Genetic Differences in Taste Receptors: Implications for the Food Industry

Literature Cited

1. Allen AL, McGeary JE, Hayes JE 2014. Polymorphisms in TRPV1 and TAS2Rs associate with sensations from sampled ethanol. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 38:2550–60
   [Google Scholar]
2. Allen AL, McGeary JE, Knopik VS, Hayes JE 2013. Bitterness of the non-nutritive sweetener acesulfame potassium varies with polymorphisms in TAS2R9 and TAS2R31. Chem. Senses 38:379–89
   [Google Scholar]
3. Antenucci RG, Hayes JE. 2015. Nonnutritive sweeteners are not supernormal stimuli. Int. J. Obes. 39:254–59
   [Google Scholar]
4. Barragán R, Coltell O, Portolés O, Asensio E, Sorlí J et al. 2018. Bitter, sweet, salty, sour and umami taste perception decreases with age: sex-specific analysis, modulation by genetic variants and taste-preference associations in 18 to 80 year-old subjects. Nutrients 10:1539
   [Google Scholar]
5. Beckett EL, Duesing K, Boyd L, Yates Z, Veysey M, Lucock M 2017. A potential sex dimorphism in the relationship between bitter taste and alcohol consumption. Food Funct 8:1116–23
   [Google Scholar]
6. Behrens M, Gunn HC, Ramos PCM, Meyerhof W, Wooding SP 2013. Genetic, functional, and phenotypic diversity in TAS2R38-mediated bitter taste perception. Chem. Senses 38:475–84
   [Google Scholar]
7. Behrens M, Meyerhof W. 2013. Bitter taste receptor research comes of age: from characterization to modulation of TAS2Rs. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 24:215–21
   [Google Scholar]
8. Blackadar CB. 2016. Historical review of the causes of cancer. World J. Clin. Oncol. 7:54–86
   [Google Scholar]
9. Blakeslee AF. 1932. Genetics of sensory thresholds: taste for phenyl thio carbamide. PNAS 18:120–30
   [Google Scholar]
10. Bobowski N, Reed DR, Mennella JA 2016. Variation in the TAS2R31 bitter taste receptor gene relates to liking for the nonnutritive sweetener acesulfame-K among children and adults. Sci. Rep. 6:39135
    [Google Scholar]
11. Broekaert WF, Courtin CM, Verbeke K, Van de Wiele T, Verstraete W, Delcour JA 2011. Prebiotic and other health-related effects of cereal-derived arabinoxylans, arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides, and xylooligosaccharides. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 51:178–94
    [Google Scholar]
12. Calancie L, Keyserling TC, Taillie LS, Robasky K, Patterson C et al. 2018. TAS2R38 predisposition to bitter taste associated with differential changes in vegetable intake in response to a community-based dietary intervention. G3 8:62107–19
    [Google Scholar]
13. Calò C, Padiglia A, Zonza A, Corrias L, Contu P et al. 2011. Polymorphisms in TAS2R38 and the taste bud trophic factor, gustin gene co-operate in modulating PROP taste phenotype. Physiol. Behav. 104:1065–71
    [Google Scholar]
14. Campo M, Nute G, Hughes S, Enser M, Wood J, Richardson R 2006. Flavour perception of oxidation in beef. Meat Sci 72:303–11
    [Google Scholar]
15. Carrai M, Campa D, Vodicka P, Flamini R, Martelli I et al. 2017. Association between taste receptor (TAS) genes and the perception of wine characteristics. Sci. Rep. 7:9239
    [Google Scholar]
16. Carrai M, Steinke V, Vodicka P, Pardini B, Rahner N et al. 2011. Association between TAS2R38 gene polymorphisms and colorectal cancer risk: a case-control study in two independent populations of Caucasian origin. PLOS ONE 6:e20464
    [Google Scholar]
17. Cartoni C, Yasumatsu K, Ohkuri T, Shigemura N, Yoshida R et al. 2010. Taste preference for fatty acids is mediated by GPR40 and GPR120. J. Neurosci. 30:8376–82
    [Google Scholar]
18. Challis RC, Ma M. 2016. Sour taste finds closure in a potassium channel. PNAS 113:246–47
    [Google Scholar]
19. Choi J-H, Lee J, Choi IJ, Kim Y-W, Ryu KW, Kim J 2016. Genetic variation in the TAS2R38 bitter taste receptor and gastric cancer risk in Koreans. Sci. Rep. 6:26904
    [Google Scholar]
20. Choi J-H, Lee J, Yang S, Kim J 2017. Genetic variations in taste perception modify alcohol drinking behavior in Koreans. Appetite 113:178–86
    [Google Scholar]
