Criminal Trials and Reforms Intended to Reduce the Impact of Race: A Review

Literature Cited

1. Adelson J, Russell G, Simerman J 2018. How an abnormal Louisiana law deprives, discriminates and drives incarceration: tilting the scales. New Orleans Advocate April 1. https://www.nola.com/news/courts/article_8e284de1-9c5c-5d77-bcc5-6e22a3053aa0.html
   [Google Scholar]
2. Am. Bar Assoc Implicit bias initiative Sect. Litig., Am. Bar Assoc. Chicago: https://www.americanbar.org/groups/litigation/initiatives/task-force-implicit-bias/
3. Apodaca v. Oregon 406 U.S. 404 1972.
4. Arnold D, Dobbie W, Yang CS 2018. Racial bias in bail decisions. Q. J. Econ. 133:41885–932
   [Google Scholar]
5. Baldus DC, Grosso CM, Dunham R, Woodworth G 2011. Statistical proof of racial discrimination in the use of peremptory challenges: the impact and promise of the Miller-El line of cases as reflected in the experience of one Philadelphia capital case. Iowa Law Rev 97:1425–66
   [Google Scholar]
6. Baldus DC, Woodworth G, Zuckerman D, Weiner NA 2001. The use of peremptory challenges in capital murder trials: a legal and empirical analysis. Univ. Pa. J. Const. Law 3:3–169
   [Google Scholar]
7. Ballew v. Georgia 435 U.S. 223 1978.
8. Batson v. Kentucky 476 U.S. 79 1986.
9. Bell D. 1992. Faces at the Bottom of the Well: The Permanence of Racism New York: Basic Books
10. Bellin J, Semitsu JP. 2010. Widening Batson's net to ensnare more than the unapologetically bigoted or painfully unimaginative attorney. Cornell Law Rev 96:1075–130
    [Google Scholar]
11. Booth v. Galveston County et al. U.S. Dist. Ct. S. Dist. Texas, Galveston Dist., Civil Action No. 3180014 Aug. 7 2019.
12. Butler P. 2010. The white Fourth Amendment. Tex. Tech Law Rev. 43:245–54
    [Google Scholar]
13. Butler P. 2015. The system is working the way it is supposed to: the limits of criminal justice reform. Georgetown Law J 104:1419–78
    [Google Scholar]
14. Buck R. 2019. Cory Booker slams 1994 crime bill as “awful” and “a mistake. .” CNN May 30. https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/30/politics/cory-booker-1994-crime-bill-awful-mistake-biden-2020/index.html
    [Google Scholar]
15. Carbado DW. 2002. (E)racing the Fourth Amendment. Mich. Law Rev. 100:946–1043
    [Google Scholar]
16. Carbado DW, Roithmayr D. 2014. Critical race theory meets social science. Annu. Rev. Law Soc. Sci. 10:149–67
    [Google Scholar]
17. Community Advocacy Groups 2017. Letter to Governor Andrew Cuomo about bail reform in New York Lett., Am. Bail Coalit Franklinville, NJ:
18. Diamond SS, Rose MR. 2018. The contemporary American jury. Annu. Rev. Law Soc. Sci. 14:238–58
    [Google Scholar]
19. Duncan v. Louisiana 391 U.S. 145 1968.
20. Eaton K, Oppell RA Jr 2019. Oklahoma takes first step in prison reform, letting 462 walk free. New York Times Nov. 4 A9
    [Google Scholar]
21. Eisenberg AM. 2017. Removal of women and African Americans in jury selection in South Carolina capital cases, 1997–2012. Northeast. Univ. Law J. 9:299–346
    [Google Scholar]
22. Equal Justice Initiat 2010. Illegal racial discrimination in jury selection: a continuing legacy Rep., Equal Justice Initiat Montgomery, AL: https://eji.org/reports/illegal-racial-discrimination-in-jury-selection
23. Flowers v. Mississippi 139 S. Ct. 2228, 488 U.S.__ 2019.
24. Foster v. Chatman 136 S. Ct. 1737, 478 U.S.__ 2016.
25. Forman J Jr 2004. Juries and race in the nineteenth century. Yale Law J 113:895–938
    [Google Scholar]
26. Frampton TW. 2018. The Jim Crow jury. Vanderbilt Law Rev 71:1593–654
    [Google Scholar]
27. Frampton TW. 2020. For cause: rethinking racial exclusion and the American jury. Mich. Law Rev. 118:785–840
    [Google Scholar]
28. Gross SR, Possley M, Stephens K 2017. Race and wrongful convictions in the United States Rep., Natl. Regist. Exonerations, Univ. Calif Irvine: http://www.law.umich.edu/special/exoneration/Documents/Race_and_Wrongful_Convictions.pdf
29. Grosso CM, O'Brien B. 2012. A stubborn legacy: the overwhelming importance of race in jury selection in 173 post-Batson North Carolina capital trials. Iowa Law Rev 97:1531–60
    [Google Scholar]
30. Grosso CM, O'Brien B 2016–2017. Record rules for Batson. Ky. Law Rev. 105:651–70
    [Google Scholar]
31. Grosso CM, O'Brien B. 2017. Grounding criminal procedure. J. Gend. Race Justice 20:53–95
    [Google Scholar]
32. Hunt JS. 2015. Race, ethnicity, and culture in jury decision making. Annu. Rev. Law Soc. Sci. 11:269–88
    [Google Scholar]
33. Ifill SA, Nelson JS, Spital S, Johnson KA, Harawa DS 2019. Brief of NAACP Legal Defense & Educational Fund, Inc., as Amicus Curiae in Support of Petitioner. Ramos v. Louisiana U.S: Supreme Court No18–5924
    [Google Scholar]
