1932

Abstract

The overexploitation of sharks has become a global environmental issue in need of a comprehensive and multifaceted management response. Tracking studies are beginning to elucidate how shark movements shape the internal dynamics and structure of populations, which determine the most appropriate scale of these management efforts. Tracked sharks frequently either remain in a restricted geographic area for an extended period of time (residency) or return to a previously resided-in area after making long-distance movements (site fidelity). Genetic studies have shown that some individuals of certain species preferentially return to their exact birthplaces (natal philopatry) or birth regions (regional philopatry) for either parturition or mating, even though they make long-distance movements that would allow them to breed elsewhere. More than 80 peer-reviewed articles, constituting the majority of published shark tracking and population genetic studies, provide evidence of at least one of these behaviors in a combined 31 shark species from six of the eight extant orders. Residency, site fidelity, and philopatry can alone or in combination structure many coastal shark populations on finer geographic scales than expected based on their potential for dispersal. This information should therefore be used to scale and inform assessment, management, and conservation activities intended to restore depleted shark populations.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015730
2015-01-03
2024-04-16
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/marine/7/1/annurev-marine-010814-015730.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015730&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Abrantes KG, Barnett A. 2011. Intrapopulation variations in diet and habitat use in a marine apex predator, the broadnose sevengill shark. Notorynchus cepedianus. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 442:133–48 [Google Scholar]
  2. Ahonen H, Harcourt RG, Stow AJ. 2009. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA reveals isolation of imperilled grey nurse shark populations (Carcharias taurus). Mol. Ecol. 18:4409–21 [Google Scholar]
  3. Anderson SD, Chapple TK, Jorgensen SJ, Klimley AP, Block BA. 2011. Long-term individual identification and site fidelity of white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, off California using dorsal fins. Mar. Biol. 158:1233–37 [Google Scholar]
  4. Andrews KS, Harvey CJ. 2013. Ecosystem-level consequences of movement: seasonal variation in the trophic impact of a top predator. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 473:247–60 [Google Scholar]
  5. Andrews KS, Williams GD, Levin PS. 2010. Seasonal and ontogenetic changes in movement patterns of sixgill sharks. PLoS ONE 5:e12549 [Google Scholar]
  6. Austin D, Bowen WD, McMillan JI. 2004. Intraspecific variation in movement patterns: modeling individual behaviour in a large marine predator. Oikos 105:15–30 [Google Scholar]
  7. Bansemer CS, Bennett MB. 2009. Reproductive periodicity, localised movements and behavioural segregation of pregnant Carcharias taurus at Wolf Rock, Southeast Queensland, Australia. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 374:215–27 [Google Scholar]
  8. Bansemer CS, Bennett MB. 2011. Sex-and maturity-based differences in movement and migration patterns of grey nurse shark, Carcharias taurus, along the eastern coast of Australia. Mar. Freshw. Res. 62:596–606 [Google Scholar]
  9. Barker SM, Williamson JE. 2010. Collaborative photo-identification and monitoring of grey nurse sharks (Carcharias taurus) at key aggregation sites along the eastern coast of Australia. Mar. Freshw. Res. 61:971–79 [Google Scholar]
