1932

Abstract

India is a significant player in climate policy and politics. It has been vocal in international climate negotiations, but its role in these negotiations has changed over time. In an interactive relationship between domestic policy and international positions, India has increasingly become a testing ground for policies that internalize climate considerations into development. This article critically reviews the arc of climate policy and politics in India over time. It begins by examining changes in knowledge and ideas around climate change in India, particularly in the areas of ethics, climate impacts, India's energy transition, linkages with sustainability, and sequestration. The next section examines changes in politics, policy, and governance at both international and national scales. The article argues that shifts in ideas and knowledge of impacts, costs, and benefits of climate action and shifts in the global context are reflected and refracted through discourses in India's domestic and international policies.

[Erratum, Closure]

An erratum has been published for this article:
Erratum: India and Climate Change: Evolving Ideas and Increasing Policy Engagement
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-environ-102017-025809
2018-10-17
2024-03-28
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/energy/43/1/annurev-environ-102017-025809.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-environ-102017-025809&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. 1.  Dasgupta C 2012. The making of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. See Ref. 182 89–98
  2. 2.  Agarwal A, Narain S 1990. Global Warming in an Unequal World: A Case of Environmental Colonialism New Delhi: Cent. Sci. Environ.
  3. 3.  Rajamani L 2012. The reach and limits of the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities in the climate change regime. See Ref. 182 118–29
  4. 4.  Sengupta S 2012. International climate negotiations and India's role. See Ref. 182 101–17
  5. 5.  Dubash NK 2013. The politics of climate change in India: narratives of equity and co-benefits. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Clim. Change 4:3191–201
    [Google Scholar]
  6. 6.  Rao N 2012. Equity in climate change: the range of metrics and views. See Ref. 182 147–56
  7. 7.  Mattoo A, Subramanian A 2010. Equity in climate change: an analytical review Policy Res. Work Pap. WPS5383 World Bank Wash., DC:
  8. 8. World Resources Institute. CAIT: WRI's climate data explorer Wash., DC: World Res. Inst http://cait2.wri.org/historical?undefined
  9. 9. Ministry of External Affairs Government of India. 2007. PM's intervention on Climate Change at the Heiligendamm meeting. Public Diplomacy June 8. http://mea.gov.in/in-focus-article.htm?18822/PMs+intervention+on+Climate+Change+at+the+Heiligendamm+meeting
  10. 10.  Dubash NK, Rajamani L 2015. Multilateral diplomacy on climate change. The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy DM Malone, CJ Mohan, S Raghavan 663–77 Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  11. 11.  Jayaraman T, Kanitkar T, D'Souza M 2012. Equity and burden sharing in emission scenarios: a carbon budget. See Ref. 182 130–46
  12. 12. BASIC Experts Group. 2011. Equitable Access to Sustainable Development: Contributing to the Body of Scientific Knowledge Beijing, Brasilia, Cape Town, Mumbai: BASIC Experts Gr.
  13. 13.  Ananthapadmanabhan G, Srinivasan K, Gopal Vi 2007. Hiding Behind the Poor: A Report by Greenpeace on Climate Injustice Bangalore: Greenpeace India Soc.
  14. 14.  Adve N, Engineer M 2010. Equity and social justice in a finite carbon world. Econ. Polit. Wkly. 45:4015–19
    [Google Scholar]
  15. 15.  Chakravarty S, Ramana MV 2011. The Hiding Behind the Poor debate: a synthetic overview. See Ref. 182 218–29
  16. 16.  Bidwai P 2012. The Politics of Climate Change and the Global Crisis: Mortgaging Our Future New Delhi: Orient Blackswan