21. Choi YJ, Nam YS, Yun JM, Park J, Cho B et al. 2015. Association between salivary amylase (AMY1) gene copy numbers and insulin resistance in asymptomatic Korean men. Diabetic Med 32:1588–95
    [Google Scholar]
22. Cui M, Jiang P, Maillet E, Max M, Margolskee RF, Osman R 2006. The heterodimeric sweet taste receptor has multiple potential ligand binding sites. Curr. Pharm. Des. 12:4591–600
    [Google Scholar]
23. Dagan-Wiener A, Di Pizio A, Nissim I, Bahia MS, Dubovski N et al. 2019. BitterDB: taste ligands and receptors database in 2019. Nucleic Acids Res 47:D1179–85
    [Google Scholar]
24. Dias AG, Eny KM, Cockburn M, Chiu W, Nielsen DE et al. 2015. Variation in the TAS1R2 gene, sweet taste perception and intake of sugars. Lifestyle Genom 8:81–90
    [Google Scholar]
25. Dias AG, Rousseau D, Duizer L, Cockburn M, Chiu W et al. 2012. Genetic variation in putative salt taste receptors and salt taste perception in humans. Chem. Senses 38:137–45
    [Google Scholar]
26. Dotson CD, Wallace MR, Bartoshuk LM, Logan HL 2012. Variation in the gene TAS2R13 is associated with differences in alcohol consumption in patients with head and neck cancer. Chem. Senses 37:737–44
    [Google Scholar]
27. Dotson CD, Zhang L, Xu H, Shin YK, Vigues S et al. 2008. Bitter taste receptors influence glucose homeostasis. PLOS ONE 3:e3974
    [Google Scholar]
28. Drewnowski A, Ahlstrom Henderson S, Barratt-Fornell A 1998. Genetic sensitivity to 6-n-propylthiouracil and sensory responses to sugar and fat mixtures. Physiol. Behav. 63:771–77
    [Google Scholar]
29. Duffy VB, Bartoshuk LM. 2000. Food acceptance and genetic variation in taste. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 100:647–55
    [Google Scholar]
30. Duffy VB, Davidson AC, Kidd JR, Kidd KK, Speed WC et al. 2004. Bitter receptor gene (TAS2R38), 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) bitterness and alcohol intake. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 28:1629–37
    [Google Scholar]
31. Duffy VB, Hayes JE, Davidson AC, Kidd JR, Kidd KK, Bartoshuk LM 2010. Vegetable intake in college-aged adults is explained by oral sensory phenotypes and TAS2R38 genotype. Chemosens. Percept. 3:137–48
    [Google Scholar]
32. Eny KM, Wolever TM, Corey PN, El-Sohemy A 2010. Genetic variation in TAS1R2 (Ile191Val) is associated with consumption of sugars in overweight and obese individuals in 2 distinct populations. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 92:1501–10
    [Google Scholar]
33. Falchi M, El-Sayed Moustafa JS, Takousis P, Pesce F, Bonnefond A et al. 2014. Low copy number of the salivary amylase gene predisposes to obesity. Nat. Genet. 46:492–97
    [Google Scholar]
34. Feeney E. 2011. The impact of bitter perception and genotypic variation of TAS2R38 on food choice. Nutr. Bull. 36:20–33
    [Google Scholar]
35. Feeney EL, Hayes JE. 2014. Exploring associations between taste perception, oral anatomy and polymorphisms in the carbonic anhydrase (gustin) gene CA6. Physiol. . Behav 128:148–54
    [Google Scholar]
36. Feeney EL, O'Brien SA, Scannell AG, Markey A, Gibney ER 2014. Genetic and environmental influences on liking and reported intakes of vegetables in Irish children. Food Qual. Prefer. 32:253–63
    [Google Scholar]
37. Ferrão LL, Ferreira MVS, Cavalcanti RN, Carvalho AFA, Pimentel TC et al. 2018. The xylooligosaccharide addition and sodium reduction in requeijão cremoso processed cheese. Food Res. Int. 107:137–47
    [Google Scholar]
38. Food Insight 2019. The 2015 food & health survey: consumer attitudes toward food safety, nutrition, & health. International Food Information Council Foundation https://foodinsight.org/the-2015-food-health-survey-consumer-attitudes-toward-food-safety-nutrition-health/
    [Google Scholar]
39. Freund JR, Mansfield CJ, Doghramji LJ, Adappa ND, Palmer JN et al. 2018. Activation of airway epithelial bitter taste receptors by Pseudomonas aeruginosa quinolones modulates calcium, cyclic-AMP, and nitric oxide signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 293:9824–40
    [Google Scholar]
