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Annual Review of Immunology

Volume 37, 2019

Fine-Tuning Cytokine Signals

Abstract

Cytokines are secreted or otherwise released polypeptide factors that exert autocrine and/or paracrine actions, with most cytokines acting in the immune and/or hematopoietic system. They are typically pleiotropic, controlling development, cell growth, survival, and/or differentiation. Correspondingly, cytokines are clinically important, and augmenting or attenuating cytokine signals can have deleterious or therapeutic effects. Besides physiological fine-tuning of cytokine signals, altering the nature or potency of the signal can be important in pathophysiological responses and can also provide novel therapeutic approaches. Here, we give an overview of cytokines, their signaling and actions, and the physiological mechanisms and pharmacologic strategies to fine-tune their actions. In particular, the differential utilization of STAT proteins by a single cytokine or by different cytokines and STAT dimerization versus tetramerization are physiological mechanisms of fine-tuning, whereas anticytokine and anticytokine receptor antibodies and cytokines with altered activities, including cytokine superagonists, partial agonists, and antagonists, represent new ways of fine-tuning cytokine signals.

Keyword(s): cytokine, fine-tuning, partial agonist, STAT protein, STAT tetramerization, superenhancers
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/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-immunol-042718-041447
2019-04-26
2024-04-19
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/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-immunol-042718-041447
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Fine-Tuning Cytokine Signals
Annual Review of Immunology 37, 295 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-immunol-042718-041447
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-immunol-042718-041447
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-immunol-042718-041447
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  • Article Type: Review Article

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