  10. Barnett A, Abrantes KG, Seymour J, Fitzpatrick R. 2012. Residency and spatial use by reef sharks of an isolated seamount and its implications for conservation. PLoS ONE 7:e36574 [Google Scholar]
  11. Barnett A, Abrantes KG, Stevens JD, Semmens JM. 2011. Site fidelity and sex-specific migration in a mobile apex predator: implications for conservation and ecosystem dynamics. Anim. Behav. 81:1039–48 [Google Scholar]
  12. Benavides MT, Feldheim KA, Duffy CA, Wintner S, Braccini M. et al. 2011. Phylogeography of the copper shark (Carcharhinus brachyurus) in the southern hemisphere: implications for the conservation of a coastal apex predator. Mar. Freshw. Res. 62:861–69 [Google Scholar]
  13. Bessudo S, Soler GA, Klimley AP, Ketchum JT, Hearn A, Arauz R. 2011. Residency of the scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini) at Malpelo Island and evidence of migration to other islands in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Environ. Biol. Fishes 91:165–76 [Google Scholar]
  14. Blower DC, Pandolfi JM, Bruce BD, Gomez-Cabrera MDC, Ovenden JR. 2012. Population genetics of Australian white sharks reveals fine-scale spatial structure, transoceanic dispersal events and low effective population sizes. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 455:229–44 [Google Scholar]
  15. Bond ME, Babcock EA, Pikitch EK, Abercrombie DL, Lamb NF, Chapman DD. 2012. Reef sharks exhibit site fidelity and higher relative abundance in marine reserves on the Mesoamerican barrier reef. PLoS ONE 7:e32983 [Google Scholar]
  16. Bonfil R, Meÿer M, Scholl MC, Johnson R, O'Brien S. et al. 2005. . Transoceanic migration, spatial dynamics, and population linkages of white sharks. Science 310:100–3 [Google Scholar]
  17. Bowen BW, Karl SA. 2007. Population genetics and phylogeography of sea turtles. Mol. Ecol. 16:4886–907 [Google Scholar]
  18. Brooks EJ, Sims DW, Danylchuk AJ, Sloman KA. 2013. Seasonal abundance, philopatry and demographic structure of Caribbean reef shark (Carcharhinus perezi) assemblages in the north-east Exuma Sound, the Bahamas. Mar. Biol. 160:2535–46 [Google Scholar]
  19. Bruce BD, Bradford RW. 2012. Habitat use and spatial dynamics of juvenile white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, in eastern Australia. Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark ML Domeier 225–54 New York: CRC [Google Scholar]
  20. Bruce BD, Stevens JD, Malcolm H. 2006. Movements and swimming behaviour of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) in Australian waters. Mar. Biol. 150:161–72 [Google Scholar]
  21. Brunnschweiler JM, Baensch H. 2011. Seasonal and long-term changes in relative abundance of bull sharks from a tourist shark feeding site in Fiji. PLoS ONE 6:e16597 [Google Scholar]
  22. Brunnschweiler JM, Barnett A. 2013. Opportunistic visitors: long-term behavioural response of bull sharks to food provisioning in Fiji. PLoS ONE 8:e58522 [Google Scholar]
  23. Carlisle AB, Starr RM. 2009. Habitat use, residency, and seasonal distribution of female leopard sharks Triakis semifasciata in Elkhorn Slough, California. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 380:213–28 [Google Scholar]
  24. Carlson JK, Heupel MR, Bethea DM, Hollensead LD. 2008. Coastal habitat use and residency of juvenile Atlantic sharpnose sharks (Rhizoprionodon terraenovae). Estuaries Coasts 31:931–40 [Google Scholar]
  25. Carrier JC, Pratt HL, Castro JI. 2004. Reproductive biology of elasmobranchs. Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives JC Carrier, JA Musick, MR Heithaus 269–86 Boca Raton, FL: CRC [Google Scholar]
  26. Chaloupka M, Bjorndal KA, Balazs GH, Bolten AB, Ehrhart LM. et al. 2008. Encouraging outlook for recovery of a once severely exploited marine megaherbivore. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 17:297–304 [Google Scholar]