40. Fushan AA, Simons CT, Slack JP, Drayna D 2010. Association between common variation in genes encoding sweet taste signaling components and human sucrose perception. Chem. Senses 35:579–92
    [Google Scholar]
41. Fushan AA, Simons CT, Slack JP, Manichaikul A, Drayna D 2009. Allelic polymorphism within the TAS1R3 promoter is associated with human taste sensitivity to sucrose. Curr. Biol. 19:1288–93
    [Google Scholar]
42. Garneau NL, Nuessle TM, Sloan MM, Santorico SA, Coughlin BC, Hayes JE 2014. Crowdsourcing taste research: genetic and phenotypic predictors of bitter taste perception as a model. Front. Integr. Neurosci. 8:33
    [Google Scholar]
43. Gaudette NJ, Pietrasik Z. 2017. The sensory impact of salt replacers and flavor enhancer in reduced sodium processed meats is matrix dependent. J. Sens. Stud. 32:e12247
    [Google Scholar]
44. Genick UK, Kutalik Z, Ledda M, Destito MCS, Souza MM et al. 2011. Sensitivity of genome-wide-association signals to phenotyping strategy: the PROP-TAS2R38 taste association as a benchmark. PLOS ONE 6:e27745
    [Google Scholar]
45. Gorovic N, Afzal S, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Vogel U et al. 2011. Genetic variation in the hTAS2R38 taste receptor and brassica vegetable intake. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig. 71:274–79
    [Google Scholar]
46. Griffiths RR, Bigelow GE, Liebson IA 1986. Human coffee drinking: reinforcing and physical dependence producing effects of caffeine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 239:416–25
    [Google Scholar]
47. Han P, Keast R, Roura E 2018. TAS1R1 and TAS1R3 polymorphisms relate to energy and protein-rich food choices from a buffet meal respectively. Nutrients 10:1906
    [Google Scholar]
48. Hanukoglu I, Hanukoglu A. 2016. Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) family: phylogeny, structure–function, tissue distribution, and associated inherited diseases. Gene 579:95–132
    [Google Scholar]
49. Hayes J, Nolden A. 2016. Biologically driven differences in sensation: implications for the wine industry. Proceedings of the 16th Australian Wine Industry Technical Conference121–27 Glen Osmond, Aust.: Aust. Wine Ind. Tech. Conf.
    [Google Scholar]
50. Hayes JE. 2016. Types of chemesthesis I. Pungency and burn: historical perspectives, word usage, and temporal characteristics. Chemesthesis: Chemical Touch in Food and Eating ST McDonald, DA Bolliet, JE Hayes 92 Hoboken, NJ: Wiley
    [Google Scholar]
51. Hayes JE, Bartoshuk LM, Kidd JR, Duffy VB 2008. Supertasting and PROP bitterness depends on more than the TAS2R38 gene. Chem. Senses 33:255–65
    [Google Scholar]
52. Hayes JE, Feeney EL, Nolden AA, McGeary JE 2015. Quinine bitterness and grapefruit liking associate with allelic variants in TAS2R31. Chem. Senses 40:437–43
    [Google Scholar]
53. Hayes JE, Wallace MR, Knopik VS, Herbstman DM, Bartoshuk LM, Duffy VB 2011. Allelic variation in TAS2R bitter receptor genes associates with variation in sensations from and ingestive behaviors toward common bitter beverages in adults. Chem. Senses 36:311–19
    [Google Scholar]
54. He FJ, Li J, MacGregor GA 2013. Effect of longer term modest salt reduction on blood pressure: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ 346:f1325
    [Google Scholar]
55. Heck GL, Mierson S, DeSimone JA 1984. Salt taste transduction occurs through an amiloride-sensitive sodium transport pathway. Science 223:403–5
    [Google Scholar]
56. Henkin R, Gillis W. 1977. Divergent taste responsiveness to fruit of the tree Antidesma bunius. . Nature 265:536–37
    [Google Scholar]
57. Hinrichs AL, Wang JC, Bufe B, Kwon JM, Budde J et al. 2006. Functional variant in a bitter-taste receptor (hTAS2R16) influences risk of alcohol dependence. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 78:103–11
    [Google Scholar]
58. Huang AL, Chen X, Hoon MA, Chandrashekar J, Guo W et al. 2006. The cells and logic for mammalian sour taste detection. Nature 442:934–38
    [Google Scholar]
59. Hunt R, Sauna ZE, Ambudkar SV, Gottesman MM, Kimchi-Sarfaty C 2009. Silent (synonymous) SNPs: Should we care about them. ? Methods Mol. Biol. 578:23–39
