1932

Abstract

Fifty-five years have passed and more than 100,000 articles have been published since the first report of an electrochemical enzyme biosensor. However, very few biosensors have reached practical application and commercialization. The bulk of the research effort has been on increasing sensitivity and selectivity. In contrast, the number of publications dealing with stability or stabilization of enzyme biosensors is very small. Here, we critically review enzyme stabilization strategies as well as the progress that has been done in the past 20 years with respect to enzyme biosensor stabilization. Glucose oxidase, lactate oxidase, alcohol oxidase, and xanthine oxidase are the focus of this review because of their potential applications in food. The inconsistency in reporting biosensor stability was identified as a critical hurdle to research progress in this area. Fundamental questions that remain unanswered are outlined.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-food-030216-025713
2018-03-25
2024-04-20
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/food/9/1/annurev-food-030216-025713.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-food-030216-025713&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Akyilmaz E, Yorganci E. 2007. Construction of an amperometric pyruvate oxidase enzyme electrode for determination of pyruvate and phosphate. Electrochim. Acta 52:7972–77 [Google Scholar]
  2. Anand TP, Chellaram C, Murugaboopathi G, Parthasarathy V, Vinurajkumar S. 2013. Applications of biosensors in food industry. Biosci. Biotechnol. Res. Asia 10:711–14 [Google Scholar]
  3. Anese M, Nicoli MC, Dallaglio G, Lerici CR. 1995. Effect of high-pressure treatments on peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase activities. J. Food Biochem. 18:285–93 [Google Scholar]
  4. Appleton B, Gibson TD, Woodward JR. 1997. High temperature stabilisation of immobilised glucose oxidase: potential applications in biosensors. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 43:65–69 [Google Scholar]
  5. Arnold MA, Meyerhoff ME. 1988. Recent advances in the development and analytical applications of biosensing probes. Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem 20:149–96 [Google Scholar]
  6. Ayenimo JG, Adeloju SB. 2017. Amperometric detection of glucose in fruit juices with polypyrrole-based biosensor with an integrated permselective layer for exclusion of interferences. Food Chem 229:127–35 [Google Scholar]
  7. Balny C. 2004. Pressure effects on weak interactions in biological systems. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 16:S1245–53 [Google Scholar]
  8. Barsan MM, Brett CMA. 2008. An alcohol oxidase biosensor using PNR redox mediator at carbon film electrodes. Talanta 74:1505–10 [Google Scholar]
  9. Behera TK, Sahu SC, Satpati B, Bag B, Sanjay K, Jena BK. 2016. Branched platinum nanostructures on reduced graphene: an excellent transducer for nonenzymatic sensing of hydrogen peroxide and biosensing of xanthine. Electrochim. Acta 206:238–45 [Google Scholar]
  10. Bergel F, Bray RC. 1959. The chemistry of xanthine oxidase. 4. The problems of enzyme inactivation and stabilization. Biochem. J. 73:182–92 [Google Scholar]
  11. Boka B, Adanyi N, Szamos J, Virag D, Kiss A. 2012. Putrescine biosensor based on putrescine oxidase from Kocuria rosea. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 51:258–62 [Google Scholar]
  12. Borgmann S, Schulte A, Neugebauer S, Schuhmann W. 2012. Amperometric biosensors. Advances in Electrochemical Sciences and Engineering: Bioelectrochemistry RC Alkire, DM Kolb, J Lipkowski 1–83 Weinheim, Germ: Wiley-VCH [Google Scholar]
  13. Buk V, Emregul E, Emregul KC. 2017. Alginate copper oxide nano-biocomposite as a novel material for amperometric glucose biosensing. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 74:307–14 [Google Scholar]
