1932

Abstract

Work-life balance is a topic eliciting much attention and scholarship. Yet what scholars mean by work-life balance is wide-ranging. This review focuses on work-life balance scholarship published primarily between 2000 and 2020. To understand what constitutes balance, we integrate this research with work on enrichment and depletion, two constructs that contribute to work-life balance. We identify four configurations of enrichment and depletion that undergird different levels of work-life balance: () low enrichment and high depletion (no balance), () low enrichment and low depletion (minimal balance), () high depletion and high enrichment (balance), and () low depletion and high enrichment (balance/flourishing). We examine how other factors, such as cognitive and behavioral factors, other individual differences, and organizational factors, relate to enrichment, depletion, and work-life balance. We conclude with future research directions and practical implications, urging scholars and practitioners to consider novel work-life concerns from the lenses of enrichment and depletion.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-061833
2021-01-21
2024-03-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/orgpsych/8/1/annurev-orgpsych-012420-061833.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-061833&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Allen TD, Johnson RC, Saboe KN, Cho E, Dumani S, Evans S 2012. Dispositional variables and work-family conflict: a meta-analysis. J. Vocat. Behav. 80:117–26
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Anusic I, Schimmack U. 2016. Stability and change of personality traits, self-esteem, and well-being: introducing the meta-analytic stability and change model of retest correlations. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 110:5766–81
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Ashforth BE, Kreiner GE, Fugate M 2000. All in a day's work: boundaries and micro role transitions. Acad. Manag. Rev. 25:3472–91
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Bakker AB, Demerouti E, Oerlemans W, Sonnentag S 2013. Workaholism and daily recovery: a day reconstruction study of leisure activities. J. Organ. Behav. 34:187–107
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Barnes CM, Wagner DT, Ghumman S 2012. Borrowing from sleep to pay work and family: expanding time‐based conflict to the broader nonwork domain. Pers. Psychol. 65:4789–819
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Barnett RC, Hyde JS. 2001. Women, men, work, and family: an expansionist theory. Am. Psychol. 56:10781–96
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Barrick MR, Mount MK. 1991. The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: a meta‐analysis. Pers. Psychol. 44:11–26
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Baruch GK, Barnett R. 1986. Role quality, multiple role involvement, and psychological well-being in midlife women. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 51:3578–85
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Bear JB. 2019. The caregiving ambition framework. Acad. Manag. Rev. 44:199–125
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Beauregard TA, Henry LC. 2009. Making the link between work-life balance practices and organizational performance. Hum. Resour. Manag. Rev. 19:19–22
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Bell LA, Freeman RB. 2001. The incentive for working hard: explaining hours worked differences in the US and Germany. Labour Econ 8:2181–202
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Biddle BJ. 1979. Role Theory: Expectations, Identities and Behaviors New York: Academic Press
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Blair-Loy M, Wharton AS. 2004. Organizational commitment and constraints on work-family policy use: corporate flexibility policies in a global firm. Sociol. Perspect. 47:3243–67
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Blau FD, Koebe J, Meyerhofer PA 2020. Essential and frontline workers in the COVID-19 crisis. ECONOFACT April. 30. https://econofact.org/essential-and-frontline-workers-in-the-covid-19-crisis
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Bourdeau S, Ollier-Malaterre A, Houlfort N 2019. Not all work-life policies are created equal: career consequences of using enabling versus enclosing work-life policies. Acad. Manag. Rev. 44:1172–93
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Braun M, Lewin‐Epstein N, Stier H, Baumgärtner MK 2008. Perceived equity in the gendered division of household labor. J. Marriage Fam. 70:51145–56
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Byron K. 2005. A meta-analytic review of work-family conflict and its antecedents. J. Vocat. Behav. 67:2169–98
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Carlson DS, Grzywacz JG, Zivnuska S 2009. Is work−family balance more than conflict and enrichment. ? Hum. Relat. 62:101459–86
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Carlson DS, Kacmar KM. 2000. Work-family conflict in the organization: Do life role values make a difference. ? J. Manag. 26:51031–54
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Carlson DS, Kacmar KM, Wayne JH, Grzywacz JG 2006. Measuring the positive side of the work−family interface: development and validation of a work−family enrichment scale. J. Vocat. Behav. 68:1131–64