    [Google Scholar]
60. Ichimura A, Hirasawa A, Poulain-Godefroy O, Bonnefond A, Hara T et al. 2012. Dysfunction of lipid sensor GPR120 leads to obesity in both mouse and human. Nature 483:350–54
    [Google Scholar]
61. Ishii S, Misaka T, Kishi M, Kaga T, Ishimaru Y, Abe K 2009. Acetic acid activates PKD1L3–PKD2L1 channel: a candidate sour taste receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 385:346–50
    [Google Scholar]
62. Kamerud JK, Delwiche JF. 2007. Individual differences in perceived bitterness predict liking of sweeteners. Chem. Senses 32:803–10
    [Google Scholar]
63. Kang JH, Tsuyoshi G, Han IS, Kawada T, Kim YM, Yu R 2010. Dietary capsaicin reduces obesity‐induced insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in obese mice fed a high‐fat diet. Obesity 18:780–87
    [Google Scholar]
64. Kang JH, Tsuyoshi G, Le Ngoc H, Kim H-M, Tu TH et al. 2011. Dietary capsaicin attenuates metabolic dysregulation in genetically obese diabetic mice. J. Med. Food 14:310–15
    [Google Scholar]
65. Keast RS, Costanzo AJF. 2015. Is fat the sixth taste primary. ? Flavour 4:5
    [Google Scholar]
66. Keller KL, Adise S. 2016. Variation in the ability to taste bitter thiourea compounds: implications for food acceptance, dietary intake, and obesity risk in children. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 36:157–82
    [Google Scholar]
67. Keller KL, Liang LC, Sakimura J, May D, Van Belle C et al. 2012. Common variants in the CD36 gene are associated with oral fat perception, fat preferences, and obesity in African Americans. Obesity 20:1066–73
    [Google Scholar]
68. Kim U, Jorgenson E, Coon H, Leppert M, Risch N, Drayna D 2003. Positional cloning of the human quantitative trait locus underlying taste sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide. Science 299:1221–25
    [Google Scholar]
69. Kim U, Wooding S, Ricci D, Jorde LB, Drayna D 2005. Worldwide haplotype diversity and coding sequence variation at human bitter taste receptor loci. Hum. Mutat. 26:199–204
    [Google Scholar]
70. Kourouniotis S, Keast R, Riddell L, Lacy K, Thorpe M, Cicerale SJA 2016. The importance of taste on dietary choice, behaviour and intake in a group of young adults. Appetite 103:1–7
    [Google Scholar]
71. Lambert JD, VanDusen SR, Cockroft JE, Smith EC, Greenwood DC, Cade JE 2019. Bitter taste sensitivity, food intake, and risk of malignant cancer in the UK Women's Cohort Study. Eur. J. Nutr. 58:52111–21
    [Google Scholar]
72. Lapis TJ, Penner MH, Balto AS, Lim J 2017. Oral digestion and perception of starch: effects of cooking, tasting time, and salivary α-amylase activity. Chem. Senses 42:635–45
    [Google Scholar]
73. Lapis TJ, Penner MH, Lim J 2014. Evidence that humans can taste glucose polymers. Chem. Senses 39:737–47
    [Google Scholar]
74. Lapis TJ, Penner MH, Lim J 2016. Humans can taste glucose oligomers independent of the hT1R2/hT1R3 sweet taste receptor. Chem. Senses 41:755–62
    [Google Scholar]
75. Lawless HT, Stevens DA, Chapman KW, Kurtz A 2005. Metallic taste from electrical and chemical stimulation. Chem. Senses 30:185–94
    [Google Scholar]
76. Ledda M, Kutalik Z, Souza Destito MC, Souza MM, Cirillo CA et al. 2013. GWAS of human bitter taste perception identifies new loci and reveals additional complexity of bitter taste genetics. Hum. Mol. Genet. 23:259–67
    [Google Scholar]
77. Lee RJ, Cohen NA. 2013. The emerging role of the bitter taste receptor T2R38 in upper respiratory infection and chronic rhinosinusitis. Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy 27:283–86
    [Google Scholar]
78. Li D, Zhang J. 2013. Diet shapes the evolution of the vertebrate bitter taste receptor gene repertoire. Mol. Biol. Evol. 31:303–9
    [Google Scholar]
79. Liem DG, Bogers RP, Dagnelie PC, de Graaf C 2006. Fruit consumption of boys (8–11 years) is related to preferences for sour taste. Appetite 46:93–96
    [Google Scholar]
80. Lim J, Lawless HT. 2005. Qualitative differences of divalent salts: multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis. Chem. Senses 30:719–26