  14. Campuzano S, Pedrero M, de Villena FJM, Pingarron JM. 2004. A lactulose bienzyme biosensor based on self-assembled monolayer modified electrodes. Electroanalysis 16:1385–92 [Google Scholar]
  15. Carelli D, Centonze D, Giglio AD, Quinto M, Zambonin PG. 2006. An interference-free first generation alcohol biosensor based on a gold electrode modified by an overoxidised non-conducting polypyrrole film. Anal. Chim. Acta 565:27–35 [Google Scholar]
  16. Chafer-Pericas C, Maquieira A, Puchades R. 2010. Fast screening methods to detect antibiotic residues in food samples. Trends Anal. Chem. 29:1038–49 [Google Scholar]
  17. Chen L, Wu Z-Q, Wang C, Ouyang J, Xia X-H. 2012. Exploring the temperature-dependent kinetics and thermodynamics of immobilized glucose oxidase in microchip. Anal. Methods 4:2831–37 [Google Scholar]
  18. Chen Q, Kenausis GL, Heller A. 1998. Stability of oxidases immobilized in silica gels. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120:4582–85 [Google Scholar]
  19. Chinnadayyala SR, Santhosh M, Singh NK, Goswami P. 2015. Alcohol oxidase protein mediated in-situ synthesized and stabilized gold nanoparticles for developing amperometric alcohol biosensor. Biosens. Bioelectron. 69:155–61 [Google Scholar]
  20. Clark LC, Lyons C. 1962. Electrode systems for continuous monitoring of cardiovascular surgery. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 102:29–45 [Google Scholar]
  21. Colacino F, Crichton RR. 1997. Enzyme thermostabilization: the state of the art. Biotechnol. Genet. Eng. Rev. 14:211–77 [Google Scholar]
  22. Colak O, Yasar A, Cete S, Arslan F. 2012. Glucose biosensor based on the immobilization of glucose oxidase on electrochemically synthesized polypyrrole-poly(vinyl sulphonate) composite film by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. Artif. Cells Blood Substit. Immobil. Biotechnol. 40:354–61 [Google Scholar]
  23. Cox JA, Hensley PM, Loch CL. 2003. Evaluation of polycation-stabilized lactate oxidase in a silica sol–gel as a biosensor platform. Microchim. Acta 142:1–5 [Google Scholar]
  24. Crelier S, Robert MC, Claude J, Juillerat MA. 2001. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) pectin methylesterase and polygalacturonase behaviors regarding heat- and pressure-induced inactivation. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49:5566–75 [Google Scholar]
  25. Daniel RM. 1996. The upper limits of enzyme thermal stability. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 19:74–79 [Google Scholar]
  26. Dave BC, Dunn B, Valentine JS, Zink JI. 1994. Sol-gel encapsulation methods for biosensors. Anal. Chem. 66:1120A–27 [Google Scholar]
  27. Devasenathipathy R, Mani V, Chen SM, Huang ST, Huang TT. et al. 2015. Glucose biosensor based on glucose oxidase immobilized at gold nanoparticles decorated graphene-carbon nanotubes. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 78:40–45 [Google Scholar]
  28. Dimakis VT, Gavalas VG, Chaniotakis NA. 2002. Polyelectrolyte-stabilized biosensors based on macroporous carbon electrode. Anal. Chim. Acta 467:217–23 [Google Scholar]
  29. Divya PS, Savitri D, Mitra CK. 1998. Covalent immobilization onto glassy carbon matrix–implications in biosensor design. J. Biosci. 23:131–36 [Google Scholar]
  30. Dolmaci N, Cete S, Arslan F, Yasar A. 2012. An amperometric biosensor for fish freshness detection from xanthine oxidase immobilized in polypyrrole-polyvinylsulphonate film. Artif. Cells Blood Substit. Biotechnol. 40:275–79 [Google Scholar]
  31. Dong YP, Huang L, Chu XF, Pei LZ. 2013. An amperometric glucose biosensor based on the immobilization of glucose oxidase on the CuGeO3 nanowire modified electrode. Russ. J. Electrochem. 49:571–76 [Google Scholar]
  32. Dumoulin M, Ueno H, Hayashi R, Balny C. 1999. Contribution of the carbohydrate moiety to conformational stability of the carboxypeptidase Y high pressure study. Eur. J. Biochem. 262:475–83 [Google Scholar]