  27. Chapman BB, Skov C, Hulthén K, Brodersen J, Nilsson PA. et al. 2012. Partial migration in fishes: definitions, methodologies and taxonomic distribution. J. Fish Biol. 81:479–99 [Google Scholar]
  28. Chapman DD, Babcock EA, Gruber SH, DiBattista JD, Franks BR. et al. 2009a. Long-term natal site fidelity by immature lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris) at a subtropical island. Mol. Ecol. 18:3500–7 [Google Scholar]
  29. Chapman DD, Frisk MG, Abercrombie DL, Safina C, Gruber SH. et al. 2013. Give shark sanctuaries a chance. Science 339:757 [Google Scholar]
  30. Chapman DD, Pinhal D, Shivji MS. 2009b. Tracking the fin trade: genetic stock identification in western Atlantic scalloped hammerhead sharks Sphyrna lewini. Endanger. Species Res. 9:221–28 [Google Scholar]
  31. Chin A, Tobin AJ, Heupel MR, Simpfendorfer CA. 2013. Population structure and residency patterns of the blacktip reef shark Carcharhinus melanopterus in turbid coastal environments. J. Fish Biol. 82:1192–210 [Google Scholar]
  32. Clarke C, Lea JSE, Ormond RFG. 2011. Reef-use and residency patterns of a baited population of silky sharks, Carcharhinus falciformis, in the Red Sea. Mar. Freshw. Res. 62:668–75 [Google Scholar]
  33. Clarke SC, McAllister MK, Milner-Gulland EJ, Kirkwood GP, Michielsens CG. et al. 2006. Global estimates of shark catches using trade records from commercial markets. Ecol. Lett. 9:1115–26 [Google Scholar]
  34. Clua E, Buray N, Legendre P, Mourier J, Planes S. 2010. Behavioural response of sicklefin lemon sharks Negaprion acutidens to underwater feeding for ecotourism purposes. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 414:257–66 [Google Scholar]
  35. Conrath CL, Musick JA. 2010. Residency, space use and movement patterns of juvenile sandbar sharks (Carcharhinus plumbeus) within a Virginia summer nursery area. Mar. Freshw. Res. 61:223–35 [Google Scholar]
  36. Cortés E. 2004. Life history patterns, demography, and population dynamics. Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives JC Carrier, JA Musick, MR Heithaus 449–69 Boca Raton, FL: CRC [Google Scholar]
  37. Silva C, Kerwath SE, Attwood CG, Thorstad EB, Cowley PD. da et al. 2013. Quantifying the degree of protection afforded by a no-take marine reserve on an exploited shark. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 35:57–66 [Google Scholar]
  38. Daly-Engel TS, Seraphin KD, Holland KN, Coffey JP, Nance HA. et al. 2012. Global phylogeography with mixed-marker analysis reveals male-mediated dispersal in the endangered scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini). PLoS ONE 7:e29986 [Google Scholar]
  39. Dawson CL, Starr RM. 2009. Movements of subadult prickly sharks Echinorhinus cookei in the Monterey Canyon. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 386:253–62 [Google Scholar]
  40. DeAngelis BM, McCandless CT, Kohler NE, Recksiek CW, Skomal GB. 2008. First characterization of shark nursery habitat in the United States Virgin Islands: evidence of habitat partitioning by two shark species. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 358:257–71 [Google Scholar]
  41. DeCelles G, Zemeckis D. 2014. Acoustic and radio telemetry. Stock Identification Methods SX Cadrin, LA Kerr, S Mariani 398–428 New York: Academic [Google Scholar]
  42. DiBattista JD, Feldheim KA, Thibert-Plante X, Gruber SH, Hendry AP. 2008. A genetic assessment of polyandry and breeding-site fidelity in lemon sharks. Mol. Ecol. 17:3337–51 [Google Scholar]
  43. Domeier ML, Nasby-Lucas N. 2007. Annual re-sightings of photographically identified white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) at an eastern Pacific aggregation site (Guadalupe Island, Mexico). Mar. Biol 150:977–84 [Google Scholar]
