012. Developing pheromone traps and lures for Maruca vitrata in Taiwan. Gesunde Pflanz 64:183–86
     [Google Scholar]
  108. 108. 
    Schreinemachers P, Chen HP, Nguyen TTL, Buntong B, Bouapao L et al. 2017. Too much to handle? Pesticide dependence of smallholder vegetable farmers in Southeast Asia. Sci. Total Environ. 593–94:470–77
     [Google Scholar]
  109. 109. 
    Schreinemachers P, Srinivasan R, Wu MH, Bhattarai M, Patricio R et al. 2014. Safe and sustainable management of legume pests and diseases in Thailand and Vietnam: a situational analysis. Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci. 34:88–97
     [Google Scholar]
  110. 110. 
    Sharma HC. 1998. Bionomics, host plant resistance, and management of the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata: a review. Crop Prot 17:373–86
     [Google Scholar]
  111. 111. 
    Sharma HC, Pampapathy G. 2004. Effect of natural plant products, Brassinolide and host plant resistance in combination with insecticides on Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) damages in pigeonpea. Indian J. Plant Prot. 32:40–44
     [Google Scholar]
  112. 112. 
    Singh S, Singh PS, Meena RS, Saxena RPN, Singh SK 2018. Screening of certain greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] genotypes for resistance against pod bugs and spotted pod borer. J. Exp. Zool. India 21:133–36
     [Google Scholar]
  113. 113. 
    Sokame BM, Tounou AK, Datinon B, Dannon EA, Agboton C et al. 2015. Combined activity of Maruca vitrata multi-nucleopolyhedrovirus, MaviMNPV, and oil from neem, Azadirachta indica Juss and Jatropha curcas L., for the control of cowpea pests. Crop Prot 72:150–57
     [Google Scholar]
  114. 114. 
    Soundararajan RP, Chitra N. 2011. Effect of bioinoculants on sucking pests and pod borer complex in urd bean. J. Biopestic. 4:7–11
     [Google Scholar]
  115. 115. 
    Soundararajan RP, Chitra N. 2012. Impact of intercrops on insect pests of black gram, Vigna mungo L. J. Entomol. 9:208–19
     [Google Scholar]
  116. 116. 
    Soundararajan RP, Chitra N. 2017. Field evaluation of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) germplasm for resistance against pod borer complex. Legum. Res. 40:762–72
     [Google Scholar]
  117. 117. 
    Sreekanth M, Seshamahalakshmi M. 2012. Studies on relative toxicity of biopesticides to Helicoverpa armigera Hübner and Maruca vitrata Fabricius on pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.). J. Biopestic. 5:191–95
     [Google Scholar]
  118. 118. 
    Sreekanth M, Seshamahalakshmi M. 2018. Evaluation of Bt liquid formulations against gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera Hübner and spotted pod borer,. Maruca vitrata Fabricius in pigeonpea. J. Biopestic 11:52–59
     [Google Scholar]
  119. 119. 
    Sreelakshmi P, Paul A, Antu M, Sheela M, George T 2015. Assessment of insecticide resistance in field populations of spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius on vegetable cowpea. Int. J. Farm Sci. 5:159–64
     [Google Scholar]
  120. 120. 
    Sreelakshmi P, Paul A, Beevi SN, Narayanan P 2016. Management of resistant populations of legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) using new generation insecticides. Environ. Ecol. 34:917–21
     [Google Scholar]
  121. 121. 
    Srinivasan R. 2008. Susceptibility of legume pod borer (LPB), Maruca vitrata to δ-endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) in Taiwan. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 97:79–81
     [Google Scholar]
  122. 122. 
    Srinivasan R, Bhanu KRM, Lin MY, Yule S, Su FC et al. 2019. Evaluation of novel pheromone lures against striped flea beetle (Phyllotreta striolata Fabricius) on brassicas and bean pod borer (Maruca vitrata Fabricius) on yard-long bean in Southeast Asia. Acta Hortic 1257:37–46
     [Google Scholar]
  123. 123. 