  33. Eisenmenger MJ, Reyes-De-Corcuera JI. 2009. High pressure enhancement of enzymes: a review. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 45:331–47 [Google Scholar]
  34. Fagain C. 1995. Understanding and increasing protein stability. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1252:1–14 [Google Scholar]
  35. Fan PC, Liu LJ, Guo QH, Wang JL, Yang JH. et al. 2017. Three-dimensional N-doped carbon nanotube@carbon foam hybrid: an effective carrier of enzymes for glucose biosensors. RSC Adv 7:26574–82 [Google Scholar]
  36. Fang Y, Umasankar Y, Ramasamy RP. 2016. A novel bi-enzyme electrochemical biosensor for selective and sensitive determination of methyl salicylate. Biosens. Bioelectron. 81:39–45 [Google Scholar]
  37. Farina D, Zinellu M, Fanari M, Porcu MC, Scognamillo S. et al. 2017. Development of a biosensor telemetry system for monitoring fermentation in craft breweries. Food Chem 218:479–86 [Google Scholar]
  38. Fernández-Lafuente R, Cowan DA, Wood NP. 1995. Hyperstabilization of a thermophilic esterase by multipoint covalent attachment. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 17:366–72 [Google Scholar]
  39. Fernández-Lafuente R, Rodríguez V, Bastida A, Blanco RM, Guisán JM. 1993. Stabilization of soluble proteins by intramolecular crosslinking with polyfunctional macromolecules. Poly-(glutaraldehyde-like) structure. In Stability and Stabilization of Enzymes WJJ van den Tweel, A Harder, RM Buitelaar 315–25 Wageningen, Neth: Elsevier [Google Scholar]
  40. Fernández-Lafuente R, Rosell CM, Rodríguez V, Guisán JM. 1995. Strategies for enzyme stabilization by intramolecular crosslinking with bifunctional reagents. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 17:517–23 [Google Scholar]
  41. Gamella M, Campuzano S, Conzuelo F, Curiel JA, Muñoz R. et al. 2010. Integrated multienzyme electrochemical biosensors for monitoring malolactic fermentation in wines. Talanta 81:925–33 [Google Scholar]
  42. Gavalas VG, Chaniotakis NA. 2000. Polyelectrolyte stabilized oxidase based biosensors: effect of diethylaminoethyl-dextran on the stabilization of glucose and lactate oxidases into porous conducting carbon. Anal. Chim. Acta 404:67–73 [Google Scholar]
  43. German N, Ramanavicius A, Ramanaviciene A. 2017. Amperometric glucose biosensor based on electrochemically deposited gold nanoparticles covered by polypyrrole. Electroanalysis 29:1267–77 [Google Scholar]
  44. Ghosh S, Sarker D, Misra TN. 1998. Development of an amperometric enzyme electrode biosensor for fish freshness detection. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 53:58–62 [Google Scholar]
  45. Gibson TD. 1999. Biosensors: the stability problem. Analusis 27:630–38 [Google Scholar]
  46. Gimenez-Gomez P, Gutierrez-Capitan M, Capdevila F, Puig-Pujol A, Fernandez-Sanchez C, Jimenez-Jorquera C. 2016. Monitoring of malolactic fermentation in wine using an electrochemical bienzymatic biosensor for l-lactate with long term stability. Anal. Chim. Acta 905:126–33 [Google Scholar]
  47. Goriushkina TB, Soldatkin AP, Dzyadevych SV. 2009. Application of amperometric biosensors for analysis of ethanol, glucose, and lactate in wine. J. Agric. Food Chem. 57:6528–35 [Google Scholar]
  48. Guisán JM. 1988. Aldehyde-agarose gels as activated supports for immobilization-stabilization of enzymes. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 10:375–82 [Google Scholar]
  49. Guo QH, Liu LJ, Zhang M, Hou HQ, Song YH. et al. 2017. Hierarchically mesostructured porous TiO2 hollow nanofibers for high performance glucose biosensing. Biosens. Bioelectron. 92:654–60 [Google Scholar]
  50. Guo Y, Dong S. 1997. Organic phase enzyme electrodes based on organohydrogel. Anal. Chem. 69:1904–8 [Google Scholar]
  51. Gupta MN. 1991. Thermostabilization of proteins. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 14:1–11 [Google Scholar]
  52. Guzmán-Vázquez de Prada A, Peña N, Mena ML, Reviejo AJ, Pingarrón JM. 2003. Graphite-Teflon composite bienzyme amperometric biosensors for monitoring of alcohols. Biosens. Bioelectron. 18:1279–88 [Google Scholar]