  44. Domeier ML, Nasby-Lucas N. 2008. Migration patterns of white sharks Carcharodon carcharias tagged at Guadalupe Island, Mexico, and identification of an eastern Pacific shared offshore foraging area. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 370:221–37 [Google Scholar]
  45. Domeier ML, Nasby-Lucas N. 2013. Two-year migration of adult female white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) reveals widely separated nursery areas and conservation concerns. Anim. Biotelem. 1:2 [Google Scholar]
  46. Dudgeon CL, Blower DC, Broderick D, Giles JL, Holmes BJ. et al. 2012. A review of the application of molecular genetics for fisheries management and conservation of sharks and rays. J. Fish Biol. 80:1789–843 [Google Scholar]
  47. Dudgeon CL, Lanyon JM, Semmens JM. 2013. Seasonality and site fidelity of the zebra shark, Stegostoma fasciatum, in southeast Queensland, Australia. Anim. Behav. 85:471–81 [Google Scholar]
  48. Dudgeon CL, Noad MJ, Lanyon JM. 2008. Abundance and demography of a seasonal aggregation of zebra sharks Stegostoma fasciatum. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 368:269–81 [Google Scholar]
  49. Duffy C, Francis MP, Manning MJ, Bonfil R. 2012. Regional population connectivity, oceanic habitat, and return migration revealed by satellite tagging of white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, at New Zealand aggregation sites. Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark ML Domeier 301–18 New York: CRC [Google Scholar]
  50. Dulvy NK, Fowler SL, Musick JA, Cavanagh RD, Kyne PM. et al. 2014. Extinction risk and conservation of the world's sharks and rays. eLife 3:e00590 [Google Scholar]
  51. Feldheim KA, Gruber SH, Ashley MV. 2002. The breeding biology of lemon sharks at a tropical nursery lagoon. Proc. R. Soc. B 269:1655–61 [Google Scholar]
  52. Feldheim KA, Gruber SH, Ashley MV. 2004. Reconstruction of parental microsatellite genotypes reveals female polyandry and philopatry in the lemon shark, Negaprion brevirostris. Evolution 58:2332–42 [Google Scholar]
  53. Feldheim KA, Gruber SH, DiBattista JD, Babcock EA, Kessel SA. et al. 2014. Two decades of genetic profiling yields first evidence of natal philopatry and long-term fidelity to parturition sites in sharks. Mol. Ecol. 23:110–17 [Google Scholar]
  54. Ferreira LC, Afonso AS, Castilho PC, Hazin FH. 2012. Habitat use of the nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum, off Recife, Northeast Brazil: a combined survey with longline and acoustic telemetry. Environ. Biol. Fishes 6:735–45 [Google Scholar]
  55. Field IC, Meekan MG, Speed CW, White W, Bradshaw CJ. 2011. Quantifying movement patterns for shark conservation at remote coral atolls in the Indian Ocean. Coral Reefs 30:61–71 [Google Scholar]
  56. Filmalter JD, Dagorn L, Cowley PD. 2013. Spatial behaviour and site fidelity of the sicklefin lemon shark Negaprion acutidens in a remote Indian Ocean atoll. Mar. Biol. 160:2425–36 [Google Scholar]
  57. Fox S, Foisy I, De La Parra Venegas R, Galván Pastoriza BE, Graham RT. et al. 2013. Population structure and residency of whale sharks Rhincodon typus at Utila, Bay Islands, Honduras. J. Fish Biol. 83:574–87 [Google Scholar]
  58. Freitas RHA, Rosa RS, Wetherbee BM, Gruber SH. 2009. Population size and survivorship for juvenile lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris) on their nursery grounds at a marine protected area in Brazil. Neotrop. Ichthyol. 7:205–12 [Google Scholar]
  59. Frisk MG, Jordaan A, Miller TJ. 2014. Moving beyond the current paradigm in marine population connectivity: Are adults the missing link?. Fish Fish. 15:242–54 [Google Scholar]
  60. Gallagher AJ, Hammerschlag N. 2011. Global shark currency: the distribution, frequency, and economic value of shark ecotourism. Curr. Issues Tour. 14:797–812 [Google Scholar]