  17. 17.  Bidwai P 2010. An India that can say yes: a climate-responsible development agenda for Copenhagen and beyond—climate & resources. Heinrich Böll Stiftung India March. https://in.boell.org/2010/03/01/india-can-say-yes-climate-responsible-development-agenda-copenhagen-and-beyond-climate
  18. 18.  Dubash NK 2009. Climate politics in India: three narratives. See Ref. 182 197–207
  19. 19.  Roy D 2014. A subaltern view of climate change. Econ. Polit. Wkly. 50:3131–39
    [Google Scholar]
  20. 20.  Fisher S 2015. The emerging geographies of climate justice. Geogr. J. 181:173–82
    [Google Scholar]
  21. 21.  Raghunandan D 2012. India's climate policy: squaring the circle. IDS Bull 43:122–29
    [Google Scholar]
  22. 22.  Sharma S, Chauhan R 2011. Climate change research initiative: Indian network for climate change assessment. Curr. Sci. 101:3308–11
    [Google Scholar]
  23. 23.  Jogesh, Dubash N 2015. State-led experimentation or centrally-motivated replication? A study of state action plans on climate change in India. J. Integr. Environ. Sci. 12:4247–66
    [Google Scholar]
  24. 24.  Lele S 2012. Climate change and the Indian environmental movement. See Ref. 182 208–17
  25. 25.  Kumar KK, Patwardhan SK, Kulkarni A, Kamala K, Rao KK, Jones R 2011. Simulated projections for summer monsoon climate over India by a high-resolution regional climate model (PRECIS). Curr. Sci. 101:3312–26
    [Google Scholar]
  26. 26.  Turner AG, Annamalai H 2012. Climate change and the South Asian summer monsoon. Nat. Clim. Change 2:8587–95
    [Google Scholar]
  27. 27.  Gadgil S, Gadgil S 2006. The Indian monsoon, GDP and agriculture. Econ. Political Wkly. 41:474887–95
    [Google Scholar]
  28. 28.  Goswami BN, Venugopal V, Sengupta D, Madhusoodanan MS, Xavier PK 2006. Increasing trend of extreme rain events over India in a warming environment. Science 314:58041442–45
    [Google Scholar]
  29. 29.  Guhathakurta P, Sreejith OP, Menon PA 2011. Impact of climate change on extreme rainfall events and flood risk in India. J. Earth Syst. Sci. 120:3359–73
    [Google Scholar]
  30. 30.  Dash SK, Jenamani RK, Kalsi SR, Panda SK 2007. Some evidence of climate change in twentieth-century India. Clim. Change 85:3299–321
    [Google Scholar]
  31. 31.  Singh D, Horton DE, Tsiang M, Haugen M, Ashfaq M et al. 2014. Severe precipitation in Northern India in June 2013: causes, historical context, and changes in probability. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 95:9S58
    [Google Scholar]
  32. 32.  Cho C, Li R, Wang S-Y, Yoon J-H, Gillies RR 2016. Anthropogenic footprint of climate change in the June 2013 northern India flood. Clim. Dyn. 46:3–4797–805
    [Google Scholar]
  33. 33.  Raghavan S, Rajesh S 2003. Trends in tropical cyclone impact: a study in Andhra Pradesh, India. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 84:5635–44
    [Google Scholar]
  34. 34.  Srinivasan J, Gadgil S 2002. Asian brown cloud—fact and fantasy. Curr. Sci. 83:5586–92
    [Google Scholar]
  35. 35.  Rao ND, McCollum D, Dubash NK, Khosla R 2015. Development and climate policy synergies: insights from global modelling studies Policy Brief, Cent. Policy Res., Int. Inst. Appl. Syst. Anal. New Delhi: http://cprindia.org/sites/default/files/Policy%20Brief_Development%20and%20Climate%20Policy%20Synergies_CPR%20and%20IIASA.pdf
  36. 36.  Smith KR, Frumkin H, Balakrishnan K, Butler CD, Chafe ZA et al. 2013. Energy and human health. Annu. Rev. Public Health 34:159–88
    [Google Scholar]
  37. 37. Government of India. 2015. India's intended Nationally Determined Contribution: working towards climate justice. Vikaspedia Access. April 26, 2018. http://www4.unfccc.int/ndcregistry/PublishedDocuments/India%20First/INDIA%20INDC%20TO%20UNFCCC.pdf
  38. 38.  Bolch T, Kulkarni A, Kääb A, Huggel C, Paul F et al. 2012. The state and fate of Himalayan glaciers. Science 336:6079310–14
    [Google Scholar]
  39. 39.  Immerzeel WW, van Beek LP, Bierkens MFP 2010. Climate change will affect the Asian water towers. Science 328:59841382–85