    Srinivasan R, Ghosh SK, Hien NTT, Lin MY, Trang VTT et al. 2014. Susceptibility of the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata, to microbial control agents. Philipp. Agric. Sci. 97:199–203
     [Google Scholar]
  124. 124. 
    Srinivasan R, Lin M-Y, Su F-C, Yule S, Khumsuwan C et al. 2015. Use of insect pheromones in vegetable pest management: successes and struggles. New Horizons in Insect Science: Towards Sustainable Pest Management AK Chakravarthy 231–37 New Delhi: Springer
     [Google Scholar]
  125. 125. 
    Srinivasan R, Paola S, Lin MY, Heng CH, Sareth K, Sor S 2019. Development and validation of an integrated pest management strategy for the control of major insect pests on yard-long bean in Cambodia. Crop Prot 116:82–91
     [Google Scholar]
  126. 126. 
    Srinivasan R, Sevgan S, Ekesi S, Tamò M 2019. Biopesticide based sustainable pest management for safer production of vegetable legumes and brassicas in Asia and Africa. Pest Manag. Sci. 75:2446–54
     [Google Scholar]
  127. 127. 
    Srinivasan R, Tamò M, Lee ST, Lin MY, Huang CC, Hsu YC 2009. Towards developing a biological control program for legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata). International Conference on Grain Legumes: Quality Improvement, Value Addition and Trade S Gupta, M Ali, B Singh 183–96 Kanpur, India: Indian Inst. Pulses Res.
     [Google Scholar]
  128. 128. 
    Srinivasan R, Yule S, Lin MY, Khumsuwan C 2015. Recent developments in the biological control of legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata) on yard-long bean. Acta Hortic 1102:143–49
     [Google Scholar]
  129. 129. 
    Srivastava C, Joshi N. 2011. Insect pest management in pigeonpea in Indian scenario: a critical review. Indian J. Entomol. 73:63–75
     [Google Scholar]
  130. 130. 
    Sunitha V, Lakshmi KV, Ranga Rao GV 2008. Laboratory evaluation of certain insecticides against pigeonpea pod borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius. J. Food Legum. 21:137–39
     [Google Scholar]
  131. 131. 
    Sunitha V, Ranga Rao GV, Vijaya Lakshmi K, Saxena KB, Rameshwar Rao V, Reddy YVR 2008. Morphological and biochemical factors associated with resistance to Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in short-duration pigeonpea. Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci. 28:45–52
     [Google Scholar]
  132. 132. 
    Tamò M, Bottenberg H, Arodokoun D, Adeoti R 1997. The feasibility of classical biological control of two major cowpea insect pests. Advances in Cowpea Research BB Singh, DR Mohan Raj, KE Dashiell, LEN Jackai 259–70 Ibadan, Nigeria: IITA
     [Google Scholar]
  133. 133. 
    Tamò M, Datinon B, Dannon E, Traoré F, Dabiré C et al. 2017. Towards successful establishment of exotic parasitoids attacking the pod borer Maruca vitrata in West Africa. Biocontrol News Inf 38:12N–13N
     [Google Scholar]
  134. 134. 
    Tamò M, Ekesi S, Maniania NK, Cherry A 2003. Biological control, a non-obvious component of IPM for cowpea. Biological Control in IPM Systems in Africa P Neuenchwander, C Borgemeister, J Langewald 295–309 Wallingford, UK: CAB Int.
     [Google Scholar]
  135. 135. 
    Tamò M, Srinivasan R, Dannon E, Agboton C, Datinon B, Dabiré C 2012. Biological control: a major component for the long-term cowpea pest management strategy. Proceedings of the Fifth World Cowpea Conference on Improving Livelihoods in the Cowpea Value Chain through Advancement in Science, 27 September–1 October 2010249–59 Ibadan, Nigeria: IITA
     [Google Scholar]
  136. 136. 