  61. Garla RC, Chapman DD, Wetherbee BM, Shivji M. 2006. Movement patterns of young Caribbean reef sharks, Carcharhinus perezi, at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil: the potential of marine protected areas for conservation of a nursery ground. Mar. Biol. 149:189–99 [Google Scholar]
  62. Graham RT, Roberts CM. 2007. Assessing the size, growth rate and structure of a seasonal population of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus Smith 1828) using conventional tagging and photo identification. Fish. Res. 84:71–80 [Google Scholar]
  63. Harden Jones FR. 1968. Fish Migration London: Camelot
  64. Hearn AR, Green JR, Espinoza E, Peñaherrera C, Acuña D, Klimley AP. 2013. Simple criteria to determine detachment point of towed satellite tags provide first evidence of return migrations of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) at the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Anim. Biotelem. 1:11 [Google Scholar]
  65. Hearn AR, Ketchum J, Klimley AP, Espinoza E, Penaherrera C. 2010. Hotspots within hotspots? Hammerhead shark movements around Wolf Island, Galapagos Marine Reserve. Mar. Biol. 157:1899–915 [Google Scholar]
  66. Heist EJ, Musick JA, Graves JA. 1996. Mitochondrial DNA diversity and divergence among sharpnose sharks, Rhizoprionodon terraenovae, from the Gulf of Mexico and Mid-Atlantic Bight. Fish. Bull. 94:664–68 [Google Scholar]
  67. Heithaus MR. 2001. The biology of tiger sharks, Galeocerdo cuvier, in Shark Bay, Western Australia: sex ratio, size distribution, diet, and seasonal changes in catch rates. Environ. Biol. Fishes 61:25–36 [Google Scholar]
  68. Heithaus MR, Frid A, Wirsing AJ, Worm B. 2008. Predicting ecological consequences of marine top predator declines. Trends Ecol. Evol. 23:202–10 [Google Scholar]
  69. Heupel M. 2007. Exiting Terra Ceia Bay: examination of cues stimulating migration from a summer nursery area. Shark Nursery Grounds of the Gulf of Mexico and the East Coast Waters of the United States CT McCandless, NE Kohler, HL Pratt Jr 265–80 Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 50 Bethesda, MD: Am. Fish. Soc. [Google Scholar]
  70. Heupel MR, Carlson JK, Simpfendorfer CA. 2007. Shark nursery areas: concepts, definition, characterization and assumptions. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 337:287–97 [Google Scholar]
  71. Heupel MR, Simpfendorfer CA. 2002. Estimation of mortality of juvenile blacktip sharks, Carcharhinus limbatus, within a nursery area using telemetry data. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 59:624–32 [Google Scholar]
  72. Heupel MR, Simpfendorfer CA. 2008. Movement and distribution of young bull sharks Carcharhinus leucas in a variable estuarine environment. Aquat. Biol. 1:277–89 [Google Scholar]
  73. Heupel MR, Simpfendorfer CA, Collins AB, Tyminski JP. 2006. Residency and movement patterns of bonnethead sharks, Sphyrna tiburo, in a large Florida estuary. Environ. Biol. Fishes 76:47–67 [Google Scholar]
  74. Heupel MR, Williams AJ, Welch DJ, Ballagh A, Mapstone BD. et al. 2009. Effects of fishing on tropical reef associated shark populations on the Great Barrier Reef. Fish. Res. 95:350–61 [Google Scholar]
  75. Heupel MR, Yeiser BG, Collins AB, Ortega L, Simpfendorfer CA. 2010. Long-term presence and movement patterns of juvenile bull sharks, Carcharhinus leucas, in an estuarine river system. Mar. Freshw. Res. 61:1–10 [Google Scholar]
  76. Hoffman JI, Forcada J. 2012. Extreme natal philopatry in female Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella). Mamm. Biol. 77:71–73 [Google Scholar]
  77. Holmberg J, Norman B, Arzoumanian Z. 2008. Robust, comparable population metrics through collaborative photo-monitoring of whale sharks Rhincodon typus. Ecol. Appl. 18:222–33 [Google Scholar]
