1932

Abstract

Team innovation is of growing importance in research in organizational psychology and organizational behavior as well as organizational practice. I review the empirical literature in team innovation to draw integrative conclusions about the state of the science and to provide a research agenda to move the field forward. The review identifies two main perspectives in team innovation research, the knowledge integration perspective and the team climate perspective. Key conclusions focus on the need to integrate these perspectives to develop an integrative contingency model of the factors providing teams with diverse informational resources and the factors influencing the extent to which teams integrate these resources in a process of information exchange and integration. As part of these integrative efforts, construct consolidation efforts are important to reverse the tendency for proliferation of substantially overlapping moderators and mediators proposed. The review also identifies the contingencies of the relationship between idea development and idea implementation as the most important understudied issue in team innovation research.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032516-113240
2017-03-21
2024-04-20
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/orgpsych/4/1/annurev-orgpsych-032516-113240.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032516-113240&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Alexander L, van Knippenberg D. 2014. Teams in pursuit of radical innovation: a goal orientation perspective. Acad. Manag. Rev. 39:423–38 [Google Scholar]
  2. Alexiev AS, Jansen JJP, van den Bosch FAJ, Volberda HW. 2010. Top management team advice seeking and exploratory innovation. J. Manag. Stud. 47:1343–64 [Google Scholar]
  3. Amabile TM. 1988. A model of creativity and innovation in organizations. Research in Org. Behav. 10:123–67 [Google Scholar]
  4. Amabile TM. 1996. Creativity in Context: Update to the Social Psychology of Creativity Boulder, CO: Westview
  5. Ancona DG, Caldwell DF. 1992. Bridging the boundary: external activity and performance in organizational teams. Admin. Sci. Q. 37:634–65 [Google Scholar]
  6. Anderson N, Potočnik K, Zhou J. 2014. Innovation and creativity in organizations: a state-of-the-science review, prospective commentary, and guiding framework. J. Manag. 40:1297–333 [Google Scholar]
  7. Anderson N, West MA. 1996. Team climate inventory: development of the TCI and its applications in team building for innovativeness. Eur J. Work Org. Psych. 5:53–66 [Google Scholar]
  8. Anderson N, West MA. 1998. Measuring climate for group innovation: development and validation of the team climate inventory. J. Org. Behav. 19:235–58 [Google Scholar]
  9. Baer M, Oldham GR, Jacobsohn GC, Hollingshead AB. 2008. The personality composition of teams and creativity: the moderating role of team creative confidence. J. Crea. Behav. 42:255–82 [Google Scholar]
  10. Bain PG, Mann L, Pirola-Merlo A. 2001. The innovation imperative: the relationship between team climate, innovation, and performance. Small Gr. Res. 32:55–73 [Google Scholar]
  11. Bantel K, Jackson S. 1989. Top management and innovations in banking: Does the composition of the team make a difference?. Strateg. Manag. J. 10:107–24 [Google Scholar]
  12. Barczak G, Griffin A, Kahn KB. 2009a. Trends and drivers of success in NPD practices. J. Prod. Innov. Manag. 26:3–23 [Google Scholar]
  13. Barczak G, Lassk F, Mulki J. 2009b. Antecedents of team creativity: an examination of team emotional intelligence, team trust and collaborative culture. Crea. Innov. Manag. 19:332–45 [Google Scholar]
  14. Bell ST, Villado AJ, Lukasik MA, Belau L, Briggs AL. 2011. Getting specific about demographic diversity variable and team performance relationship. J. Manag. 37:709–43 [Google Scholar]
  15. Benoliel P, Somech A. 2015. The role of leader boundary activities in enhancing interdisciplinary team effectiveness. Small Group Res 46:83–124 [Google Scholar]
  16. Brandon DP, Hollingshead AB. 2004. Transactive memory systems in organizations: matching tasks, expertise, and people. Org. Sci. 15:633–44 [Google Scholar]