  53. Halalipour A, Duff MR Jr., Howell EE, Reyes-De-Corcuera JI. 2017.a Effects of high hydrostatic pressure or hydrophobic modification on thermal stability of xanthine oxidase. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 103:18–24 [Google Scholar]
  54. Halalipour A, Duff MR Jr., Howell EE, Reyes-De-Corcuera JI. 2017.b Glucose oxidase stabilization against thermal inactivation using high hydrostatic pressure and hydrophobic modification. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 114:516–25 [Google Scholar]
  55. Han E, Li X, Cai JR, Cui HY, Zhang XA. 2014. Development of highly sensitive amperometric biosensor for glucose using carbon nanosphere/sodium alginate composite matrix for enzyme immobilization. Anal. Sci. 30:897–902 [Google Scholar]
  56. Hart AL, Cox H, Janssen D. 1996. Stabilization of lactate oxidase in screen-printed enzyme electrodes. Biosens. Bioelectron. 11:833–37 [Google Scholar]
  57. He CX, Xie MS, Hong F, Chai XY, Mi HW. et al. 2016. A highly sensitive glucose biosensor based on gold nanoparticles/bovine serum albumin/Fe3O4 biocomposite nanoparticles. Electrochim. Acta 222:1709–15 [Google Scholar]
  58. Hendrickx M, Ludikhuyze L, Van den Broeck I, Weemaes C. 1998. Effects of high pressure on enzymes related to food quality. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 9:197–203 [Google Scholar]
  59. Hsu CY, Sato T, Moriyama S, Higuchi M. 2016. A Co(II)-based metallo-supramolecular polymer as a novel enzyme immobilization matrix for electrochemical glucose biosensing. Eur. Polym. J. 83:499–506 [Google Scholar]
  60. Huang KJ, Wang L, Li J, Gan T, Liu YM. 2013. Glassy carbon electrode modified with glucose oxidase-graphene-nano-copper composite film for glucose sensing. Measurement 46:378–83 [Google Scholar]
  61. Ianniello RM, Lindsay TJ, Yacynych AM. 1982. Immobilized xanthine-oxidase chemically modified electrode as a dual analytical sensor. Anal. Chem. 54:1980–84 [Google Scholar]
  62. Kamanin SS, Arlyapov VA, Machulin AV, Alferov VA, Reshetilov AN. 2015. Biosensors based on modified screen-printed enzyme electrodes for monitoring of fermentation processes. Russ. J. Appl. Chem. 88:463–72 [Google Scholar]
  63. Kaneko H, Minagawa H, Shimada J. 2005. Rational design of thermostable lactate oxidase by analyzing quaternary structure and prevention of deamidation. Biotechnol. Lett. 27:1777–84 [Google Scholar]
  64. Khan GF, Wernet W. 1997. Design of enzyme electrodes for extended use and storage life. Anal. Chem. 69:2682–87 [Google Scholar]
  65. Kirgoz UA, Odaci D, Timur S, Merkoci A, Alegret S. et al. 2006. A biosensor based on graphite epoxy composite electrode for aspartame and ethanol detection. Anal. Chim. Acta 570:165–69 [Google Scholar]
  66. Klibanov AM. 1983. Stabilization of enzymes against thermal inactivation. Adv. Appl. Microb. 29:1–28 [Google Scholar]
  67. Li B, Niu L, Kou W, Deng Q, Cheng G, Dong S. 1998. Synthesis of a self-gelatinizable grafting copolymer of poly(vinyl alcohol) for construction of an amperometric peroxidase electrode. Anal. Biochem. 256:130–32 [Google Scholar]
  68. Ling YP, Heng LY. 2010. A potentiometric formaldehyde biosensor based on immobilization of alcohol oxidase on acryloxysuccinimide-modified acrylic microspheres. Sensors 10:9963–81 [Google Scholar]
  69. Liu H, Li H, Ying T, Sun K, Qin Y, Qi D. 1998. Amperometric biosensor sensitive to glucose and lactose based on co-immobilization of ferrocene, glucose oxidase, β-galactosidase and mutarotase in β-cyclodextrin polymer. Anal. Chim. Acta 358:137–44 [Google Scholar]
  70. Lenders JP, Crichton RR. 1984. Thermal stabilization of amylolytic enzymes by covalent coupling to soluble polysaccharides. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 26:1343–51 [Google Scholar]