  78. Howey-Jordan LA, Brooks EJ, Abercrombie DL, Jordan LK, Brooks A. et al. 2013. Complex movements, philopatry and expanded depth range of a severely threatened pelagic shark, the oceanic whitetip (Carcharhinus longimanus) in the western North Atlantic. PLoS ONE 8:e56588 [Google Scholar]
  79. Hueter RE, Heupel MR, Heist EJ, Keeney DB. 2005. Evidence of philopatry in sharks and implications for the management of shark fisheries. J. Northw. Atl. Fish. Sci. 35:239–47 [Google Scholar]
  80. Hueter RE, Tyminski JP. Parra R. , de la 2013. Horizontal movements, migration patterns, and population structure of whale sharks in the Gulf of Mexico and Northwestern Caribbean Sea. PLoS ONE 8:e71883 [Google Scholar]
  81. Hussey NE, MacNeil MA, Olin JA, McMeans BC, Kinney MJ. et al. 2012. Stable isotopes and elasmobranchs: tissue types, methods, applications and assumptions. J. Fish Biol. 80:1449–84 [Google Scholar]
  82. Huveneers C, Harcourt RG, Otway NM. 2006. Observation of localised movements and residence times of the wobbegong shark Orectolobus halei at Fish Rock, NSW, Australia. Cybium 30:103–11 [Google Scholar]
  83. Jorgensen SJ, Reeb CA, Chapple TK, Anderson S, Perle C. et al. 2010. Philopatry and migration of Pacific white sharks. Proc. R. Soc. B 277:679–88 [Google Scholar]
  84. Karl SA, Castro ALF, Lopez JA, Charvet P, Burgess GH. 2011. Phylogeography and conservation of the bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas) inferred from mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA. Conserv. Genet. 12:371–82 [Google Scholar]
  85. Keeney DB, Heupel MR, Hueter RE, Heist EJ. 2005. Microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA analyses of the genetic structure of blacktip shark (Carcharhinus limbatus) nurseries in the northwestern Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea. Mol. Ecol. 14:1911–23 [Google Scholar]
  86. Knip DM, Heupel MR, Simpfendorfer CA. 2010. Sharks in nearshore environments: models, importance, and consequences. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 402:1–11 [Google Scholar]
  87. Knip DM, Heupel MR, Simpfendorfer CA. 2012a. Habitat use and spatial segregation of adult spottail sharks Carcharhinus sorrah in tropical nearshore waters. J. Fish Biol. 80:767–84 [Google Scholar]
  88. Knip DM, Heupel MR, Simpfendorfer CA. 2012b. To roam or to home: site fidelity in a tropical coastal shark. Mar. Biol. 159:1647–57 [Google Scholar]
  89. Knip DM, Heupel MR, Simpfendorfer CA, Tobin AJ, Moloney J. 2011. Ontogenetic shifts in movement and habitat use of juvenile pigeye sharks Carcharhinus amboinensis in a tropical nearshore region. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 425:233–46 [Google Scholar]
  90. Kock A, O'Riain MJ, Mauff K, Meÿer M, Kotze D, Griffiths C. 2013. Residency, habitat use and sexual segregation of white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias in False Bay, South Africa. PLoS ONE 8:e55048 [Google Scholar]
  91. Kohler NE, Casey JG, Turner PA. 1998. NMFS Cooperative Shark Tagging Program, 1962–93: an atlas of shark tag and recapture data. Mar. Fish. Rev. 60:1–87 [Google Scholar]
  92. Lester SE, Halpern BS, Grorud-Colvert K, Lubchenco J, Ruttenberg BI. et al. 2009. Biological effects within no-take marine reserves: a global synthesis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 384:33–46 [Google Scholar]
  93. Lewallen EA, Anderson TW, Bohonak AJ. 2007. Genetic structure of leopard shark (Triakis semifasciata) populations in California waters. Mar. Biol. 152:599–609 [Google Scholar]
  94. Lohmann KJ, Lohmann CMF, Brothers JR, Putman NF. 2013. Natal homing and imprinting in sea turtles. The Biology of Sea Turtles 3 J Wyneken, KJ Lohmann, JA Musick 59–78 Boca Raton, FL: CRC [Google Scholar]
  95. Lowe CG, Wetherbee BM, Meyer CG. 2006. Using acoustic telemetry monitoring techniques to quantify movement patterns and site fidelity of sharks and giant trevally around French Frigate Shoals and Midway Atoll. Atoll Res. Bull. 543:281–303 [Google Scholar]