    [Google Scholar]
  40. 40.  Immerzeel WW, Pellicciotti F, Bierkens MFP 2013. Rising river flows throughout the twenty-first century in two Himalayan glacierized watersheds. Nat. Geosci. 6:9742–45
    [Google Scholar]
  41. 41. Ind. Netw. Clim. Change Assess. (INCCA). 2010. Climate change and India: a 4x4 assessment. A sectoral and regional analysis Rep. 2 INCCA, Minist. Environ. For., Gov India: http://www.moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/fin-rpt-incca.pdf
  42. 42.  Soora NK, Aggarwal PK, Saxena R, Rani S, Jain S, Chauhan N 2013. An assessment of regional vulnerability of rice to climate change in India. Clim. Change 118:3–4683–99
    [Google Scholar]
  43. 43.  Birthal PS, Khan T, Negi DS, Agarwal S 2014. Impact of climate change on yields of major food crops in India: implications for food security. Agric. Econ. Res. Rev. 27:2145–55
    [Google Scholar]
  44. 44.  Unnikrishnan AS, Shankar D 2007. Are sea-level-rise trends along the coasts of the north Indian Ocean consistent with global estimates?. Glob. Planet. Change 57:3301–7
    [Google Scholar]
  45. 45.  Moors E, Singh T, Siderius C, Balakrishnan S, Mishra A 2013. Climate change and waterborne diarrhoea in northern India: impacts and adaptation strategies. Sci. Total Environ. 468–69:S139–51
    [Google Scholar]
  46. 46.  Dhiman RC, Pahwa S, Dhillon GPS, Dash AP 2010. Climate change and threat of vector-borne diseases in India: Are we prepared?. Parasitol. Res. 106:4763–73
    [Google Scholar]
  47. 47.  Lele S, Srinivasan V, Thomas BK, Jamwal P 2018. Adapting to climate change in rapidly urbanizing river basins: insights from a multiple-concerns, multiple-stressors, and multi-level approach. Water Int 43:281–304
    [Google Scholar]
  48. 48.  O'Brien K, Leichenko R, Kelkar U, Venema H, Aandahl G et al. 2004. Mapping vulnerability to multiple stressors: climate change and globalization in India. Glob. Environ. Change 14:4303–13
    [Google Scholar]
  49. 49.  Varma N, Kelkar U, Bhardwaj S, Singh P, Mishra A 2014. Climate change, disasters and development: testing the waters for adaptive governance in India. Vision 18:4327–38
    [Google Scholar]
  50. 50.  Kelkar U, Narula KK, Sharma VP, Chandna U 2008. Vulnerability and adaptation to climate variability and water stress in Uttarakhand State, India. Glob. Environ. Change 18:4564–74
    [Google Scholar]
  51. 51.  Bhave AG, Mishra A, Raghuwanshi NS 2014. A combined bottom-up and top-down approach for assessment of climate change adaptation options. J. Hydrol. 518:150–61
    [Google Scholar]
  52. 52.  Kandlikar M, Sagar A 1999. Climate change research and analysis in Indian integrated assessment of a South–North divide. Glob. Environ. Change 9:2119–38
    [Google Scholar]
  53. 53.  Raghunandan D 2012. India's official position: a critical view based on science. See Ref. 182 170–79
  54. 54.  Swapna P, Roxy MK, Aparna K, Kulkarni K, Prajeesh AG et al. 2015. The IITM earth system model: transformation of a seasonal prediction model to a long-term climate model. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 96:81351–67
    [Google Scholar]
  55. 55.  Ramachandran R 2012. India in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. See Ref. 182 63–78
  56. 56.  Moors EJ, Groot A, Biemans H, van Scheltinga CT, Siderius C et al. 2011. Adaptation to changing water resources in the Ganges basin, northern India. Environ. Sci. Policy 14:7758–69
    [Google Scholar]
  57. 57.  Sud R, Mishra A, Varma N, Bhadwal S 2015. Adaptation policy and practice in densely populated glacier-fed river basins of South Asia: a systematic review. Reg. Environ. Change 15:5825–36
    [Google Scholar]
  58. 58.  Knowlton K, Kulkarni SP, Azhar GS, Mavalankar D, Jaiswal A et al. 2014. Development and implementation of South Asia's first heat-health action plan in Ahmedabad (Gujarat, India). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 11:43473–92
    [Google Scholar]
  59. 59.  Beermann J, Damodaran A, Jörgensen K, Schreurs MA 2016. Climate action in Indian cities: an emerging new research area. J. Integr. Environ. Sci. 13:155–66
    [Google Scholar]
  60. 60.  Kumar P, Geneletti D 2015. How are climate change concerns addressed by spatial plans? An evaluation framework, and an application to Indian cities. Land Use Policy 42:210–26
    [Google Scholar]
  61. 61.  Tyler S, Moench M 2012. A framework for urban climate resilience. Clim. Dev. 4:4311–26
    [Google Scholar]
  62. 62.  Mall RK, Singh R, Gupta A, Srinivasan G, Rathore LS 2006. Impact of climate change on Indian agriculture: a review. Clim. Change 78:2–4445–78
    [Google Scholar]
  63. 63.  Shankar KR, Nagasree K, Nirmala G, Prasad MS, Venkateswarlu B, Rao CS 2015. Climate change and agricultural adaptation in South Asia. Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation W Leal Filho 1657–71 Berlin: Springer
    [Google Scholar]
  64. 64. International Energy Agency (IEA). 2015. India Energy Outlook Paris: Org. Econ. Co-op. Dev. (OECD), IEA
  65. 65. Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry (FICCI), Ernst & Young. 2015. Reaping India's Promised Demographic Dividend: Industry in the Driving Seat New Delhi: FICCI, Ernst & Young
  66. 66. Planning Commission. 2006. Integrated Energy Policy: Report of the Expert Committee New Delhi: Planning Comm., Gov. Ind. http://planningcommission.gov.in/reports/genrep/rep_intengy.pdf (Access. 26 April 2018)
  67. 67.  Dubash NK 2011. From norm taker to norm maker? Indian energy governance in global context. Glob. Policy 2:s166–79
    [Google Scholar]
  68. 68. Prime Minister's Council on Climate Change. 2012. National Action Plan on Climate Change New Delhi: Gov. India
  69. 69. Planning Commission. 2014. The Final Report of the Expert Group on Low Carbon Strategies for Inclusive Growth New Delhi: Gov. India
  70. 70.  Ghosh S, Kanjilal K 2014. Long-term equilibrium relationship between urbanization, energy consumption and economic activity: empirical evidence from India. Energy 66:324–31
    [Google Scholar]
  71. 71. World Bank. 2014. Energy intensive sectors of the Indian economy: path to low carbon development Rep. 54607-IN World Bank Wash., DC:
  72. 72. WWF-India, TERI. 2013. The Energy Report - India: 100% Renewable Energy by 2050 New Delhi: WWF-India
  73. 73.  Byravan S, Ali MS, Ananthakumar MR, Goyal N, Kanudia A et al. 2017. Quality of life for all: a sustainable development framework for India's climate policy. Energy Sustain. Dev. 39:48–58
    [Google Scholar]
  74. 74. NITI Aayog, Government of India. 2015. India Energy Security Scenarios 2047, Version 2.0. India Energy Portal NITI Aayog. http://indiaenergy.gov.in/. (Access. 26 April 2018)
  75. 75.  Saxena A, Gopal I, Ramanathan K, Jayakumar M, Prasad N et al. 2017. Transitions in Indian Electricity Sector 2017–2030 New Delhi: Energy Res. Inst.
  76. 76.  Shukla PR, Dhar S, Pathak M, Mahadevia D, Garg A 2015. Pathways to Deep Decarbonization in India Ahmedabad, Ind.: Sustain. Dev. Solut., Inst. Sustain. Dev. Int. Relat http://deepdecarbonization.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/DDPP_IND.pdf
  77. 77.  Shukla PR, Garg A, Dholakia HH 2015. Energy-Emissions Trends and Policy Landscape for India New Delhi: Allied Pub.
  78. 78. National Council for Applied Economic Research (NCAER). 2009. Climate change impact on the Indian economy—a CGE modelling approach Rep., NCAER New Delhi:
  79. 79.  Gambhir A, Napp TA, Emmott CJM, Anandarajah G 2014. India's CO2 emissions pathways to 2050: energy system, economic and fossil fuel impacts with and without carbon permit trading. Energy 77:791–801
    [Google Scholar]
  80. 80.  Tavoni M, Kriegler E, Riahi K, van Vuuren DP, Aboumahboub T et al. 2015. Post-2020 climate agreements in the major economies assessed in the light of global models. Nat. Clim. Change 5:2119–26
    [Google Scholar]
  81. 81.  Hof AF, Kumar A, Deetman S, Ghosh S, van Vuuren DP 2015. Disentangling the ranges: climate policy scenarios for China and India. Reg. Environ. Change 15:61025–33
    [Google Scholar]
  82. 82. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2017. The Emissions Gap Report 2017: A UNEP Synthesis Report Nairobi: UNEP
  83. 83.  O'Neill BC, Ren X, Jiang L, Dalton M 2012. The effect of urbanization on energy use in India and China in the iPETS model. Energy Econ 34:S339–45
    [Google Scholar]
  84. 84.  Shearer C, Fofrich R, Davis SJ 2017. Future CO2 emissions and electricity generation from proposed coal-fired power plants in India. Earths Future 5:408–16
    [Google Scholar]
  85. 85.  Dubash NK, Khosla R, Rao ND, Bhardwaj A 2017. India's energy and emissions future: a synthesis of recent scenarios Work. Pap. Init. Clim., Energy Environ., Cent. Policy Res. New Delhi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3034092
    [Crossref]
  86. 86. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE). 2015. Year-end review Press Inf. Bur., Gov. India New Delhi: http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=174832
  87. 87.  Dubash NK, Khosla R 2015. Neither brake nor accelerator: assessing India's climate contribution. Econ. Polit. Wkly. 50:4210–14
    [Google Scholar]
  88. 88. CERC. 2010. Petition No.53/2010 Suo Motu RE Tariff Order FY2010–11 New Delhi: Cent. Electr. Regul. Comm http://www.cercind.gov.in/2010/ORDER/April10/Final_RE_Tariff_Order_FY2010-11(53-2010_Suo-motu).pdf
  89. 89.  Das N, Gambhir A, Sarode J, Dixit S 2017. India's Journey Towards 175 GW Renewables by 2022—A July 2017 Update Prune, India: Prayas, Energy Gr. http://www.prayaspune.org/peg/publications/item/356-india-s-journey-towards-175-gw-renewables-by-2022-version-2-0.html
  90. 90.  Chawla K, Aggarwal M 2016. Anatomy of a Solar Tariff New Delhi: Counc. Energy, Environ. Water
  91. 91.  Buckley T, Shah K 2017. India's Electricity Sector Transformation Cleveland: Inst. Energy Econ. Financ. Analysis
  92. 92. Bridge to India. 2017. India Solar Handbook 2017 New Delhi: Bridge India Energy
  93. 93.  Jaiswal S, Jain A, Orlandi I, Sethia A 2017. Accelerating India's Clean Energy Transition London: Bloomberg New Energy Finance
  94. 94. Confederation of Indian Industry. 2017. State Renewable Energy Policies: A Comparative Study Special Focus on Northern States of India Chandigarh, India: Confed. Indian Ind.
  95. 95. Central Electricity Authority (CEA). 2016. Draft National Electricity Plan Volume 1 Generation New Delhi: CEA
  96. 96. Coal India, Ltd. 2017. Tender document for selection of consultant for formulation of document on “Vision 2030 for Coal Sector.” Doc. CIL/CP/Vision 2030/001 Coal India Kolkata, India:
  97. 97.  Sehgal A, Tongia R 2016. Coal Requirement in 2020: A Bottom-up Analysis Res. Pap. 072016–2 Brookings India New Delhi:
  98. 98.  Sharda J, Buckley T 2016. India's Questionable Ultra Mega Power Plans: Viability Issues Continue to Complicate New Coal-Fired Projects Cleveland, OH: Inst. Energy Econ. Financ. Analysis
  99. 99. Central Electricity Authority (CEA). 2017. Report on Nineteenth Electric Power Survey of India: Volume 1 New Delhi: CEA, Min. Power, Gov. India
  100. 100.  Josey A, Mandal M, Dixit S 2017. The Price of Plenty: Insights from “Surplus” Power in Indian States New Delhi: Prayas
  101. 101. Central Electricity Authority (CEA). 2016. Load Generation Balance Report 2016–17 New Delhi: CEA, Ministry Power, Gov. India
  102. 102.  van Breevoort P, Kornelis Blok K, Hagemann M, Fekete H, Niklas Höhne N et al. 2015. The Coal Gap: planned coal-fired power plants inconsistent with 2C and threaten achievement of INDCs Brief. Pap. Ecofys., Clim. Action Tracker Berlin:
  103. 103.  Höhne N, Luna L, Fekete H, Sterl S, Hare B et al. 2017. Action by China and India slows emissions growth, President Trump's policies likely to cause US emissions to flatten Brief. Pap. Ecofys. Clim. Action Tracker Berlin:
  104. 104.  Rao ND, McCollum D, Dubash NK, Khosla R 2015. Development and Climate Policy Strategies: Insights from Global Modelling Studies New Delhi: Cent. Policy Res.