34. Johnson v. California 545 U.S. 162 2005.
35. Jones CE. 2013. Give us free: addressing racial disparities in bail determinations. N.Y. Univ. J. Legis. Public Policy 16:919–62
    [Google Scholar]
36. Kahn J. 2017. Race on the Brain: What Implicit Bias Gets Wrong About the Struggle for Racial Justice New York: Columbia Univ. Press
37. Kaplan AB, Saack A. 2016. Overturning Apodaca v. Oregon should be easy: Nonunanimous jury verdicts in criminal cases undermine the credibility of our justice system. Or. Law Rev. 95:1–52
    [Google Scholar]
38. Kohler-Hausmann I. 2014. Managerial justice and mass misdemeanors. Stanford Law Rev 66:611–94
    [Google Scholar]
39. Lai CK, Skinner AL, Cooley E, Murrar S, Brauer M et al. 2016. Reducing implicit racial preferences: II. Intervention effectiveness across time. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 145:1001–16
    [Google Scholar]
40. Liptak A. 2019. Excluding Black jurors in Curtis Flowers case violated Constitution, Supreme Court rules. New York Times June 21 A1 https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/21/us/politics/curtis-flowers-supreme-court-in-the-dark-podacast.html
    [Google Scholar]
41. Marshall Proj 2019. Criminal Justice Reform: A Curated Collection of Links accessed Nov. 6, 2019. https://www.themarshallproject.org/records/622-criminal-justice-reform
42. Mayson SG. 2019. Bias in, bias out. Yale Law J 128:82218–301
    [Google Scholar]
43. McCarter S, Chinn-Gary E, Trosch LA Jr., Toure A, Alsaeedi A, Harrington J 2017. Bringing racial justice to the courtroom and community: Race matters for juvenile justice and the Charlotte model. Washington Lee Law Rev. Online 73:641–86
    [Google Scholar]
44. McLeod AM. 2019. Envisioning abolition democracy. Harvard Law Rev 132:1613–49
    [Google Scholar]
45. Meares T. 2015. A third reconstruction. Balkinization Blog Aug. 14. http://balkin.blogspot.com/2015/08/a-third-reconstruction.html
    [Google Scholar]
46. Miller-El v. Dretke 545 U.S. 231 2005.
47. Natapoff A. 2018. Punishment Without Crime: How Our Massive Misdemeanor System Traps the Innocent and Makes America More Unequal New York: Basic Books
48. Natl. Cent. State Courts. Helping courts address implicit bias: resources for education Web Resour., Natl. Cent. State Courts Williamsburg, VA: https://www.ncsc.org/ibeducation
49. Nejdl CS. 2018. Race, poverty, and bail: an annotated bibliography. North. Ill. Univ. Law Rev. 38:487–503
    [Google Scholar]
50. O'Brien B, Grosso CM. 2011. Confronting race: how a confluence of social movements convinced North Carolina to go where the McCleskey Court wouldn't. Mich. State Law Rev. 2011:463–504
    [Google Scholar]
51. O'Flaherty B, Sethi R. 2019. Shadows of Doubt: Stereotypes, Crime, and the Pursuit of Justice Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
52. Peña-Rodriguez v. Colorado 137 S. Ct. 855, 580 U.S.__ 2017.
53. Pretrial Justice Inst 2019. This ain't justice: 10 pretrial reforms with unjust consequences Doc., Pretrial Justice Inst Baltimore, MD: https://university.pretrial.org/HigherLogic/System/DownloadDocumentFile.ashx?DocumentFileKey=65121998-9a4d-a8f0-24fc-aaad5a7a7d44&forceDialog=0
54. Purkett v. Elem 514 U.S. 765 1995.
55. Rajagopal R. 2019. Diary of a civil public defender: critical lessons for achieving transformative change on behalf of communities. Fordham Urban Law J 46:876–901
    [Google Scholar]
56. Ramos v. Louisiana 590 U.S.__( 2020.
57. Rodríguez D. 2019. Abolition as praxis of human being: a foreword. Harvard Law Rev 132:1575–612
    [Google Scholar]
58. Roithmayr D. 2000. Barriers to entry: a market lock-in model of discrimination. Va. Law Rev. 86:727–99
    [Google Scholar]
59. Sardar MB. 2019. Give me liberty or give me…alternatives? Ending cash bail and its impact on pretrial incarceration. Brooklyn Law Rev 84:1421–58
    [Google Scholar]
60. Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action 572 U.S. 291, 337 2014.
61. State v. Snyder 942 So. 2d 484, 506 (La 2006.
62. Snyder v. Louisiana 552 U.S. 472 2008.
63. Steiker CS, Steiker JM. 2019. Capital punishment in the Supreme Court 2018 term. ACS Supreme Court Review 2018–2019 SD Schwinn 253–91 Washington, DC: Am. Const. Soc, 3rd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
64. Tanner v. United States 483 U.S. 107 1987.
65. Tokaji DP. 2003. First Amendment equal protection: on discretion, inequality, and participation. Mich. Law Rev. 101:2409–524
    [Google Scholar]
66. Tulchin M. 2005. An analysis of the development of the jury's role in a New York criminal trial. J. Law Policy 13:425–98
    [Google Scholar]
67. Van Brunt A, Bowman LE 2018. Toward a just model of pretrial release: a history of bail reform and a prescription for what's next. J. Crim. Law Criminol. 108:701–74
    [Google Scholar]
68. Wilson C. 2019. Bill to put non-unanimous juries before voters fails to make it out of Oregon Legislature. Oregon Public Broadcasting July 2. https://www.opb.org/news/article/non-unanimous-juries-oregon-bill-legislature-2019/
    [Google Scholar]