  71. Longo MA, Combes D. 1999. Thermostability of modified enzymes: a detailed study. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 74:25–32 [Google Scholar]
  72. Mansouri N, Babadi AA, Bagheri S, Abd Hamid SB. 2017. Immobilization of glucose oxidase on 3D graphene thin film: novel glucose bioanalytical sensing platform. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 42:1337–43 [Google Scholar]
  73. Martinek K, Klibanov AM, Goldmacher VS, Berezlin IV. 1977.a The principles of enzyme stabilization. I. Increase in thermostability of enzymes covalently bound to a complementary surface of a polymer support in a multipoint fashion. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 485:1–12 [Google Scholar]
  74. Martinek K, Klibanov AM, Goldmacher VS, Tchernysheva AV, Mozhaev VV. et al. 1977.b The principles of enzyme stabilization. II. Increase in thermostability of enzymes as a result of multipoint non-covalent interaction with a polymeric support. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 485:13–28 [Google Scholar]
  75. Martinek K, Torchilin VP. 1988. Stabilization of enzymes by intramolecular cross-linking using bifunctional reagents. Methods Enzymol 137:615–26 [Google Scholar]
  76. Mateo C, Palomo JM, Fernandez-Lorente G, Guisan JM, Fernandez-Lafuente R. 2007. Improvement of enzyme activity, stability and selectivity via immobilization techniques. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 40:1451–63 [Google Scholar]
  77. Mazar FM, Alijanianzadeh M, Molaeirad A, Heydari P. 2017. Development of novel glucose oxidase immobilization on graphene/gold nanoparticles/poly neutral red modified electrode. Process Biochem 56:71–80 [Google Scholar]
  78. Mazzei F, Botre F, Favero G. 2007. Peroxidase based biosensors for the selective determination of D,L-lactic acid and L-malic acid in wines. Microchem. J. 87:81–86 [Google Scholar]
  79. Miao ZL, Wang PY, Zhong AM, Yang MF, Xu Q. et al. 2015. Development of a glucose biosensor based on electrodeposited gold nanoparticles-polyvinylpyrrolidone-polyaniline nanocomposites. J. Electroanal. Chem. 756:153–60 [Google Scholar]
  80. Minagawa H, Nakayama N, Matsumoto T, Ito N. 1998. Development of long life lactate sensor using thermostable mutant lactate oxidase. Biosens. Bioelectron. 13:313–18 [Google Scholar]
  81. Minagawa H, Yoshida Y, Kenmochi N, Furuichi M, Shimada J, Kaneko H. 2007. Improving the thermal stability of lactate oxidase by directed evolution. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 64:77–81 [Google Scholar]
  82. Mohan AMV, Windmiller JR, Mishra RK, Wang J. 2017. Continuous minimally-invasive alcohol monitoring using microneedle sensor arrays. Biosens. Bioelectron. 91:574–79 [Google Scholar]
  83. Monošík R, Stred'ansky M, Greif G, Sturdik E. 2012.a A rapid method for determination of l-lactic acid in real samples by amperometric biosensor utilizing nanocomposite. Food Control 23:238–44 [Google Scholar]
  84. Monošík R, Stred'ansky M, Sturdik E. 2012.b Application of electrochemical biosensors in clinical diagnosis. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 26:22–34 [Google Scholar]
  85. Monošík R, Stred'ansky M, Tkac J, Sturdik E. 2012.c Application of enzyme biosensors in analysis of food and beverages. Food Anal. Methods 5:40–53 [Google Scholar]
  86. Nakatani HS, dos Santos LV, Pelegrine CP, Gomes STM, Matsushita M. et al. 2005. Biosensor based on xanthine oxidase for monitoring hypoxanthine in fish meat. Am. J. Biochem. Biotechnol. 1:85–89 [Google Scholar]
  87. Narang J, Malhotra N, Singhal C, Pundir C. 2017. Evaluation of freshness of fishes using MWCNT/TiO2 nanobiocomposites based biosensor. Food Anal. Methods 10:522–28 [Google Scholar]
  88. Northrop DB. 2002. Effects of high pressure on enzymatic activity. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1595:71–79 [Google Scholar]
  89. Palleschi G, Cubadda R. 2001. Electrochemical biosensors for food analysis and the food industry. Ital. J. Food Sci. 13:137–57 [Google Scholar]