    [Google Scholar]
81. Lim J, Pullicin AJ. 2019. Oral carbohydrate sensing: beyond sweet taste. Physiol. Behav. 202:14–25
    [Google Scholar]
82. Lin W, Ogura T, Margolskee RF, Finger TE, Restrepo D 2008. TRPM5-expressing solitary chemosensory cells respond to odorous irritants. J. Neurophysiol. 99:1451–60
    [Google Scholar]
83. Lipchock SV, Mennella JA, Spielman AI, Reed DR 2013. Human bitter perception correlates with bitter receptor messenger RNA expression in taste cells. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 98:1136–43
    [Google Scholar]
84. Lipchock SV, Spielman AI, Mennella JA, Mansfield CJ, Hwang L-D et al. 2017. Caffeine bitterness is related to daily caffeine intake and bitter receptor mRNA abundance in human taste tissue. Perception 46:245–56
    [Google Scholar]
85. Liu D, Archer N, Duesing K, Hannan G, Keast R 2016. Mechanism of fat taste perception: association with diet and obesity. Prog. Lipid Res. 63:41–49
    [Google Scholar]
86. Liu D, Costanzo A, Evans MD, Archer NS, Nowson C et al. 2018. Expression of the candidate fat taste receptors in human fungiform papillae and the association with fat taste function. Br. J. Nutr. 120:64–73
    [Google Scholar]
87. Mandel AL, des Gachons CP, Plank KL, Alarcon S, Breslin PAS 2010. Individual differences in AMY1 gene copy number, salivary-amylase levels, and the perception of oral starch. PLOS ONE 5:e13352
    [Google Scholar]
88. Matsumoto K, Ohishi A, Iwatsuki K, Yamazaki K, Takayanagi S et al. 2019. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 mediates sour taste sensing via type III taste cell differentiation. Sci. Rep. 9:6686
    [Google Scholar]
89. Mattes RD, Popkin BM. 2009. Nonnutritive sweetener consumption in humans: effects on appetite and food intake and their putative mechanisms. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 89:1–14
    [Google Scholar]
90. Melis M, Atzori E, Cabras S, Zonza A, Calò C et al. 2013. The gustin (CA6) gene polymorphism, rs2274333 (A/G), as a mechanistic link between PROP tasting and fungiform taste papilla density and maintenance. PLOS ONE 8:e74151
    [Google Scholar]
91. Mennella JA, Nolden AA, Bobowski N 2018. Measuring sweet and bitter taste in children: individual variation due to age and taste genetics. Pediatric Food Preferences and Eating Behaviors JC Lumeng, JO Fisher 1–34 Cambridge, MA: Academic
    [Google Scholar]
92. Mennella JA, Spector AC, Reed DR, Coldwell SE 2013. The bad taste of medicines: overview of basic research on bitter taste. Clin. Ther. 35:1225–46
    [Google Scholar]
93. Meyerhof W. 2005. Elucidation of mammalian bitter taste. Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 154:37–72
    [Google Scholar]
94. Meyerhof W, Batram C, Kuhn C, Brockhoff A, Chudoba E et al. 2010. The molecular receptive ranges of human TAS2R bitter taste receptors. Chem. Senses 35:157–70
    [Google Scholar]
95. Mikolajczyk-Stecyna J, Malinowska AM, Chmurzynska A 2017. TAS2R38 and CA6 genetic polymorphisms, frequency of bitter food intake, and blood biomarkers among elderly woman. Appetite 116:57–64
    [Google Scholar]
96. Murray NM, Jacquier JC, O'Sullivan M, Hallihan A, Murphy E et al. 2019. Using rejection thresholds to determine acceptability of novel bioactive compounds added to milk-based beverages. Food Qual. Prefer. 73:276–83
    [Google Scholar]
97. Neyraud E, Palicki O, Schwartz C, Nicklaus S, Feron G 2012. Variability of human saliva composition: possible relationships with fat perception and liking. Arch. Oral Biol. 57:556–66
    [Google Scholar]
98. Nissim I, Dagan‐Wiener A, Niv MY 2017. The taste of toxicity: a quantitative analysis of bitter and toxic molecules. IUBMB Life 69:12938–46
    [Google Scholar]
99. Nolden AA, Hayes JE. 2015. Perceptual qualities of ethanol depend on concentration, and variation in these percepts associates with drinking frequency. Chemosens. Percept. 8:149–57
    [Google Scholar]
100. Nolden AA, Hayes JE. 2017. Perceptual and affective responses to sampled capsaicin differ by reported intake. Food Qual. Prefer. 55:26–34