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Carlson DS, Kacmar KM, Williams LJ 2000. Construction and initial validation of a multidimensional measure of work-family conflict. J. Vocat. Behav. 56:2249–76
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Carlson DS, Perrewé PL. 1999. The role of social support in the stressor-strain relationship: an examination of work-family conflict. J. Manag. 25:4513–40
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Cascio WF. 2003. Changes in workers, work, and organizations. In Handbook of Psychology: Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 12 WC Borman, DR Ilgen, RJ Klimoskipp 401–22 Hoboken, NJ: Wiley
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Casper WJ, DeHauw S, Wayne JH 2013. Concepts and measures in the work-family interface: implications for work-family integration. Handbook of Work–Life Integration Among Professionals: Challenges and Opportunities DA Major, R Burke 35–57 Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publ.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Casper WJ, Vaziri H, Wayne JH, DeHauw S, Greenhaus J 2018. The jingle-jangle of work-nonwork balance: a comprehensive and meta-analytic review of its meaning and measurement. J. Appl. Psychol. 103:2182–214
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Cent. Dis. Control Prev. (CDC). 2020. Health equity considerations and racial and ethnic minority groups. CDC.gov July 24. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/racial-ethnic-minorities.html
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Cerrato J, Cifre E. 2018. Gender inequality in household chores and work-family conflict. Front. Psychol. 1330: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01330
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  28. Clark SC. 2000. Work/family border theory: a new theory of work/family balance. Hum. Relat. 53:6747–70
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Crawford WS, Thompson MJ, Ashforth BE 2019. Work-life events theory: making sense of shock events in dual-earner couples. Acad. Manag. Rev. 44:1194–212
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Deaton A, Stone AA. 2013. Two happiness puzzles. Am. Econ. Rev. 103:3591–97
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Diener E, Lucas RE, Scollon CN 2009. Beyond the hedonic treadmill: revising the adaptation theory of well-being. The Science of Well-Being: The Collected Works of Ed Diener E Diener 103–18 Dordrecht: Springer
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Direnzo MS, Greenhaus JH, Weer CH 2015. Relationship between protean career orientation and work-life balance: a resource perspective. J. Organ. Behav. 36:4538–60
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Dumas TL, Perry-Smith JE. 2018. The paradox of family structure and plans after work: why single childless employees may be the least absorbed at work. Acad. Manag. J. 61:41231–52
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Dumas TL, Sanchez-Burks J. 2015. The professional, the personal, and the ideal worker: pressures and objectives shaping the boundary between life domains. Acad. Manag. Ann. 9:1803–43
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Eaton SC. 2003. If you can use them: flexibility policies, organizational commitment, and perceived performance. Ind. Relat. 42:2145–67
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Edwards JR, Rothbard NP. 2000. Mechanisms linking work and family: clarifying the relationship between work and family constructs. Acad. Manag. Rev. 25:1178–99
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Eldor L, Fried Y, Westman M, Levi AS, Shipp AJ, Slowik LH 2017. The experience of work stress and the context of time: analyzing the role of subjective time. Organ. Psychol. Rev. 7:3227–49
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Emmons RA. 1991. Personal strivings, daily life events, and psychological and physical well‐being. J. Personal. 59:3453–72
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Emslie C, Hunt K. 2009. “Live to work” or “work to live”? A qualitative study of gender and work-life balance among men and women in mid‐life. Gender Work Organ 16:1151–72
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Felstead A, Jewson N, Phizacklea A, Walters S 2002. Opportunities to work at home in the context of work‐life balance. Hum. Resour. Manag. J. 12:154–76
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Fredrickson BL, Losada MF. 2005. Positive affect and the complex dynamics of human flourishing. Am. Psychol. 60:7678–86
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Frone MR. 2003. Work-family balance. Handbook of Occupational Health Psychology JC Quick, LE Tetrick 143–62 Washington, DC: Am. Psychol. Assoc.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Frone MR, Russell M, Cooper ML 1992. Prevalence of work‐family conflict: Are work and family boundaries asymmetrically permeable. ? J. Organ. Behav. 13:7723–29
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Gabriel AS, Volpone S, MacGowan RL, Butts MM, Moran CM 2020. When work and family blend together: examining the daily experiences of breastfeeding mothers at work. Acad. Manag. J. 63:1337–69
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Goffman E. 1961. Encounters: Two Studies in the Sociology of Interaction Indianap.: Bobbs-Merrill Co.