  90. Parra A, Casero E, Vazquez L, Pariente F, Lorenzo E. 2006. Design and characterization of a lactate biosensor based on immobilized lactate oxidase onto gold surfaces. Anal. Chim. Acta 555:308–15 [Google Scholar]
  91. Patel NG, Meier S, Cammann K, Chemnitius G-C. 2001. Screen-printed biosensors using different alcohol oxidases. Sens. Actuators B 75:101–10 [Google Scholar]
  92. Rakhi RB, Nayuk P, Xia C, Alshareef HN. 2016. Novel amperometric glucose biosensor based on MXene nanocomposite. Sci. Rep. 6:36422 [Google Scholar]
  93. Rariy RV, Bec N, Saldana J-L, Nametkin SN, Mozhaev VV. et al. 1995. High-pressure stabilization of alpha-chymotrypsin entrapped in reversed micelles of aerosol OT in octane against thermal inactivation. FEBS Lett 364:98–100 [Google Scholar]
  94. Reyes-De-Corcuera JI. 2015. Electrochemical biosensors. Encyclopedia of Agricultural Food and Biological Engineering DR Heldman, CI Moraru New York: CRC Press [Google Scholar]
  95. Reyes-De-Corcuera JI, Cavalieri RP, Powers JR. 2005. Improved platinization conditions produce a 60-fold increase in sensitivity of amperometric biosensors using glucose oxidase immobilized in poly-o-phenylenediamine. J. Electroanal. Chem. 575:229–41 [Google Scholar]
  96. Saadaoui M, Sanchez A, Diez P, Raouafi N, Pingarron JM, Villalonga R. 2016. Amperometric xanthine biosensors using glassy carbon electrodes modified with electrografted porous silica nanomaterials loaded with xanthine oxidase. Microchim. Acta 183:2023–30 [Google Scholar]
  97. Sanaeifar N, Rabiee M, Abdolrahim M, Tahriri M, Vashaee D, Tayebi L. 2017. A novel electrochemical biosensor based on Fe3O4 nanoparticles-polyvinyl alcohol composite for sensitive detection of glucose. Anal. Biochem. 519:19–26 [Google Scholar]
  98. Schuhmann W. 1991. Amperometric substrate determination in flow-injection systems with polypyrrole-enzyme electrodes. Sens. Actuators B 4:41–49 [Google Scholar]
  99. Schumacher JT, Munch I, Richter T, Rohm I, Bilitewski U. 1999. Investigations with respect to stabilization of screen-printed enzyme electrodes. J. Mol. Catal. B 7:67–76 [Google Scholar]
  100. Serra B, Reviejo AJ, Parrado C, Pingarron JM. 1999. Graphite-teflon composite bienzyme electrodes for the determination of l-lactate: application to food samples. Biosens. Bioelectron. 14:505–13 [Google Scholar]
  101. Shamsazar A, Shamsazar F, Asadi A, Rezaei-Zarchi S. 2016. A glucose biosensor based on glucose oxidase enzyme and ZnO nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 11:9891–901 [Google Scholar]
  102. Shimomura T, Sumiya T, Ono M, Ito T, Hanaoka T. 2012. Amperometric l-lactate biosensor based on screen-printed carbon electrode containing cobalt phthalocyanine, coated with lactate oxidase-mesoporous silica conjugate layer. Anal. Chim. Acta 714:114–20 [Google Scholar]
  103. Shkotova LV, Soldatkin AP, Gonchar MV, Schuhmann W, Dzyadevych SV. 2006. Amperometric biosensor for ethanol detection based on alcohol oxidase immobilised within electrochemically deposited Resydrol film. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 26:411–14 [Google Scholar]
  104. Shrestha BK, Ahmad R, Mousa HM, Kim IG, Kim JI. et al. 2016. High-performance glucose biosensor based on chitosan-glucose oxidase immobilized polypyrrole/nafion/functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes bio-nanohybrid film. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 482:39–47 [Google Scholar]
  105. Smutok O, Ngounou B, Pavlishko H, Gayda G, Gonchar M, Schuhmann W. 2006. A reagentless bienzyme amperometric biosensor based on alcohol oxidase/peroxidase and an Os-complex modified electrodeposition paint. Sens. Actuators B 113:590–98 [Google Scholar]
  106. Srirangsan P, Kawai K, Hamada-Sato N, Watanabe M, Suzuki T. 2010. Improvement in the remaining activity of freeze-dried xanthine oxidase with the addition of a disaccharide-polymer mixture. Food Chem 119:209–13 [Google Scholar]