     [Google Scholar]
101. Ong H-H, Tan Y-N, Say Y-H 2017. Fatty acid translocase gene CD36 rs1527483 variant influences oral fat perception in Malaysian subjects. Physiol. Behav. 168:128–37
     [Google Scholar]
102. Padiglia A, Zonza A, Atzori E, Chillotti C, Calò C et al. 2010. Sensitivity to 6-n-propylthiouracil is associated with gustin (carbonic anhydrase VI) gene polymorphism, salivary zinc, and body mass index in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 92:539–45
     [Google Scholar]
103. Pajic P, Pavlidis P, Dean K, Neznanova L, Romano R-A et al. 2019. Independent amylase gene copy number bursts correlate with dietary preferences in mammals. eLife 8:e44628
     [Google Scholar]
104. Pepino MY, Kuda O, Samovski D, Abumrad NA 2014. Structure-function of CD36 and importance of fatty acid signal transduction in fat metabolism. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 34:281–303
     [Google Scholar]
105. Pepino MY, Love-Gregory L, Klein S, Abumrad NA 2012. The fatty acid translocase gene CD36 and lingual lipase influence oral sensitivity to fat in obese subjects. J. Lipid Res. 53:561–66
     [Google Scholar]
106. Perry GH, Dominy NJ, Claw KG, Lee AS, Fiegler H et al. 2007. Diet and the evolution of human amylase gene copy number variation. Nat. Genet. 39:1256–60
     [Google Scholar]
107. Pilic L, Mavrommatis Y. 2018. Genetic predisposition to salt-sensitive normotension and its effects on salt taste perception and intake. Br. J. Nutr. 120:721–31
     [Google Scholar]
108. Pirastu N, Kooyman M, Traglia M, Robino A, Willems SM et al. 2014. Association analysis of bitter receptor genes in five isolated populations identifies a significant correlation between TAS2R43 variants and coffee liking. PLOS ONE 9:e92065
     [Google Scholar]
109. Pliner P. 1982. The effects of mere exposure on liking for edible substances. Appetite 3:283–90
     [Google Scholar]
110. Precone V, Beccari T, Stuppia L, Baglivo M, Paolacci S et al. 2019. Taste, olfactory and texture related genes and food choices: implications on health status. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 23:1305–21
     [Google Scholar]
111. Prescott J, Stevenson RJ. 1995. Effects of oral chemical irritation on tastes and flavors in frequent and infrequent users of chili. Physiol. Behav. 58:1117–27
     [Google Scholar]
112. Pronin AN, Xu H, Tang H, Zhang L, Li Q, Li X 2007. Specific alleles of bitter receptor genes influence human sensitivity to the bitterness of aloin and saccharin. Curr. Biol. 17:1403–8
     [Google Scholar]
113. Rabin M, de Figueiredo CEP, Wagner MB, Antonello ICF 2009. Salt taste sensitivity threshold and exercise-induced hypertension. Appetite 52:609–13
     [Google Scholar]
114. Ramos-Lopez O, Panduro A, Martinez-Lopez E, Roman S 2016. Sweet taste receptor TAS1R2 polymorphism (Val191Val) is associated with a higher carbohydrate intake and hypertriglyceridemia among the population of West Mexico. Nutrients 8:101
     [Google Scholar]
115. Rawal S, Hayes JE, Wallace MR, Bartoshuk LM, Duffy VB 2013. Do polymorphisms in the TAS1R1 gene contribute to broader differences in human taste intensity. ? Chem. Senses 38:719–28
     [Google Scholar]
116. Reed DR, Xia MB. 2015. Recent advances in fatty acid perception and genetics. Adv. Nutr. 6:353S–60
     [Google Scholar]
117. Reed DR, Zhu G, Breslin PAS, Duke FF, Henders AK et al. 2010. The perception of quinine taste intensity is associated with common genetic variants in a bitter receptor cluster on chromosome 12. Hum. Mol. Genet. 19:4278–85
     [Google Scholar]
118. Riera CE, Vogel H, Simon SA, le Coutre J 2007. Artificial sweeteners and salts producing a metallic taste sensation activate TRPV1 receptors. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 293:R626–34
     [Google Scholar]
119. Risso D, Morini G, Pagani L, Quagliariello A, Giuliani C et al. 2014. Genetic signature of differential sensitivity to stevioside in the Italian population. Genes Nutr 9:3401
     [Google Scholar]