  46. Goode WJ. 1960. A theory of role strain. Am. Sociol. Rev. 25:4483–96
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Grandey AA, Cropanzano R. 1999. The conservation of resources model applied to work-family conflict and strain. J. Vocat. Behav. 54:2350–70
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Grandey AA, Gabriel AS, King EB 2020. Tackling taboo topics: a review of the Three Ms in working women's lives. J. Manag. 46:17–35
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Greenblatt E. 2002. Work/life balance: wisdom or whining. Organ. Dyn. 31:2177–93
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Greenhaus JH, Allen TD. 2011. Work-family balance: a review and extension of the literature. Handbook of Occupational Health Psychology JC Quick, LE Tetrick 165–83 Washington, DC: Am. Psychol. Assoc.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Greenhaus JH, Beutell NJ. 1985. Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Acad. Manag. Rev. 10:176–88
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Greenhaus JH, Collins KM, Shaw JD 2003. The relation between work-family balance and quality of life. J. Vocat. Behav. 63:3510–31
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Greenhaus JH, Powell GN. 2006. When work and family are allies: a theory of work-family enrichment. Acad. Manag. Rev. 31:172–92
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Gröpel P, Kuhl J. 2009. Work-life balance and subjective well‐being: the mediating role of need fulfilment. Br. J. Psychol. 100:2365–75
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Grzywacz JG, Carlson DS. 2007. Conceptualizing work−family balance: implications for practice and research. Adv. Dev. Hum. Resour. 9:4455–71
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Guest DE. 2002. Perspectives on the study of work-life balance. Soc. Sci. Inf. 41:2255–79
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Haar JM, Russo M, Suñe A, Ollier-Malaterre A 2014. Outcomes of work-life balance on job satisfaction, life satisfaction and mental health: a study across seven cultures. J. Vocat. Behav. 85:3361–73
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Harari D, Swider BW, Steed LB, Breidenthal AP 2018. Is perfect good? A meta-analysis of perfectionism in the workplace. J. Appl. Psychol. 103:101121–44
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Hill EJ, Hawkins AJ, Ferris M, Weitzman M 2001. Finding an extra day a week: the positive influence of perceived job flexibility on work and family life balance. Fam. Relat. 50:149–58
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Hill EJ, Yang C, Hawkins AJ, Ferris M 2004. A cross‐cultural test of the work‐family interface in 48 countries. J. Marriage Fam. 66:51300–16
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Hirschi A, Shockley KM, Zacher H 2019. Achieving work-family balance: an action regulation model. Acad. Manag. Rev. 44:1150–71
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Hochschild A, Machung A. 2012. The Second Shift: Working Families and the Revolution at Home London: Penguin Books
  63. Hochschild AR. 2003. The Commercialization of Intimate Life: Notes From Home and Work Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
  64. Hofstede G. 1984. The cultural relativity of the quality of life concept. Acad. Manag. Rev. 9:3389–98
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Jachimowicz JM, Lee Cunningham J, Staats BR, Gino F, Menges JI 2020. Between home and work: commuting as an opportunity for role transitions. Organ. Sci. In press. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2020.1370
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  66. Jonas E, Schulz-Hardt S, Frey D, Thelen N 2001. Confirmation bias in sequential information search after preliminary decisions: an expansion of dissonance theoretical research on selective exposure to information. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 80:4557–71
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Kalliath T, Brough P. 2008. Work-life balance: a review of the meaning of the balance construct. J. Manag. Organ. 14:3323–27
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Kamenou N. 2008. Reconsidering work-life balance debates: challenging limited understandings of the “life” component in the context of ethnic minority women's experiences. Br. J. Manag. 19:S99–109
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Kehr HM. 2004. Integrating implicit motives, explicit motives, and perceived abilities: the compensatory model of work motivation and volition. Acad. Manag. Rev. 29:3479–99
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Kelly EL, Moen P. 2007. Rethinking the clockwork of work: why schedule control may pay off at work and at home. Adv. Dev. Hum. Resour. 9:4487–506
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Keyes CL. 2002. The mental health continuum: from languishing to flourishing in life. J. Health Soc. Behav. 43:2207–22
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Kim HK. 2014. Work-life balance and employees' performance: the mediating role of affective commitment. Glob. Bus. Manag. Res. 6:137–51
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Kirchmeyer C. 2000. Work-life initiatives: greed or benevolence regarding workers' time?. Trends in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 7 Time in Organizational Behavior, ed. CL Cooper, DM Rousseau 79–93 Hoboken, NJ: Wiley