    Thomas Y, Bethenod MT, Pelozuelo L, Frérot B, Bourguet D 2003. Genetic isolation between two sympatric host-plant races of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner. I. Sex pheromone, moth emergence timing, and parasitism. Evolution 57:261–73
     [Google Scholar]
  137. 137. 
    Tumuhaise V, Ekesi S, Mohamed SA, Ndegwa PN, Irungu LW et al. 2015. Pathogenicity and performance of two candidate isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) in four liquid culture media for the management of the legume pod borer Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci. 35:34–47
     [Google Scholar]
  138. 138. 
    Ulrichs C, Mewis I, Schnitzler WH, Burleigh JR 2001. Parasitoids of the bean pod borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Pyraustinae), a pest of Vigna sesquipedalis in the Philippine lowland. Mitt. Dtsch. Ges. Allg. Angew. Entomol. 13:283–88
     [Google Scholar]
  139. 139. 
    Umaru AB, Olaniyan GO, Nwosu KI 2002. Effects of nitrogen levels and crop arrangements on the incidence of Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom and Maruca vitrata Fabricius in maize/cowpea intercrop. Acta Agron. Hung. 50:67–74
     [Google Scholar]
  140. 140. 
    Unmole L. 2009. Response of males of Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to synthetic lures in Mauritius. Univ. Maurit. Res. J. 15:627–33
     [Google Scholar]
  141. 141. 
    Vidya C, Oommen SK. 2001. Evaluation of legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata) resistance in yard-long bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis). Indian J. Agric. Sci. 71:800–1
     [Google Scholar]
  142. 142. 
    Wang P, Zhang N, Zhou LL, Si SY, Lei CL et al. 2014. Antennal and behavioral responses of female Maruca vitrata to the floral volatiles of Vigna unguiculata and Lablab purpureus. Entomol. Exp. Appl 152:248–57
     [Google Scholar]
  143. 143. 
    Waterhouse DF, Norris KR. 1987. Biological Control: Pacific Prospects Melbourne, Aust.: Aust. Cent. Int. Agric. Res.
  144. 144. 
    Willett CS, Harrison RG. 1999. Insights into genome differentiation: pheromone-binding protein variation and population history in the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis). Genetics 153:1743–51
     [Google Scholar]
  145. 145. 
    Yadav N, Singh P. 2013. Field evaluation of some new insecticide molecules against pod borers in mungbean. Indian J. Entomol. 75:360–61
     [Google Scholar]
  146. 146. 
    Yamanaka H. 1998. A new species of the genus Maruca Walker (Lepidoptera, Crambidae, Pyraustinae) from Sulawesi. Tinea Tokyo 15:306–9
     [Google Scholar]
  147. 147. 
    Ye A, Wu C, Huang Y, Liang D, Meng X, Liang S 1998. Observations on Maruca testulalis CPV. Chinese J. Biol. Control 14:187–88
     [Google Scholar]
  148. 148. 
    Ye A, Wu C, Huang Y, Liang D, Meng X, Liang S 1998. Purification and characterization of the granulosis virus of Maruca testulalis. Chinese J. Biol. Control 14:119–22
     [Google Scholar]
  149. 149. 
    Yule S, Srinivasan R. 2013. Evaluation of bio-pesticides against legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in laboratory and field conditions in Thailand. J. Asia. Pac. Entomol. 16:357–60
     [Google Scholar]
  150. 150. 
    Zahid M, Islam M, Begum M 2008. Determination of economic injury levels of Maruca vitrata in Mungbean. J. Agric. Rural Dev. 6:91–97
     [Google Scholar]
  151. 151. 
    Zhou J, Zhang N, Wang P, Zhang S, Li D et al. 2015. Identification of host-plant volatiles and characterization of two novel general odorant-binding proteins from the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). PLOS ONE 10:10e0141208
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-ento-021220-084539
Loading
Emergence of Maruca vitrata as a Major Pest of Food Legumes and Evolution of Management Practices in Asia and Africa
Annual Review of Entomology 66, 141 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-021220-084539
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-ento-021220-084539
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-ento-021220-084539
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error