120. Risso D, Sainz E, Morini G, Tofanelli S, Drayna D 2018. Taste perception of Antidesma bunius fruit and its relationships to bitter taste receptor gene haplotypes. Chem. Senses 43:7463–68
     [Google Scholar]
121. Robino A, Bevilacqua L, Pirastu N, Situlin R, Lenarda R et al. 2015. Polymorphisms in sweet taste genes (TAS1R2 and GLUT2), sweet liking, and dental caries prevalence in an adult Italian population. Genes Nutr 10:34
     [Google Scholar]
122. Roper SD, Chaudhari N. 2017. Taste buds: cells, signals and synapses. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 18:485–97
     [Google Scholar]
123. Roudnitzky N, Bufe B, Thalmann S, Kuhn C, Gunn HC et al. 2011. Genomic, genetic and functional dissection of bitter taste responses to artificial sweeteners. Hum. Mol. Genet. 20:3437–49
     [Google Scholar]
124. Ruiz-Aceituno L, Hernandez-Hernandez O, Kolida S, Moreno FJ, Methven L 2018. Sweetness and sensory properties of commercial and novel oligosaccharides of prebiotic potential. LWT 97:476–82
     [Google Scholar]
125. Running CA, Craig BA, Mattes RD 2015. Oleogustus: the unique taste of fat. Chem. Senses 40:507–16
     [Google Scholar]
126. Sandell M, Hoppu U, Mikkilä V, Mononen N, Kähönen M et al. 2014. Genetic variation in the hTAS2R38 taste receptor and food consumption among Finnish adults. Genes Nutr 9:433
     [Google Scholar]
127. Sandell MA, Collado MC. 2018. Genetic variation in the TAS2R38 taste receptor contributes to the oral microbiota in North and South European locations: a pilot study. Genes Nutr 13:30
     [Google Scholar]
128. Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G. 2014. Adherence to Mediterranean diet and risk of cancer: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies. Int. J. Cancer 135:1884–97
     [Google Scholar]
129. Shahbandi A, Choo E, Dando R 2018. Receptor regulation in taste: Can diet influence how we perceive foods. ? J Multidiscip. Sci. J. 1:106–15
     [Google Scholar]
130. Shaik FA, Singh N, Arakawa M, Duan K, Bhullar RP, Chelikani P 2016. Bitter taste receptors: extraoral roles in pathophysiology. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 77:197–204
     [Google Scholar]
131. Shigemura N, Shirosaki S, Sanematsu K, Yoshida R, Ninomiya Y 2009. Genetic and molecular basis of individual differences in human umami taste perception. PLOS ONE 4:e6717
     [Google Scholar]
132. Soares S, Kohl S, Thalmann S, Mateus N, Meyerhof W, De Freitas V 2013. Different phenolic compounds activate distinct human bitter taste receptors. J. Agric. Food Chem. 61:71525–33
     [Google Scholar]
133. Sollai G, Melis M, Mastinu M, Pani D, Cosseddu P et al. 2019. Human tongue electrophysiological response to oleic acid and its associations with PROP taster status and the CD36 polymorphism (rs1761667). Nutrients 11:E315
     [Google Scholar]
134. Steensels S, Depoortere I. 2018. Chemoreceptors in the gut. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 80:117–41
     [Google Scholar]
135. Steiner JE, Glaser D, Hawilo ME, Berridge KC 2001. Comparative expression of hedonic impact: affective reactions to taste by human infants and other primates. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 25:53–74
     [Google Scholar]
136. Szallasi A. 2002. Vanilloid (capsaicin) receptors in health and disease. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 118:110–21
     [Google Scholar]
137. Tepper BJ. 1998. 6-n-Propylthiouracil: a genetic marker for taste, with implications for food preference and dietary habits. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 63:1271–76
     [Google Scholar]
138. Tepper BJ. 2008. Nutritional implications of genetic taste variation: the role of PROP sensitivity and other taste phenotypes. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 28:367–88
     [Google Scholar]
139. Tepper BJ, Keller KL, Ullrich NV 2003. Genetic variation in taste and preferences for bitter and pungent foods: implications for chronic disease risk. In Challenges in Taste Chemistry and Biology. ACS Symposium Series, Vol. 867 T Hofmann, C-T Ho, W Pickenhagen, pp 60–74 Washington, DC: Am. Chem. Soc.