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Kniffin KM, Narayanan J, Anseel F, Antonakis J, Ashford SJ et al. 2020. COVID-19 and the workplace: implications, issues, and insights for future research and action. Am. Psychol. In Press http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/amp0000716
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  75. Kossek EE, Lautsch BA. 2018. Work-life flexibility for whom? Occupational status and work-life inequality in upper, middle, and lower level jobs. Acad. Manag. Ann. 12:15–36
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Kossek EE, Valcour M, Lirio P 2014. The sustainable workforce: organizational strategies for promoting work-life balance and wellbeing. Wellbeing: A Complete Reference Guide, Vol. 3 Work and Well-Being, ed. PY Chen, CL Cooper 295–318 Hoboken, NJ: Wiley
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Kreiner GE. 2006. Consequences of work‐home segmentation or integration: a person‐environment fit perspective. J. Organ. Behav. 27:4485–507
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Kreiner GE, Hollensbe EC, Sheep ML 2009. Balancing borders and bridges: negotiating the work-home interface via boundary work tactics. Acad. Manag. J. 52:4704–30
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Lambert SJ. 1990. Processes linking work and family: a critical review and research agenda. Hum. Relat. 43:3239–57
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Leana CR, Meuris J. 2015. Living to work and working to live: income as a driver of organizational behavior. Acad. Manag. Ann. 9:155–95
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Leslie LM, King EB, Clair JA 2019. Work-life ideologies: the contextual basis and consequences of beliefs about work and life. Acad. Manag. Rev. 44:172–98
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Leslie LM, Manchester CF, Dahm PC 2017. Why and when does the gender gap reverse? Diversity goals and the pay premium for high potential women. Acad. Manag. J. 60:2402–32
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Leslie LM, Manchester CF, Park TY, Mehng SA 2012. Flexible work practices: A source of career premiums or penalties?. Acad. Manag. J. 55:61407–28
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Maertz CP Jr., Boyar SL. 2011. Work-family conflict, enrichment, and balance under “levels” and “episodes” approaches. J. Manag. 37:168–98
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Marks SR. 1977. Multiple roles and role strain: some notes on human energy, time and commitment. Am. Sociol. Rev. 42:921–36
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Marks SR, MacDermid SM. 1996. Multiple roles and the self: a theory of role balance. J. Marriage Family 58:417–32
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Mazmanian M, Orlikowski WJ, Yates J 2011. The autonomy paradox: the implications of wireless email devices for knowledge professionals. Organ. Sci. 24:51291–600
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Menges JI, Tussing DV, Wihler A, Grant AM 2017. When job performance is all relative: how family motivation energizes effort and compensates for intrinsic motivation. Acad. Manag. J. 60:2695–719
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Michel JS, Hargis MB. 2008. Linking mechanisms of work-family conflict and segmentation. J. Vocat. Behav. 73:3509–22
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Mischel W. 1974. Processes in delay of gratification. Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 7:249–92
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Nam T. 2014. Technology use and work-life balance. Appl. Res. Qual. Life 9:41017–40
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Nickerson RS. 1998. Confirmation bias: a ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Rev. Gen. Psychol. 2:2175–220
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Nippert-Eng C. 1995. Home and Work Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
  94. Ollier-Malaterre A. 2016. Cross-national work−life research: a review at the individual level. Oxford Handbook of Work and Family TD Allen, LT Eby 315–32 Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Ollier-Malaterre A, Jacobs JA, Rothbard NP 2019. Technology, work, and family: digital cultural capital and boundary management. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 45:425–40
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Ozcelik H, Barsade SG. 2018. No employee an island: workplace loneliness and job performance. Acad. Manag. J. 61:62343–66
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Parasuraman S, Greenhaus JH. 2002. Toward reducing some critical gaps in work-family research. Hum. Resour. Manag. Rev. 12:3299–312
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Perrigino MB, Dunford BB, Wilson KS 2018. Work-family backlash: the “dark side” of work-life balance (WLB) policies. Acad. Manag. Ann. 12:2600–30
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Pocock B. 2005. Work‐life “balance” in Australia: limited progress, dim prospects. Asia Pac. J. Hum. Resour. 43:2198–209
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Powell GN, Greenhaus JH, Allen TD, Johnson RE 2019. Introduction to Special Topic Forum: Advancing and Expanding Work-Life Theory from Multiple Perspectives. Acad. Manag. Rev. 44:154–71
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Price-Haywood E, Burton J, Fort D, Seoane L 2020. Hospitalization and mortality among black patients and white patients with Covid-19. New Engl. J. Med. 382:262534–43