  17. Burningham C, West MA. 1995. Individual, climate, and group interaction processes as predictors of work team innovation. Small Group Res 26:106–17 [Google Scholar]
  18. Burpitt WJ, Bigoness WJ. 1997. Leadership and innovation among teams: the impact of empowerment. Small Group Res 28:414–23 [Google Scholar]
  19. Černe M, Jaklič M, Škerlavaj MS. 2013. Authentic leadership, creativity, and innovation: a multilevel perspective. Leadership 9:63–85 [Google Scholar]
  20. Chen G, Farh JL, Campbell-Bush EM, Wu Z, Wu X. 2013. Teams as innovative systems: multilevel motivational antecedents of innovation in R&D teams. J. Appl. Psych. 98:1018–27 [Google Scholar]
  21. Chen G, Liu C, Tjosvold D. 2005. Conflict management for effective top management teams and innovation in China. J. Manag. Stud. 43:277–300 [Google Scholar]
  22. Chen G, Tjosvold D, Liu C. 2006. Cooperative goals, leader people and productivity values: their contribution to top management teams in China. J. Manag. Stud. 43:1177–200 [Google Scholar]
  23. Chen MH. 2007. Entrepreneurial leadership and new ventures: creativity in entrepreneurial teams. Crea. Innov. Manag. 16:239–49 [Google Scholar]
  24. Chen MH. 2009. Guanxi networks and creativity in Taiwanese project teams. Crea. Innov. Manag. 18:269–77 [Google Scholar]
  25. Chi NW, Huang YM, Lin SC. 2009. A double-edged sword? Exploring the curvilinear relationship between organizational tenure diversity and team innovation: the moderating role of team-oriented HR practices. Group Org. Manag. 34:698–726 [Google Scholar]
  26. Cooper RG. 2008. The Stage-Gate® idea-to-launch process–update, what's new and NexGen systems. J. Prod. Innov. Manag. 25:213–32 [Google Scholar]
  27. De Dreu CKW. 2002. Team innovation and team effectiveness: the importance of minority dissent and reflexivity. Eur. J. Work Org. Psych. 11:285–98 [Google Scholar]
  28. De Dreu CKW. 2006. When too little or too much hurts: evidence for a curvilinear relationship between task conflict and innovation in teams. J. Manag. 32:83–107 [Google Scholar]
  29. De Dreu CKW, West MA. 2001. Minority dissent and team innovation: the importance of participation in decision making. J. Appl. Psych. 86:1191–201 [Google Scholar]
  30. De Wit F, Greer LL, Jehn K. 2011. The paradox of intragroup conflict: a meta-analysis. J. Appl. Psych. 97:360–90 [Google Scholar]
  31. Desivilya HS, Somech A, Lidgoster H. 2012. Innovation and conflict management in work teams: the effects of team identification and task and relationship conflict. Negot. Conf. Manag. Res. 3:28–48 [Google Scholar]
  32. Drach-Zahavy A, Somech A. 2001. Understanding team innovation: the role of team processes and structures. Group Dynam 5:111–23 [Google Scholar]
  33. Edmondson A. 1999. Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Admin. Sci. Q. 44:350–83 [Google Scholar]
  34. Eisenbeiss SA, van Knippenberg D, Boerner S. 2008. Transformational leadership and team innovation: integrating transformational leadership and team climate models. J. Appl. Psych. 93:1438–46 [Google Scholar]
  35. Fahr JL, Lee C, Farh CIC. 2010. Task conflict and team creativity: a question of how much and when. J. Appl. Psych. 95:1173–80 [Google Scholar]
  36. Fan P. 2006. Catching up through developing innovation capability: evidence from China's telecom-equipment industry. Technovation 26:359–68 [Google Scholar]
  37. Fay D, Borrill C, Amir Z, Haward R, West MA. 2006. Getting the most out of multidisciplinary teams: a multi-sample study of team innovation in health care. J. Occ. Org. Psych. 79:553–67 [Google Scholar]
  38. Gajendran RS, Joshi A. 2012. Innovation in globally distributed teams: the role of LMX, communication frequency, and member influence on team decisions. J. Appl. Psych. 97:1252–61 [Google Scholar]
  39. Gibson CB, Gibb JL. 2006. Unpacking the concept of virtuality: the effects of geographic dispersion, electronic dependence, dynamic structure, and national diversity on team innovation. Admin. Sci. Q. 51:451–95 [Google Scholar]
  40. Gino F, