1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Environment and Resources
  4. Volume 44, 2019
  5. Article

Annual Review of Environment and Resources

Volume 44, 2019

Social Synergies, Tradeoffs, and Equity in Marine Conservation Impacts

Abstract

Biodiversity conservation interventions often aim to benefit both nature and people; however, the social impacts of these interventions remain poorly understood. We reviewed recent literature on the social impacts of four marine conservation interventions to understand the synergies, tradeoffs, and equity (STE) of these impacts, focusing on the direction, magnitude, and distribution of impacts across domains of human wellbeing and across spatial, temporal, and social scales. STE literature has increased dramatically since 2000, particularly for marine protected areas (MPAs), but remains limited. Few studies use rigorous counterfactual study designs, and significant research gaps remain regarding specific wellbeing domains (culture, education), social groups (gender, age, ethnic groups), and impacts over time. Practitioners and researchers should recognize the role of shifting property rights, power asymmetries, individual capabilities, and resource dependency in shaping STE in conservation outcomes, and utilize multi-consequential frameworks to support the wellbeing of vulnerable and marginalized groups.

Keyword(s): biodiversity conservation, equity, marine conservation, social impacts, synergies, tradeoffs
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-environ-110718-032344
2019-10-17
2024-04-18
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/energy/44/1/annurev-environ-110718-032344.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-environ-110718-032344&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. 1. 
    UN General Assembly 2015. Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development Resolut. A/RES/70/1 Gen. Assem., 70th Sess. New York: Oct. 21. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_70_1_E.pdf
  2. 2. 
    Blackman A, Rivera J. 2011. Producer-level benefits of sustainability certification. Conserv. Biol. 25:61176–85
     [Google Scholar]
  3. 3. 
    UN Environ. Progr.–World Conserv. Monit. Cent. (UNEP-WCMC), Int. Union Conserv. Nat. (IUCN) 2016. Protected Planet Report 2016 Nairobi: UNEP https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/protected-planet-report-2016
  4. 4. 
    Wunder S. 2007. The efficiency of payments for environmental services in tropical conservation. Conserv. Biol. 21:148–58
     [Google Scholar]
  5. 5. 
    Bowler DE, Buyung-Ali LM, Healey JR, Jones JPG, Knight TM, Pullin AS 2012. Does community forest management provide global environmental benefits and improve local welfare. ? Front. Ecol. Environ. 10:129–36
     [Google Scholar]
  6. 6. 
    Ponte S. 2012. The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) and the making of a market for “sustainable fish.”. J. Agrar. Change 12:2–3300–15
     [Google Scholar]
  7. 7. 
    UN Environ. Progr.–World Conserv. Monit. Cent. (UNEP-WCMC), Int. Union Conserv. Nat. (IUCN), Nat. Geogr. Soc. (NGS) 2018. Protected Planet Report 2018 Nairobi: UNEP https://livereport.protectedplanet.net/pdf/Protected_Planet_Report_2018.pdf
  8. 8. 
    Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) 2017. MSC Annual Report 2016–17 London: Mar. Steward. Counc https://www.msc.org/global-impacts/msc-annual-report
  9. 9. 
    Jones PJS, De Santo EM 2016. Viewpoint—Is the race for remote, very large marine protected areas (VLMPAs) taking us down the wrong track. ? Mar. Policy 73:231–34
     [Google Scholar]
  10. 10. 
    Dinerstein E, Vynne C, Sala E, Joshi AR, Fernando S et al. 2019. A global deal for nature: guiding principles, milestones, and targets. Sci. Adv. 5:4eaaw2869
     [Google Scholar]
  11. 11. 
    Campbell LM, Gray NJ. 2018. Area expansion versus effective and equitable management in international marine protected areas goals and targets. Mar. Policy. 100:192–99
     [Google Scholar]
  12. 12. 
    West P, Igoe J, Brockington D 2006. Parks and peoples: the social impact of protected areas. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 35:1251–77
     [Google Scholar]
  13. 13. 
    Fox HE, Mascia MB, Basurto X, Costa A, Glew L et al. 2012. Reexamining the science of marine protected areas: linking knowledge to action. Conserv. Lett. 5:11–10
     [Google Scholar]
  14. 14. 
    Althor G, McKinnon M, Cheng SH, Klein C, Watson J 2016. Does the social equitability of community and incentive based conservation interventions in non-OECD countries affect human well-being? A systematic review protocol. Environ. Evid. 5:11–11
     [Google Scholar]
  15. 15. 
    Christie P. 2004. Marine protected areas as biological successes and social failures in Southeast Asia. Am. Fish. Soc. 42:155–64
     [Google Scholar]
  16. 16. 
    Wells M. 1992. Biodiversity conservation, affluence and poverty: mismatched costs and benefits and efforts to remedy them. Ambio 21:3237–43
     [Google Scholar]
  17. 17. 
    Badalamenti F, Ramos AA, Voultsiadou E, Lizaso AN, Anna GD et al. 2012. Cultural and socio-economic impacts of Mediterranean marine protected areas. Environ. Conserv. 27:2110–25
     [Google Scholar]
  18. 18. 
    Igoe J. 2006. Measuring the costs and benefits of conservation to local communities. J. Ecol. Anthropol. 10:172–77
     [Google Scholar]
  19. 19. 
    Coad L, Campbell A, Miles L, Humphries K 2008. The Costs and Benefits of Forest Protected Areas for Local Livelihoods: A Review of the Current Literature Cambridge, UK: UNEP World Conserv. Monit. Cent.
  20. 20. 
    Green JMH, Fisher B, Green RE, Makero J, Platts PJ et al. 2018. Local costs of conservation exceed those borne by the global majority. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 14:e00385
     [Google Scholar]
  21. 21. 
    Gell FR, Roberts CM. 2003. Benefits beyond boundaries: the fishery effects of marine reserves. Trends Ecol. Evol. 18:9448–55
     [Google Scholar]
  22. 22. 
    Turner WR, Brandon K, Brooks TM, Gascon C, Gibbs HK et al. 2012. Global biodiversity conservation and the alleviation of poverty. Bioscience 62:185–92
     [Google Scholar]
  23. 23. 
    Leisher C, van Buekering P, Scherl LM 2007. Nature's Investment Bank: How Marine Protected Areas Contribute to Poverty Reduction Arlington, VA: The Nature Conservancy
  24. 24. 
    Oldekop JA, Holmes G, Harris WE, Evans KL 2016. A global assessment of the social and conservation outcomes of protected areas. Conserv. Biol. 30:1133–41
     [Google Scholar]
  25. 25. 
    Brooks JS, Waylen KA, Borgerhoff Mulder M 2012. How national context, project design, and local community characteristics influence success in community-based conservation projects. PNAS 109:5221265–70
     [Google Scholar]
  26. 26. 
    Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis Washington, DC: Island Press
  27. 27. 
    McShane TO, Hirsch PD, Trung TC, Songorwa AN, Kinzig A et al. 2011. Hard choices: making trade-offs between biodiversity conservation and human well-being. Biol. Conserv. 144:3966–72
     [Google Scholar]
  28. 28. 
    Russ GR, Alcala AC, Maypa AP, Calumpong HP, White AT 2004. Marine reserve benefits local fisheries. Ecol. Appl. 14:2597–606
     [Google Scholar]
  29. 29. 
    Fabinyi M. 2008. Dive tourism, fishing and marine protected areas in the Calamianes Islands, Philippines. Mar. Policy 32:6898–904
     [Google Scholar]
  30. 30. 
    Persha L, Agrawal A, Chhatre A 2011. Social and ecological synergy: local rulemaking, forest livelihoods, and biodiversity conservation. Science 331:60241606–8
     [Google Scholar]
  31. 31. 
    Bennett NJ, Dearden P. 2014. Why local people do not support conservation: community perceptions of marine protected area livelihood impacts, governance and management in Thailand. Mar. Policy 44:107–16
     [Google Scholar]
  32. 32. 
    Hattam CE, Mangi SC, Gall SC, Rodwell LD 2014. Social impacts of a temperate fisheries closure: understanding stakeholders’ views. Mar. Policy 45:269–78
     [Google Scholar]
  33. 33. 
    Voyer M, Gladstone W, Goodall H 2014. Understanding marine park opposition: the relationship between social impacts, environmental knowledge and motivation to fish. Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 24:4441–62
     [Google Scholar]
  34. 34. 
    Fairhead J, Leach M, Scoones I 2012. Green grabbing: a new appropriation of nature. ? J. Peasant Stud. 39:2237–61
     [Google Scholar]
  35. 35. 
    Lyons K, Westoby P. 2014. Carbon colonialism and the new land grab: plantation forestry in Uganda and its livelihood impacts. J. Rural Stud. 36:13–21
     [Google Scholar]
  36. 36. 
    Mascia MB, Claus CA, Naidoo R 2010. Impacts of marine protected areas on fishing communities. Conserv. Biol. 24:51424–29
     [Google Scholar]
  37. 37. 
    Woodhouse E, Bedelian C, Dawson N, Barnes P 2018. Social impacts of protected areas: exploring evidence of trade-offs and synergies. Ecosystem Services and Poverty Alleviation K Schreckenberg, G Mace, M Poudyal 222–40 London: Routledge
     [Google Scholar]
  38. 38. 
    Leisher C, Samberg LH, van Buekering P, Sanjayan M 2013. Focal areas for measuring the human well-being impacts of a conservation initiative. Sustainability 5:3997–1010
     [Google Scholar]
  39. 39. 
    Bunce L, Townsley P, Pomeroy RS, Pollnac RB 2000. Socioeconomic Manual for Coral Reef Management Glob. Coral Reef Monit. Netw., Int. Coral Reef Init https://www.iucn.org/es/content/socioeconomic-manual-coral-reef-management
  40. 40. 
    Breslow SJ, Sojka B, Barnea R, Basurto X, Carothers C et al. 2016. Conceptualizing and operationalizing human wellbeing for ecosystem assessment and management. Environ. Sci. Policy 66:250–59
     [Google Scholar]
  41. 41. 
    Woodhouse E, Homewood KM, Beauchamp E, Clements T, McCabe JT et al. 2015. Guiding principles for evaluating the impacts of conservation interventions on human well-being. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 370: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0103
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  42. 42. 
    Biedenweg K, Stiles K, Wellman K 2016. A holistic framework for identifying human wellbeing indicators for marine policy. Mar. Policy 64:31–37
     [Google Scholar]
  43. 43. 
    Schreckenberg K, Camargo I, Withnall K, Corrigan C, Franks P et al. 2010. Social Assessment of Conservation Initiatives: A Review of Rapid Methodologies London: Int. Inst. Environ. Dev https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/14589IIED.pdf
  44. 44. 
    McKinnon MC, Cheng SH, Dupre S, Edmond J, Garside R et al. 2016. What are the effects of nature conservation on human well-being? A systematic map of empirical evidence from developing countries. Environ. Evid. 5:18
     [Google Scholar]
  45. 45. 
    Holmes G, Cavanagh CJ. 2016. A review of the social impacts of neoliberal conservation: formations, inequalities, contestations. Geoforum 75:199–209
     [Google Scholar]
  46. 46. 
    Mizrahi M, Diedrich A, Weeks R, Pressey RL 2018. A systematic review of the socioeconomic factors that influence how marine protected areas impact on ecosystems and livelihoods. Soc. Nat. Resour. 32:14–20
     [Google Scholar]
  47. 47. 
    Jones N, McGinlay J, Dimitrakopoulos PG 2017. Improving social impact assessment of protected areas: a review of the literature and directions for future research. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 64:1–7
     [Google Scholar]
  48. 48. 
    de Lange E, Woodhouse E, Milner-Gulland EJ 2016. Approaches used to evaluate the social impacts of protected areas. Conserv. Lett. 9:5327–33
     [Google Scholar]
  49. 49. 
    Pullin AS, Bangpan M, Dalrymple S, Dickson K, Haddaway NR et al. 2013. Human well-being impacts of terrestrial protected areas. Environ. Evid. 2:11–41
     [Google Scholar]
  50. 50. 
    McDermott M, Mahanty S, Schreckenberg K 2013. Examining equity: a multidimensional framework for assessing equity in payments for ecosystem services. Environ. Sci. Policy 33:416–27
     [Google Scholar]
  51. 51. 
    Breslow SJ, Allen M, Holstein D, Sojka B, Barnea R et al. 2017. Evaluating indicators of human well-being for ecosystem-based management. Ecosyst. Heal. Sustain. 3:121–18
     [Google Scholar]
  52. 52. 
    Agrawal A, Chhatre A. 2011. Against mono-consequentialism: multiple outcomes and their drivers in social-ecological systems. Glob. Environ. Change 21:11–3
     [Google Scholar]
  53. 53. 
    Agrawal A, Redford K. 2006. Poverty, development, and biodiversity conservation: shooting in the dark? Work. Pap. 26 Wildlife Conserv. Soc. New York:
  54. 54. 
    Bennett N, Teh L, Ota Y, Christie P, Ayers A et al. 2017. An appeal for a code of conduct for marine conservation. Mar. Policy 81:411–18
     [Google Scholar]
  55. 55. 
    Dawson N, Martin A, Danielsen F 2018. Assessing equity in protected area governance: approaches to promote just and effective conservation. Conserv. Lett. 11:21–8
     [Google Scholar]
  56. 56. 
    Hirsch PD, Brosius JP, O'Conner S, Zia A, Welch-Devine M et al. 2013. Navigating complex trade-offs in conservation and development: an integrative framework. Issues Interdiscip. Stud. 122:3199–122
     [Google Scholar]
  57. 57. 
    Howe C, Suich H, Vira B, Mace GM 2014. Creating win-wins from trade-offs? Ecosystem services for human well-being: a meta-analysis of ecosystem service trade-offs and synergies in the real world. Glob. Environ. Change 28:1263–75
     [Google Scholar]
  58. 58. 
    McKinnon MC, Cheng SH, Garside R, Masuda YJ, Miller DC 2015. Map the evidence. Nature 528:185–87
     [Google Scholar]
  59. 59. 
    O'Brien KL, Leichenko RM. 2003. Winners and losers in the context of global change. Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 93:189–103
     [Google Scholar]
  60. 60. 
    Adams WM, Aveling R, Brockington D, Dickson B, Elliott J et al. 2004. Biodiversity conservation and the eradication of poverty. Science 306:56991146–49
     [Google Scholar]
  61. 61. 
    Andam KS, Ferraro PJ, Sims KRE, Healy A, Holland MB 2010. Protected areas reduced poverty in Costa Rica and Thailand. PNAS 107:229996–10001
     [Google Scholar]
  62. 62. 
    Pascual U, Phelps J, Garmendia E, Brown K, Corbera E et al. 2014. Social equity matters in payments for ecosystem services. Bioscience 64:111027–36
     [Google Scholar]
  63. 63. 
    Friedman RS, Law EA, Bennett NJ, Ives CD, Thorn JPR, Wilson KA 2018. How just and just how? A systematic review of social equity in conservation research. Environ. Res. Lett. 13:5053001
     [Google Scholar]
  64. 64. 
    Daw T, Brown K, Rosendo S, Pomeroy R 2011. Applying the ecosystem services concept to poverty alleviation: the need to disaggregate human well-being. Environ. Conserv. 38:4370–79
     [Google Scholar]
  65. 65. 
    Gjertsen H. 2005. Can habitat protection lead to improvements in human well-being? Evidence from marine protected areas in the Philippines. World Dev 33:2199–217
     [Google Scholar]
  66. 66. 
    Oracion EG, Miller ML, Christie P 2005. Marine protected areas for whom? Fisheries, tourism, and solidarity in a Philippine community. Ocean Coast. Manag. 482005:393–410
     [Google Scholar]
  67. 67. 
    Miller BW, Caplow SC, Leslie PW 2012. Feedbacks between conservation and social-ecological systems. Conserv. Biol. 26:2218–27
     [Google Scholar]
  68. 68. 
    Klein C, McKinnon MC, Wright BT, Possingham HP, Halpern BS 2015. Social equity and the probability of success of biodiversity conservation. Glob. Environ. Change 352015:299–306
     [Google Scholar]
  69. 69. 
    Bennett NJ. 2016. Using perceptions as evidence to improve conservation and environmental management. Conserv. Biol. 30:3582–92
     [Google Scholar]
  70. 70. 
    López-Angarita J, Tilley A, Díaz JM, Hawkins JP, Cagua EF, Roberts CM 2018. Winners and losers in area-based management of a small-scale fishery in the Colombian Pacific. Front. Mar. Sci. 5:1–12
     [Google Scholar]
  71. 71. 
    Cinner JE, Daw T, Huchery C, Thoya P, Wamukota A et al. 2014. Winners and losers in marine conservation: fishers’ displacement and livelihood benefits from marine reserves. Soc. Nat. Resour. 27:9994–1005
     [Google Scholar]
  72. 72. 
    Mascia MB, Fox HE, Glew L, Ahmadia GN, Agrawal A et al. 2017. A novel framework for analyzing conservation impacts: evaluation, theory, and marine protected areas. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1399:193–115
     [Google Scholar]
  73. 73. 
    Kaplan-Hallam M, Bennett NJ. 2018. Adaptive social impact management for conservation and environmental management. Conserv. Biol. 32:304–14
     [Google Scholar]
  74. 74. 
    Gurney GG, Pressey RL, Cinner JE, Pollnac R, Campbell SJ 2015. Integrated conservation and development: evaluating a community-based marine protected area project for equality of socioeconomic impacts. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 370:1681 https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rstb.2014.0277
    [Google Scholar]
  75. 75. 
    Daw TM, Hicks CC, Brown K, Chaigneau T, Januchowski-Hartley FA et al. 2016. Elasticity in ecosystem services: exploring the variable relationship between ecosystems and human well-being. Ecol. Soc. 21:21–32
     [Google Scholar]
  76. 76. 
    Coulthard S, Johnson D, McGregor JA 2011. Poverty, sustainability and human wellbeing: a social wellbeing approach to the global fisheries crisis. Glob. Environ. Change 21:2453–63
     [Google Scholar]
  77. 77. 
    Weeratunge N, Béné C, Siriwardane R, Charles A, Johnson D et al. 2014. Small-scale fisheries through the wellbeing lens. Fish Fish. 15:2255–79
     [Google Scholar]
  78. 78. 
    Summers JK, Smith LM, Case JL, Linthurst RA 2012. A review of the elements of human well-being with an emphasis on the contribution of ecosystem services. Ambio 41:4327–40
     [Google Scholar]
  79. 79. 
    Mascia MB, Pailler S, Thieme ML, Rowe A, Bottrill MC et al. 2014. Commonalities and complementarities among approaches to conservation monitoring and evaluation. Biol. Conserv. 169:258–67
     [Google Scholar]
  80. 80. 
    Campbell LM, Gray NJ, Fairbanks L, Silver JJ, Gruby RL et al. 2016. Global oceans governance: new and emerging issues. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 41:1517–43
     [Google Scholar]
  81. 81. 
    McClanahan TR, Mangi S. 2000. Spillover of exploitable fishes from a marine park and its effect on the adjacent fishery. Ecol. Appl. 10:61792–805
     [Google Scholar]
  82. 82. 
    Weigel JY, Morand P, Mawongwai T, Noël JF, Tokrishna R 2015. Assessing economic effects of a marine protected area on fishing households. A Thai case study. Fish. Res. 161:64–76
     [Google Scholar]
  83. 83. 
    Kamat V. 2014. “The ocean is our farm”: marine conservation, food insecurity, and social suffering in southeastern Tanzania. Hum. Organ. 73:3289–98
     [Google Scholar]
  84. 84. 
    Clarke P, Jupiter SD. 2010. Law, custom and community-based natural resource management in Kubulau District (Fiji). Environ. Conserv. 37:198–106
     [Google Scholar]
  85. 85. 
    Kuch S. 2015. ¿ Quiénes se benefician del turismo en Cayos Cochinos, Honduras ?. Teoría y Prax 17:9–36
     [Google Scholar]
  86. 86. 
    Mahajan SL, Daw T. 2016. Perceptions of ecosystem services and benefits to human well-being from community-based marine protected areas in Kenya. Mar. Policy 74:108–19
     [Google Scholar]
  87. 87. 
    Pita C, Theodossiou I, Pierce GJ 2013. The perceptions of Scottish inshore fishers about marine protected areas. Mar. Policy 37:1254–63
     [Google Scholar]
  88. 88. 
    Menezes A, Eide A, Raakjær J 2011. Moving out of poverty: conditions for wealth creation in small-scale fisheries in Mozambique. Poverty Mosaics: Realities and Prospects in Small-Scale Fisheries S Jentoft, A Eide 407–26 Dordrecht, Neth.: Springer
     [Google Scholar]
  89. 89. 
    Vogt HP. 1996. The economic benefits of tourism in the marine reserve of Apo Island, Philippines. Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium, Panama, June 24–29, 1996, Vol. 2 HA Lessios, IG Macintyre 2101–4 Panama: Smith. Trop. Res. Inst.
     [Google Scholar]
  90. 90. 
    Oikonomou ZS, Dikou A. 2008. Integrating conservation and development at the national marine park of Alonissos, Northern Sporades, Greece: perception and practice. Environ. Manag. 42:5847–66
     [Google Scholar]
  91. 91. 
    Foley P, McCay B. 2014. Certifying the commons: eco-certification, privatization, and collective action. Ecol. Soc. 19:228
     [Google Scholar]
  92. 92. 
    Foucat VSA. 2002. Community-based ecotourism management moving towards sustainability, in Ventanilla, Oaxaca, Mexico. Ocean Coast. Manag. 45:8511–29
     [Google Scholar]
  93. 93. 
    Ghosh P. 2015. Conservation and conflicts in the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve, India. Geogr. Rev. 105:4429–40
     [Google Scholar]
  94. 94. 
    Steenbergen DJ. 2016. Strategic customary village leadership in the context of marine conservation and development in Southeast Maluku, Indonesia. Hum. Ecol. 44:3311–27
     [Google Scholar]
  95. 95. 
    Brondo K, Bown N. 2011. Neoliberal conservation, garifuna territorial rights and resource management in the Cayos Cochinos marine protected area. Conserv. Soc. 9:291–105
     [Google Scholar]
  96. 96. 
    McClanahan TR, Glaesel H, Rubens J, Kiambo R 1997. The effects of traditional fisheries management on fisheries yields and the coral-reef ecosystems of southern Kenya. Environ. Conserv. 24:2105–20
     [Google Scholar]
  97. 97. 
    D'Anna G, Fernández TV, Pipitone C, Garofalo G, Badalamenti F 2016. Governance analysis in the Egadi Islands Marine Protected Area: a Mediterranean case study. Mar. Policy 71:301–9
     [Google Scholar]
  98. 98. 
    Aswani S, Furusawa T. 2007. Do marine protected areas affect human nutrition and health? A comparison between villages in Roviana, Solomon Islands. Coast. Manag. 35:5545–65
     [Google Scholar]
  99. 99. 
    Maliao RJ, Polohan BB. 2008. Evaluating the impacts of mangrove rehabilitation in Cogtong Bay, Philippines. Environ. Manag. 41:3414–24
     [Google Scholar]
  100. 100. 
    Gustavsson M, Lindström L, Jiddawi NS, de la Torre-Castro M 2014. Procedural and distributive justice in a community-based managed Marine Protected Area in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Mar. Policy 46:91–100
     [Google Scholar]
  101. 101. 
    Ho NTT, Ross H, Coutts J 2016. Evaluation of social and ecological outcomes of fisheries co-management in Tam Giang Lagoon, Vietnam. Fish. Res. 174:151–59
     [Google Scholar]
  102. 102. 
    Ávila-García P, Sánchez EL. 2012. The environmentalism of the rich and the privatization of nature: high-end tourism on the Mexican coast. Lat. Am. Perspect. 39:651–67
     [Google Scholar]
  103. 103. 
    Islam MM, Islam N, Sunny AR, Jentoft S, Ullah MH, Sharifuzzaman SM 2016. Fishers’ perceptions of the performance of hilsa shad (Tenualosa ilisha) sanctuaries in Bangladesh. Ocean Coast. Manag. 130:309–16
     [Google Scholar]
  104. 104. 
    McNally CG, Uchida E, Gold AJ 2011. The effect of a protected area on the tradeoffs between short-run and long-run benefits from mangrove ecosystems. PNAS 108:3413945–50
     [Google Scholar]
  105. 105. 
    Bennett J, Blamey R, eds. 2001. The Choice Modelling Approach to Environmental Valuation Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publ.
  106. 106. 
    Abesamis RA, Alcala AC, Russ GR 2006. How much does the fishery at Apo Island benefit from spillover of adult fish from the adjacent marine reserve. ? Fish. Bull. 104:3360–75
     [Google Scholar]
  107. 107. 
    Lopes PFM, Silvano RAM, Nora VA, Begossi A 2013. Transboundary socio-ecological effects of a marine protected area in the southwest Atlantic. Ambio 42:8963–74
     [Google Scholar]
  108. 108. 
    Bloomfield HJ, Sweeting CJ, Mill AC, Stead SM, Polunin NVC 2012. No-trawl area impacts: perceptions, compliance and fish abundances. Environ. Conserv. 39:3237–47
     [Google Scholar]
  109. 109. 
    Levine A. 2016. The development and unraveling of marine resource co-management in the Pemba Channel, Zanzibar: institutions, governance, and the politics of scale. Reg. Environ. Chang. 16:51279–91
     [Google Scholar]
  110. 110. 
    Oberholzer S, Saayman M, Saayman A, Slabbert E 2010. The socio-economic impact of Africa's oldest marine park. Koedoe 52:11–9
     [Google Scholar]
  111. 111. 
    Harris A, Mohan V, Flanagan M, Hill R 2012. Integrating family planning service provision into community-based marine conservation. Oryx 46:2179–86
     [Google Scholar]
  112. 112. 
    Kincaid BK, Rose G, Mahudi H 2014. Fishers’ perception of a multiple-use marine protected area: why communities and gear users differ at Mafia Island, Tanzania. Mar. Policy 43:226–35
     [Google Scholar]
  113. 113. 
    Himes AH. 2003. Small-scale Sicilian fisheries: opinions of artisanal fishers and sociocultural effects in two MPA case studies. Coast. Manag. 31:4389–408
     [Google Scholar]
  114. 114. 
    Smith MD, Zhang J, Coleman FC 2006. Effectiveness of marine reserves for large-scale fisheries management. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 63:1153–64
     [Google Scholar]
  115. 115. 
    Gurney GG, Cinner J, Ban NC, Pressey RL, Pollnac R et al. 2014. Poverty and protected areas: an evaluation of a marine integrated conservation and development project in Indonesia. Glob. Environ. Change 26:898–107
     [Google Scholar]
  116. 116. 
    Chen C, Lopez-Carr D. 2015. The importance of place: unraveling the vulnerability of fisherman livelihoods to the impact of marine protected areas. Appl. Geogr. 59:88–97
     [Google Scholar]
  117. 117. 
    Allison EH, Perry AL, Badjeck M-C, Adger WN, Brown K et al. 2009. Vulnerability of national economies to the impacts of climate change on fisheries. Fish Fish 10:173–96
     [Google Scholar]
  118. 118. 
    Cinner JE, McClanahan TR, Graham NAJ, Daw TM, Maina J et al. 2012. Vulnerability of coastal communities to key impacts of climate change on coral reef fisheries. Glob. Environ. Change 22:112–20
     [Google Scholar]
  119. 119. 
    Siegel KJ, Cabral RB, McHenry J, Ojea E, Owashi B, Lester SE 2019. Sovereign states in the Caribbean have lower social-ecological vulnerability to coral bleaching than overseas territories. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 286:20182365
     [Google Scholar]
  120. 120. 
    Ferraro PJ, Sanchirico JN, Smith MD 2019. Causal inference in coupled human and natural systems. PNAS 116:5311–18
     [Google Scholar]
  121. 121. 
    Svensson P, Rodwell LD, Attrill MJ 2010. The perceptions of local fishermen towards a hotel managed marine reserve in Vietnam. Ocean Coast. Manag. 53:3114–22
     [Google Scholar]
  122. 122. 
    Sowman M, Hauck M, Van Sittert L, Sunde J 2011. Marine protected area management in South Africa: new policies, old paradigms. Environ. Manag. 47:4573–83
     [Google Scholar]
  123. 123. 
    Kamat VR. 2018. Dispossession and disenchantment: the micropolitics of marine conservation in southeastern Tanzania. Mar. Policy 88:261–68
     [Google Scholar]
  124. 124. 
    Ferraro PJ, Hanauer MM. 2015. Through what mechanisms do protected areas affect environmental and social outcomes. ? Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 370:20140267
     [Google Scholar]
  125. 125. 
    Satria A, Matsuda Y, Sano M 2006. Questioning community based coral reef management systems: case study of awig-awig in Gili Indah, Indonesia. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 8:199–118
     [Google Scholar]
  126. 126. 
    Hoffman D. 2014. Conch, cooperatives, and conflict: conservation and resistance in the Banco Chinchorro Biosphere Reserve. Conserv. Soc. 12:2120–32
     [Google Scholar]
  127. 127. 
    Mascia MB, Claus CA. 2009. A property rights approach to understanding human displacement from protected areas: the case of marine protected areas. Conserv. Biol. 23:116–23
     [Google Scholar]
  128. 128. 
    Hatcher BG, Angulo-Valdés JA. 2010. A new typology of benefits derived from marine protected areas. Mar. Policy 34:635–44
     [Google Scholar]
  129. 129. 
    Webster FJ, Cohen PJ, Malimali S, Tautai M, Vidler K et al. 2017. Detecting fisheries trends in a co-managed area in the Kingdom of Tonga. Fish. Res. 186:168–76
     [Google Scholar]
  130. 130. 
    Ha TTT, van Dijk H, Bush SR 2012. Mangrove conservation or shrimp farmer's livelihood? The devolution of forest management and benefit sharing in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Ocean Coast. Manag. 69:185–93
     [Google Scholar]
  131. 131. 
    Christie P, White AT, Buhat D 1994. Community-based coral reef management on San Salvador Island, the Philippines. Soc. Nat. Resour. 7:2103–17
     [Google Scholar]
  132. 132. 
    Salisu Barau A, Stringer LC 2015. Access to and allocation of ecosystem services in Malaysia's Pulau Kukup Ramsar Site. Ecosyst. Serv. 16:167–73
     [Google Scholar]
  133. 133. 
    Tuda AO, Stevens TF, Rodwell LD 2014. Resolving coastal conflicts using marine spatial planning. J. Environ. Manag. 133:59–68
     [Google Scholar]
  134. 134. 
    Mascia MB, Pailler S, Krithivasan R, Roshchanka V, Burns D et al. 2014. Protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement (PADDD) in Africa, Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean, 1900–2010. Biol. Conserv. 169:355–61
     [Google Scholar]
  135. 135. 
    Majanen T. 2007. Resource use conflicts in Mabini and Tingloy, the Philippines. Mar. Policy 31:4480–87
     [Google Scholar]
  136. 136. 
    Chuenpagdee R, Pascual-Fernández JJ, Szeliánszky E, Luis Alegret J, Fraga J, Jentoft S 2013. Marine protected areas: re-thinking their inception. Mar. Policy 39:1234–40
     [Google Scholar]
  137. 137. 
    Webb EL, Maliao RJ, Siar SV 2004. Using local user perceptions to evaluate outcomes of protected area management in the Sagay Marine Reserve, Philippines. Environ. Conserv. 31:2138–48
     [Google Scholar]
  138. 138. 
    Matin N, Forrester J, Ensor J 2018. What is equitable resilience. ? World Dev 109:197–205
     [Google Scholar]
  139. 139. 
    Guerrero AM, Bodin Ö, McAllister RRJ, Wilson KA 2015. Achieving social-ecological fit through bottom-up collaborative governance: an empirical investigation. Ecol. Soc. 20:441
     [Google Scholar]
  140. 140. 
    Turner RA, Forster J, Fitzsimmons C, Gill D, Mahon R et al. 2017. Social fit of coral reef governance varies among individuals. Conserv. Lett. 11:e12422
     [Google Scholar]
  141. 141. 
    Sen S. 2010. Developing a framework for displaced fishing effort programs in marine protected areas. Mar. Policy 34:61171–77
     [Google Scholar]
  142. 142. 
    Clifton J. 2013. Compensation, conservation and communities: an analysis of direct payments initiatives within an Indonesian marine protected area. Environ. Conserv. 40:3287–95
     [Google Scholar]
  143. 143. 
    Andam KS, Ferraro PJ, Pfaff A, Sanchez-Azofeifa GA, Robalino JA 2008. Measuring the effectiveness of protected area networks in reducing deforestation. PNAS 105:4216089–94
     [Google Scholar]
  144. 144. 
    Gill DA, Mascia MB, Ahmadia GN, Glew L, Lester SE et al. 2017. Capacity shortfalls hinder the performance of marine protected areas globally. Nature 543:7647665–69
     [Google Scholar]
  145. 145. 
    Kelly S, Scott D, MacDiarmid AB 2010. The value of a spillover fishery for spiny lobsters around a marine reserve in northern New Zealand. Coast. Manag. 30:153–66
     [Google Scholar]
  146. 146. 
    Glew L, Mascia M, Pakiding F 2012. Solving the Mystery of Marine Protected Area Performance: Monitoring Social Impacts: Field Manual v1.0 Washington, DC: World Wildlife Fund
  147. 147. 
    Ostrom E. 2009. A general framework for analyzing sustainability of social-ecological systems. Science 325:419–22
     [Google Scholar]
  148. 148. 
    Dinerstein E, Vynne C, Sala E, Joshi AR, Fernando S et al. 2019. A global deal for nature: guiding principles, milestones, and targets. Sci. Adv. 5:4eaaw2869
     [Google Scholar]
  149. 149. 
    Int. Union Conserv. Nat. (IUCN) 2016. IUCN Motion 053—increasing marine protected area coverage for effective marine biodiversity conservation Resolut. WCC-2016-Res-050 World Conserv. Congr. Honolulu: Nov. 7. https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/053
    [Google Scholar]
  150. 150. 
    Roberts CM, O'Leary BC, McCauley DJ, Cury PM, Duarte CM et al. 2017. Marine reserves can mitigate and promote adaptation to climate change. PNAS 114:246167–75
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-environ-110718-032344
Loading
Social Synergies, Tradeoffs, and Equity in Marine Conservation Impacts
Annual Review of Environment and Resources 44, 347 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-110718-032344
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-environ-110718-032344
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-environ-110718-032344
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplemental Material

Supplementary Data

  • Download all Supplemental Material as a single PDF. Includes Supplemental Appendixes 1-3, Supplemental Tables 1-2, and Supplemental Figures 1-5.

  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error