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Ramarajan L, Berger IE, Greenspan I 2017. Multiple identity configurations: the benefits of focused enhancement for prosocial behavior. Organ. Sci. 28:3495–513
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Ramarajan L, Reid E. 2013. Shattering the myth of separate worlds: negotiating nonwork identities at work. Acad. Manag. Rev. 38:4621–44
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Redelmeier DA, Kahneman D. 1996. Patients' memories of painful medical treatments: real-time and retrospective evaluations of two minimally invasive procedures. Pain 66:13–8
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Riordan C. 2013. Work-life balance isn't the point. Harvard Business Review June 4. https://hbr.org/2013/06/work-life-balance-isnt-the-poi
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Roberts BW, Mroczek D. 2008. Personality trait change in adulthood. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 17:131–35
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Rodell JB. 2013. Finding meaning through volunteering: Why do employees volunteer and what does it mean for their jobs. ? Acad. Manag. J. 56:51274–94
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Rossi AS. 1968. Transition to parenthood. J. Marriage Fam. 30:26–39
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Roth PL, Purvis KL, Bobko P 2012. A meta-analysis of gender group differences for measures of job performance in field studies. J. Manag. 38:2719–39
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Rothbard NP. 2001. Enriching or depleting? The dynamics of engagement in work and family roles. Adm. Sci. Q. 46:4655–84
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Rothbard NP, Edwards JR. 2003. Investment in work and family roles: a test of identity and utilitarian motives. Pers. Psychol. 56:3699–729
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Rothbard NP, Phillips KW, Dumas TL 2005. Managing multiple roles: work-family policies and individuals’ desires for segmentation. Organ. Sci. 16:3243–58
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Rothbard NP, Ramarajan L. 2009. Checking your identities at the door? Positive relationships between nonwork and work identities. Exploring Positive Identities and Organizations: Building a Theoretical and Research Foundation LM Roberts, JE Dutton 125–48 London: Psychol. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  114. Rothbard NP, Wilk SL. 2011. Waking up on the right or wrong side of the bed: start-of-workday mood, work events, employee affect, and performance. Acad. Manag. J. 54:5959–80
    [Google Scholar]
  115. Russo M, Shteigman A, Carmeli A 2016. Workplace and family support and work-life balance: implications for individual psychological availability and energy at work. J. Posit. Psychol. 11:2173–88
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Ryan RM, Deci EL. 2000. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. Am. Psychol. 55:168–78
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Seligman ME. 2012. Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-Being New York: Simon & Schuster
  118. Sieber SD. 1974. Toward a theory of role accumulation. Am. Sociol. Rev. 39:567–78
    [Google Scholar]
  119. Sirgy MJ, Lee DJ. 2018. Work-life balance: an integrative review. Appl. Res. Qual. Life 13:1229–54
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Sonnentag S. 2001. Work, recovery activities, and individual well-being: a diary study. J. Occup. Health Psychol. 6:3196–210
    [Google Scholar]
  121. Tausig M, Fenwick R. 2001. Unbinding time: alternate work schedules and work-life balance. J. Fam. Econ. Issues 22:2101–19
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Ten Brummelhuis LL, Rothbard NP, Uhrich B 2017. Beyond nine to five: Is working to excess bad for health. ? Acad. Manag. Discov. 3:3262–83
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Valcour M. 2007. Work-based resources as moderators of the relationship between work hours and satisfaction with work-family balance. J. Appl. Psychol. 92:61512–23
    [Google Scholar]
  124. Vaziri H, Casper WJ, Wayne JH, Matthews RA 2020. Changes to the work–family interface during the COVID-19 pandemic: examining predictors and implications using latent transition analysis. J. Appl. Psychol. 105:1073–87
    [Google Scholar]
  125. Voydanoff P. 2002. Linkages between the work-family interface and work, family, and individual outcomes: an integrative model. J. Fam. Issues 23:1138–64
    [Google Scholar]
  126. Wayne JH, Butts MM, Casper WJ, Allen TD 2017. In search of balance: a conceptual and empirical integration of multiple meanings of work-family balance. Pers. Psychol. 70:1167–210
    [Google Scholar]
  127. Williams JC, Berdahl JL, Vandello JA 2016. Beyond work-life “integration.”. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 67:515–39
    [Google Scholar]
  128. Yogev S, Brett J. 1985. Perceptions of the division of housework and child care and marital satisfaction. J. Marriage Fam. 47:3609–18
    [Google Scholar]
  129. Zacher H, Brailsford HA, Parker SL 2014. Micro-breaks matter: a diary study on the effects of energy management strategies on occupational well-being. J. Vocat. Behav. 85:3287–97
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-061833
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-061833
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error