     [Google Scholar]
140. Tepper BJ, Koelliker Y, Zhao L, Ullrich NV, Lanzara C et al. 2008. Variation in the bitter-taste receptor gene TAS2R38, and adiposity in a genetically isolated population in Southern Italy. Obesity 16:2289–95
     [Google Scholar]
141. Törnwall O, Silventoinen K, Keskitalo-Vuokko K, Perola M, Kaprio J, Tuorila H 2012. Genetic contribution to sour taste preference. Appetite 58:687–94
     [Google Scholar]
142. US Dep. Health Hum. Serv., US Dep. Agric 2015. 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans Washington, DC: US Dep. Health Hum. Serv., US Dep. Agric. , 8th ed..
143. Verbeurgt C, Veithen A, Carlot S, Tarabichi M, Dumont JE et al. 2017. The human bitter taste receptor T2R38 is broadly tuned for bacterial compounds. PLOS ONE 12:e0181302
     [Google Scholar]
144. Wang Y, Soohoo AL, Lei W, Christensen C, Margolskee RF et al. 2019. Metal ions activate the human taste receptor TAS2R7. Chem. Senses 44:5339–47
     [Google Scholar]
145. Wendell S, Wang X, Brown M, Cooper M, DeSensi R et al. 2010. Taste genes associated with dental caries. J. Dent. Res. 89:1198–202
     [Google Scholar]
146. Wise PM, Hansen JL, Reed DR, Breslin PA 2007. Twin study of the heritability of recognition thresholds for sour and salty taste. Chem. Senses 32:749–54
     [Google Scholar]
147. Wise PM, Nattress L, Flammer LJ, Beauchamp GK 2015. Reduced dietary intake of simple sugars alters perceived sweet taste intensity but not perceived pleasantness. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 103:50–60
     [Google Scholar]
148. Wooding S, Gunn H, Ramos P, Thalmann S, Xing C, Meyerhof W 2010. Genetics and bitter taste responses to goitrin, a plant toxin found in vegetables. Chem. Senses 35:685–92
     [Google Scholar]
149. Yang D, Luo Z, Ma S, Wong WT, Ma L et al. 2010. Activation of TRPV1 by dietary capsaicin improves endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation and prevents hypertension. Cell Metab 12:130–41
     [Google Scholar]
150. Yang H, Shi P. 2017. Bitterness perception in humans: an evolutionary perspective. Bitterness: Perception, Chemistry, and Food Processing M Aliani, MNA Eskin 37–50 Hoboken, NJ: Wiley
     [Google Scholar]
151. Yang HHL, Lawless HT. 2005. Descriptive analysis of divalent salts. J. Sens. Stud. 20:97–113
     [Google Scholar]
152. Ye W, Chang RB, Bushman JD, Tu Y-H, Mulhall EM et al. 2016. The K⁺ channel KIR2.1 functions in tandem with proton influx to mediate sour taste transduction. PNAS 113:E229–38
     [Google Scholar]
153. Yildiz G, Ermis R, Calapoglu N, Celik E, Türel G 2016. Gene-environment interactions in the etiology of dental caries. J. Dent. Res. 95:74–79
     [Google Scholar]