  107. Taylor RF. 1996. Immobilization methods. Handbook of Chemical and Biological Sensors R Taylor, JS Schultz 203–19 Bristol, UK: Inst. Phys. Publ [Google Scholar]
  108. Torchilin VP, Maksimenko AV, Smirnov VN, Berezlin IV, Klibanov AM, Martinek K. 1978. The principles of enzyme stabilization. III. The effect of the length of intramolecular cross-linkages on thermostability of enzymes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 522:277–83 [Google Scholar]
  109. Vijayakumara AR, Csoregi E, Hellerb A, Gorton L. 1996. Alcohol biosensors based on coupled oxidase-peroxidase systems. Anal. Chim. Acta. 327:223–34 [Google Scholar]
  110. Villalonga R, Diez P, Gamella M, Reviejo J, Pingarron JM. 2011. Immobilization of xanthine oxidase on carbon nanotubes through double supramolecular junctions for biosensor construction. Electroanalysis 23:1790–96 [Google Scholar]
  111. Villalonga R, Matos M, Cao R. 2007. Construction of an amperometric biosensor for xanthine via supramolecular associations. Electrochem. Commun. 9:454–58 [Google Scholar]
  112. Wang B, Li B, Wang Z, Xu G, Wang Q, Dong S. 1999. Sol-gel thin-film immobilized soybean peroxidase biosensor for the amperometric determination of hydrogen peroxide in acid medium. Anal. Chem. 71:1935–39 [Google Scholar]
  113. Wang J, Liu J, Cepra G. 1997. Thermal stabilization of enzymes immobilized within carbon paste electrodes. Anal. Chem. 69:3124–27 [Google Scholar]
  114. Wen G, Zhang Y, Shuang S, Dong C, Choi MMF. 2007. Application of a biosensor for monitoring of ethanol. Biosens. Bioelectron. 23:121–29 [Google Scholar]
  115. Wollenberger U, Schubert F, Scheller FW. 1992. Biosensor for sensitive phosphate detection. Sens. Actuators B 7:412–15 [Google Scholar]
  116. Wolowacz SE, Yon Hin BFY, Lowe CR. 1992. Covalent electropolymerization of glucose oxidase in polypyrrole. Anal. Chem. 64:1541–45 [Google Scholar]
  117. Yilmaz O, Demirkol DO, Gulcemal S, Kilinc A, Timur S, Cetinkaya B. 2012. Chitosan-ferrocene film as a platform for flow injection analysis applications of glucose oxidase and Gluconobacter oxydans biosensors. Colloids Surfaces B 100:62–68 [Google Scholar]
  118. Yu J, Guan HN, Chi DF. 2017. An amperometric glucose oxidase biosensor based on liposome microreactor-chitosan nanocomposite-modified electrode for determination of trace mercury. J. Solid State Electrochem. 21:1175–83 [Google Scholar]
  119. Zhang SX, Wang N, Yu HJ, Niu YM, Sun CQ. 2005. Covalent attachment of glucose oxidase to an Au electrode modified with gold nanoparticles for use as glucose biosensor. Bioelectrochemistry 67:15–22 [Google Scholar]
  120. Zhang Y, Jia W, Cui M, Dong C, Shuang S. et al. 2011. Glucose biosensor based on nanohybrid material of gold nanoparticles and glucose oxidase on a bioplatform. Biotechnol. J. 6:492–500 [Google Scholar]
  121. Zhang YR, Xin Y, Yang HL, Zhang L, Xia XL. et al. 2014. Thermal inactivation of xanthine oxidase from Arthrobacter M3: mechanism and the corresponding thermostabilization strategy. Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng. 37:719–25 [Google Scholar]
  122. Zhou F, Jing WX, Wu Q, Gao WZ, Jiang ZD. et al. 2016. Effects of the surface morphologies of ZnO nanotube arrays on the performance of amperometric glucose sensors. Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 56:137–44 [Google Scholar]
  123. Zhu M, Han S, Yuan Z. 2000. β-Cyclodextrin polymer as the immobilization matrix for peroxidase and mediator in the fabrication of a sensor for hydrogen peroxide. J. Electroanal. Chem. 480:255–61 [Google Scholar]
  124. Zoungrana T, Findenegg GH, Norde W. 1997. Structure, stability and activity of adsorbed enzymes. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 190:437–48 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-food-030216-025713
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-food-030216-025713
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error