  105. 105.  Khosla R, Dukkipati S, Dubash NK, Sreenivas A, Cohen B 2015. Towards methodologies for multiple objective-based energy and climate policy. Econ. Polit. Wkly. 50:4949–59
    [Google Scholar]
  106. 106.  Agarwal P, Radhakrishnan A 2014. Green Growth Strategy for Karnataka Rep. Glob. Green Growth Inst., Seoul, S Korea: http://gggi.org/site/assets/uploads/2017/11/2014-12-Green-Growth-Strategy-for-Karnataka.pdf
  107. 107.  Puppim de Oliveira JA, Doll CNH, Kurniawan TA, Geng Y, Kapshe M, Huisingh D 2013. Promoting win-win situations in climate change mitigation, local environmental quality and development in Asian cities through co-benefits. J. Clean. Prod. 58:1–6
    [Google Scholar]
  108. 108.  Colenbrander S, Gouldson A, Roy J, Kerr N, Sarkar S et al. 2016. Can low-carbon urban development be pro-poor? The case of Kolkata, India. Environ. Urban. 29:135–58
    [Google Scholar]
  109. 109.  Govindarajulu D 2014. Urban green space planning for climate adaptation in Indian cities. Urban Clim 10:35–41
    [Google Scholar]
  110. 110.  Dhar S, Shukla PR 2015. Low carbon scenarios for transport in India: co-benefits analysis. Energy Policy 81:186–98
    [Google Scholar]
  111. 111.  Ahmad S, Pachauri S, Creutzig F 2017. Synergies and trade-offs between energy-efficient urbanization and health. Environ. Res. Lett. 12:114017
    [Google Scholar]
  112. 112.  Venkataraman C, Sagar AD, Habib G, Lam N, Smith KR 2010. The Indian National Initiative for Advanced Biomass Cookstoves: the benefits of clean combustion. Energy Sustain. Dev. 14:263–72
    [Google Scholar]
  113. 113.  Singh D, Pachauri S, Zerriffi H 2017. Environmental payoffs of LPG cooking in India. Environ. Res. Lett. 12:115003
    [Google Scholar]
  114. 114.  Kattumuri R, Kruse T 2017. Renewable technologies in Karnataka, India: jobs potential and co-benefits. Clim. Dev. 9: https://doi: 10.1080/17565529.2017.1410085
    [Google Scholar]
  115. 115.  Ravindranath NH, Sita Lakshmi C, Manuvie R, Balachandra P 2011. Biofuel production and implications for land use, food production and environment in India. Energy Policy 39:105737–45
    [Google Scholar]
  116. 116.  Findlater KM, Kandlikar M 2011. Land use and second-generation biofuel feedstocks: the unconsidered impacts of Jatropha biodiesel in Rajasthan, India. Energy Policy 39:63404–13
    [Google Scholar]
  117. 117. Centre for Science and Environment. 2015. The State of our Power Plants New Delhi: Cent. Sci. Environ.
  118. 118.  Ravi S, Macknick J, Lobell DB, Field CB, Ganesan K et al. 2014. Co-location opportunities for renewable energy and agriculture in Northwestern India: tradeoffs and synergies. AGU Fall Meet. Abstr. GC24A-07 (Abstr.)
  119. 119.  Locatelli B, Pavageau C, Pramova E, Di Gregorio M 2015. Integrating climate change mitigation and adaptation in agriculture and forestry: opportunities and trade-offs. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Clim. Change 6:6585–98
    [Google Scholar]
  120. 120.  Rasul G, Sharma B 2016. The nexus approach to water-energy-food security: an option for adaptation to climate change. Clim. Policy 16:6682–702
    [Google Scholar]
  121. 121.  von Stechow C, McCollum D, Riahi K, Minx JC, Kriegler E et al. 2015. Integrating global climate change mitigation goals with other sustainability objectives: a synthesis. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 40:1363–94
    [Google Scholar]
  122. 122. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2011. A Practical Framework for Planning Pro-Development Climate Policy Nairobi: UNEP
  123. 123.  Ravindranath N, Somashekhar B, Gadgil M 1997. Carbon flow in Indian forests. Clim. Change 35:3297–320
    [Google Scholar]
  124. 124. Indian Network for Climate Change Assessment (INCCA). 2010. India: Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2007 New Delhi: INCCA
  125. 125. Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MOEFCC). 2012. India: Second National Communication to the UNFCCC New Delhi: MOEFCC
  126. 126. Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MOEFCC). 2015. India: First Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change New Delhi: MOEFCC
  127. 127.  Singh A, Unnikrishnan S, Naik N, Duvvuri K 2013. Role of India's forests in climate change mitigation through the CDM and REDD+. J. Environ. Plan. Manag. 56:161–87
    [Google Scholar]
  128. 128. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). 2008. Report of the Conference of the Parties on its thirteenth session, held in Bali from 3 to 15 December 2007: decisions adopted by the Conference of the Parties Rep. FCCC/CP/2007/6/Add.1 UNFCC New York:
  129. 129.  Vijge MJ, Gupta A 2014. Framing REDD+ in India: carbonizing and centralizing Indian forest governance?. Environ. Sci. Policy 38:17–27
    [Google Scholar]
  130. 130. Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MOEFCC). 2010. India's Forests and REDD+ New Delhi: MOEFCC
  131. 131. Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MOEFCC). 2014. Reference Document for REDD+ in India New Delhi: MOEFCC
  132. 132.  Aggarwal A, Das S, Paul V 2009. Is India Ready to Implement REDD Plus? A Preliminary Assessment New Delhi: Energy Res. Inst.