  96. Marshall AD, Pierce SJ. 2012. The use and abuse of photographic identification in sharks and rays. J. Fish Biol. 80:1361–79 [Google Scholar]
  97. Mayr E. 1963. Animal Species and Evolution Cambridge, MA: Belknap
  98. McLaughlin RH, O'Gower AK. 1971. Life history and underwater studies of a heterodont shark. Ecol. Monogr. 41:271–89 [Google Scholar]
  99. Mendonça FF, Oliveira C, Gadig OB, Foresti F. 2011. Phylogeography and genetic population structure of Caribbean sharpnose shark Rhizoprionodon porosus. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 21:799–814 [Google Scholar]
  100. Meyer CG, Clark TB, Papastamatiou YP, Whitney NM, Holland KN. 2009. Long-term movement patterns of tiger sharks Galeocerdo cuvier in Hawaii. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 381:223–35 [Google Scholar]
  101. Morrissey JF, Gruber SH. 1993. Home range of juvenile lemon sharks, Negaprion brevirostris. Copeia 1993:425–34 [Google Scholar]
  102. Mourier J, Planes S. 2013. Direct genetic evidence for reproductive philopatry and associated fine-scale migrations in female blacktip reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus) in French Polynesia. Mol. Ecol. 22:201–14 [Google Scholar]
  103. Mourier J, Vercelloni J, Planes S. 2012. Evidence of social communities in a spatially structured network of a free-ranging shark species. Anim. Behav. 83:389–401 [Google Scholar]
  104. Murchie KJ, Schwager E, Cooke SJ, Danylchuk AJ, Danylchuk SE. et al. 2010. Spatial ecology of juvenile lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris) in tidal creeks and coastal waters of Eleuthera, the Bahamas. Environ. Biol. Fishes 89:95–104 [Google Scholar]
  105. Nadon MO, Baum JK, Williams ID, McPherson JM, Zgliczynski BJ. et al. 2012. Re-creating missing population baselines for Pacific reef sharks. Conserv. Biol. 26:493–503 [Google Scholar]
  106. Ovenden JR, Morgan JA, Street R, Tobin A, Simpfendorfer CA. et al. 2011. Negligible evidence for regional genetic population structure for two shark species Rhizoprionodon acutus (Rüppell, 1837) and Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith, 1834) with contrasting biology. Mar. Biol. 158:1497–509 [Google Scholar]
  107. Papastamatiou YP, Friedlander AM, Caselle JE, Lowe CG. 2010a. Long-term movement patterns and trophic ecology of blacktip reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus) at Palmyra Atoll. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 386:94–102 [Google Scholar]
  108. Papastamatiou YP, Itano DG, Dale JJ, Meyer CG, Holland KN. 2010b. Site fidelity and movements of sharks associated with ocean-farming cages in Hawaii. Mar. Freshw. Res. 61:1366–75 [Google Scholar]
  109. Papastamatiou YP, Lowe CG, Caselle JE, Friedlander AM. 2009. Scale-dependent effects of habitat on movements and path structure of reef sharks at a predator-dominated atoll. Ecology 90:996–1008 [Google Scholar]
  110. Papastamatiou YP, Meyer CG, Carvalho F, Dale J, Hutchinson M, Holland K. 2013. Telemetry and random walk models reveal complex patterns of partial migration in a large marine predator. Ecology 94:2595–606 [Google Scholar]
  111. Pardini AT, Jones CS, Noble LR, Kreiser B, Malcolm H. et al. 2001. Sex-biased dispersal of great white sharks. Nature 412:139–40 [Google Scholar]
  112. Pearce JM. 2007. Philopatry: a return to origins. Auk 124:1085–87 [Google Scholar]
  113. Portnoy DS, McDowell JR, Heist EJ, Musick JA, Graves JE. 2010. World phylogeography and male-mediated gene flow in the sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus. Mol. Ecol. 19:1994–2010 [Google Scholar]
  114. Powter DM, Gladstone W. 2009. Habitat-mediated use of space by juvenile and mating adult Port Jackson sharks, Heterodontus portusjacksoni, in Eastern Australia. Pac. Sci. 63:1–14 [Google Scholar]
  115. Riley M, Hale M, Harman A, Rees R. 2010. Analysis of whale shark Rhincondon typus aggregations near South Ari Atoll, Maldives Archipelago. Aquat. Biol. 8:145–50 [Google Scholar]
  116. Robbins WD, Hisano M, Connolly SR, Choat JH. 2006. Ongoing collapse of coral-reef shark populations. Curr. Biol. 16:2314–19 [Google Scholar]
  117. Roman J, Altman I, Dunphy-Daly MM, Campbell C, Jasny M, Read AJ. 2013. The Marine Mammal Protection Act at 40: status, recovery, and future of US marine mammals. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1286:29–49 [Google Scholar]
  118. Rooker JR, Secor DH, DeMetrio G, Schloesser R, Block BA, Neilson JD. 2008. Natal homing and connectivity in Atlantic bluefin tuna populations. Science 322:742–44 [Google Scholar]
  119. Secor DH. 2010. Is otolith science transformative? New views on fish migration. Environ. Biol. Fishes 89:209–20 [Google Scholar]
  120. Secor DH. 2014. The unit stock concept: bounded fish and fisheries. Stock Identification Methods SX Cadrin, LA Kerr, S Mariani 7–28 New York: Academic [Google Scholar]
  121. Speed CW, Meekan MG, Field IC, McMahon CR, Stevens JD. et al. 2011. Spatial and temporal movement patterns of a multi-species coastal reef shark aggregation. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 429:261–75 [Google Scholar]
  122. Springer S. 1967. Social organization of shark populations. Sharks, Skates and Rays PW Gilbert, RF Mathewson, DP Rall 149–74 Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  123. Tillett BJ, Meekan MG, Broderick D, Field IC, Cliff G, Ovenden JR. 2012a. Pleistocene isolation, secondary introgression and restricted contemporary gene flow in the pig-eye shark, Carcharhinus amboinensis across northern Australia. Conserv. Genet. 13:99–115 [Google Scholar]
  124. Tillett BJ, Meekan MG, Field IC, Thorburn DC, Ovenden JR. 2012b. Evidence for reproductive philopatry in the bull shark Carcharhinus leucas. J. Fish Biol. 80:2140–58 [Google Scholar]
  125. Vianna GM, Meekan MG, Meeuwig JJ, Speed CW. 2013. Environmental influences on patterns of vertical movement and site fidelity of grey reef sharks (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) at aggregation sites. PLoS ONE 8:e60331 [Google Scholar]
  126. Vignaud T, Clua E, Mourier J, Maynard J, Planes S. 2013. Microsatellite analyses of blacktip reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus) in a fragmented environment show structured clusters. PLoS ONE 8:e61067 [Google Scholar]
  127. Walker TI. 1998. Can shark resources be harvested sustainably? A question revisited with a review of shark fisheries. Mar. Freshw. Res. 49:553–72 [Google Scholar]
  128. Ward-Paige CA, Keith DM, Worm B, Lotze HK. 2012. Recovery potential and conservation options for elasmobranchs. J. Fish Biol. 80:1844–69 [Google Scholar]
  129. Ward-Paige CA, Mora C, Lotze HK, Pattengill-Semmens C, McClenachan L. et al. 2010. Large-scale absence of sharks on reefs in the greater-Caribbean: a footprint of human pressures. PLoS ONE 5:e11968 [Google Scholar]
  130. Werry JM, Lee SY, Lemckert CJ, Otway NM. 2012. Natural or artificial? Habitat-use by the bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas. PLoS ONE 7:e49796 [Google Scholar]
  131. Williams GD, Andrews KS, Katz SL, Moser ML, Tolimieri N. et al. 2012. Scale and pattern of broadnose sevengill shark Notorynchus cepedianus movement in estuarine embayments. J. Fish Biol. 80:1380–400 [Google Scholar]
  132. Worm B, Davis B, Kettemer L, Ward-Paige CA, Chapman DD. et al. 2013. Global catches, exploitation rates, and rebuilding options for sharks. Mar. Policy 40:194–204 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015730
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015730
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error