  133. 133.  Singh SP, Tewari A, Phartiyal P 2011. Community carbon forestry to counter forest degradation in the Indian Himalayas. Community Forest Monitoring for Carbon Market, Opportunities Under REDD M Skutsch 118–33 London: Earthscan
    [Google Scholar]
  134. 134.  Poffenberger M 2015. Restoring and conserving Khasi forests: a community-based REDD strategy from Northeast India. Forests 6:124477–94
    [Google Scholar]
  135. 135.  Kashwan P 2015. Forest policy, institutions, and REDD+ in India, Tanzania, and Mexico. Glob. Environ. Polit. 15:395–117
    [Google Scholar]
  136. 136. Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MOEFCC). 2015. India's Intended Nationally Determined Contribution: Working Towards Climate Justice New Delhi: MOEFCC
  137. 137.  Lahiri S 2015. What India's INDC does not tell you about its forests. Global Forest Coalition Dec. 1. http://globalforestcoalition.org/indias-indc-not-tell-forests/
  138. 138.  Pulla P 2015. Can India keep its promises?. Science 350:62641024–27
    [Google Scholar]
  139. 139.  Kohli K, Menon M 2015. Growing forests in the air. The Hindu Oct. 26
  140. 140.  Sheikh MA, Kumar M, Bussman RW, Todaria NP 2011. Forest carbon stocks and fluxes in physiographic zones of India. Carbon Balance Manag 6:11–10
    [Google Scholar]
  141. 141.  Reddy CS, Rakesh F, Jha CS, Athira K, Singh S et al. 2016. Geospatial assessment of long-term changes in carbon stocks and fluxes in forests of India (1930–2013). Glob. Planet. Change 143:Suppl. C50–65
    [Google Scholar]
  142. 142.  Lele S, Kurien A 2011. Interdisciplinary analysis of the environment: insights from tropical forest research. Environ. Conserv. 38:211–33
    [Google Scholar]
  143. 143.  Hall JM, Van Holt T, Daniels AE, Balthazar V, Lambin EF 2012. Trade-offs between tree cover, carbon storage and floristic biodiversity in reforesting landscapes. Landsc. Ecol. 27:81135–47
    [Google Scholar]
  144. 144.  Lele S, Patil I, Badiger S, Menon A, Kumar R 2011. Forests, hydrological services, and agricultural income: a case study from Mysore district of the Western Ghats of India. Environmental Valuation in South Asia AKE Haque, MN Murty, P Shyamsundar 141–69 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  145. 145.  Lele S, Srinivasan V 2013. Disaggregated economic impact analysis incorporating ecological and social trade-offs and techno-institutional context: a case from the Western Ghats of India. Ecol. Econ. 91:98–112
    [Google Scholar]
  146. 146.  Davidar P, Sahoo S, Mammen PC, Acharya P, Puyravaud J-P et al. 2010. Assessing the extent and causes of forest degradation in India: Where do we stand?. Biol. Conserv. 143:122937–44
    [Google Scholar]
  147. 147.  Lele S, Menon A 2014. Democratizing Forest Governance in India New Delhi: Oxford Univ. Press
  148. 148. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Division. 2008. Mid-term evaluation of the National Afforestation Programme (NAP) schemes implemented through Forest Development Agencies (FDAs) Rep. Nat. Affor. Ecodev. Board, MOEFCC New Delhi: http://www.envfor.nic.in/naeb/mte_appendix-I.htm
  149. 149. Community Forest Rights-Learning and Advocacy (CFR-LA). 2016. Promise and performance: ten years of the forest rights act in India Rep., CFR-LA. http://www.atree.org/sites/default/files/reports/Promise_and_Performance_Report.pdf
  150. 150.  Sud R, Sharma JV, Bansal AK 2012. International REDD+ Architecture and Its Relevance for India New Delhi: Ministry Environ. Forests Gov. India, TERI
  151. 151.  Lele S 2017. Forest governance: From co-option and conflict to multilayered governance?. Econ. Polit. Wkly. 52:25–2655–58
    [Google Scholar]
  152. 152.  Grassi G, House J, Dentener F, Federici S, den Elzen M, Penman J 2017. The key role of forests in meeting climate targets requires science for credible mitigation. Nat. Clim. Change 7:3220–26
    [Google Scholar]
  153. 153.  Vihma A 2011. India and the global climate governance: between principles and pragmatism. J. Environ. Dev. 20:169–94
    [Google Scholar]
  154. 154.  Prabhu S 2012. Climate change and parliament. See Ref. 182 230–45
  155. 155.  Billett S 2010. Dividing climate change: global warming in the Indian mass media. Clim. Change 99:1–21–16
    [Google Scholar]
  156. 156.  Jogesh A 2012. A change in climate? Trends in climate change reportage in the Indian print media. See Ref. 182 266–86
  157. 157.  Boykoff M 2010. Indian media representations of climate change in a threatened journalistic ecosystem. Clim. Change 99:1–217–25
    [Google Scholar]
  158. 158.  Joshi S 2013. Understanding India's representation of North-South climate politics. Glob. Environ. Polit. 13:2128–47
    [Google Scholar]
  159. 159.  Atteridge A, Shrivastava MK, Pahuja N, Upadhyay H 2012. Climate policy in India: What shapes international, national and state policy?. Ambio 41:68–77
    [Google Scholar]
  160. 160.  Rajan MG 1997. Global Environmental Politics: India and the North-South Politics of Global Environmental Issues New Delhi: Oxford Univ. Press
  161. 161.  Jakobsen S 1998. India's position on climate change from Rio to Kyoto: a policy analysis Work. Pap. 98.11 Cent. Dev. Res, Cph. Den: http://www.worldcat.org/title/indias-position-on-climate-change-from-rio-to-kyoto-a-policy-analysis/oclc/245748225
  162. 162.  Michaelowa K, Michaelowa A 2012. India as an emerging power in international climate negotiations. Clim. Policy 12:5575–90
    [Google Scholar]
  163. 163.  Saran S, Jones A 2016. India's Climate Change Identity: Between Reality and Perception New Delhi: Springer
  164. 164.  Hochstetler K, Viola E 2012. Brazil and the politics of climate change: beyond the global commons. Environ. Polit. 21:753–71
    [Google Scholar]
  165. 165.  Rajamani L 2017. India's approach to international law in the climate change regime. Indian J. Int. Law. 57:1–23
    [Google Scholar]
  166. 166.  Bodansky D, Brunnee J, Rajamani L 2017. International Climate Change Law Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
  167. 167.  Dubash NK 2017. Safeguarding development and limiting vulnerability: India's stakes in the Paris Agreement. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Clim. Change 8:2e444
    [Google Scholar]
  168. 168.  Jayaraman T, Kanitkar T 2016. The Paris Agreement. Econ. Polit. Wkly. 51:310–13
    [Google Scholar]
  169. 169.  Narain S 2015. Paris—the endgame for climate justice. Business Standard Dec. 20. http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/sunita-narain-paris-the-endgame-for-climate-justice-115122000640_1.html
  170. 170.  Sethi N 2016. Beyond the spin, here are India's gains and losses at the Montreal Protocol Negotiations. The Wire Oct. 16
  171. 171.  Bhushan C 2016. Climate change: India pulled off a coup at Kigali; here's how. Financial Express Oct. 21
  172. 172.  Dubash NK 2009. Environmentalism in the age of climate change. India Seminar Sept. http://www.india-seminar.com/2009/601/601_navroz_k_dubash.htm
  173. 173.  Dubash NK, Joseph N 2016. Evolution of institutions for climate policy in India. Econ. Polit. Wkly. LI:344–54
    [Google Scholar]
  174. 174.  Byravan S, Rajan SC 2013. An evaluation of India's national action plan on climate change SSRN Work. Pap. 2195819SSRN. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2195819
  175. 175.  Dubash NK, Jogesh A 2014. From margins to mainstream? State climate planning in India. Econ. Polit. Wkly. 44:4886–95
    [Google Scholar]
  176. 176.  Aggarwal RM 2013. Strategic bundling of development policies with adaptation: an examination of Delhi's Climate Change Action Plan. Int. J. Urban Reg. Res. 37:61902–15
    [Google Scholar]
  177. 177.  Jörgensen K, Mishra A, Sarangi GK 2015. Multi-level climate governance in India: the role of the states in climate action planning and renewable energies. J. Integr. Environ. Sci. 12:4267–83
    [Google Scholar]
  178. 178.  Khosla R, Sagar A, Mathur A 2017. Deploying low-carbon technologies in developing countries: a view from India's buildings sector. Environ. Policy Gov. 27:149–62
    [Google Scholar]
  179. 179.  Bahadur AV, Tanner T 2014. Policy climates and climate policies: analysing the politics of building urban climate change resilience. Urban Clim 7:20–32
    [Google Scholar]
  180. 180.  Chu E 2015. The political economy of urban climate adaptation and development planning in Surat, India. Environ. Plan. C 34:2281–98
    [Google Scholar]
  181. 181.  Fisher S 2014. Exploring nascent climate policies in Indian cities: a role for policy mobilities?. Int. J. Urban Sustain. Dev. 6:2154–73
    [Google Scholar]
  182. 182.  Dubash NK 2012. Handbook of Climate Change and India: Development, Politics and Governance New Delhi: Oxford Univ. Press
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-environ-102017-025809
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-environ-102017-025809
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error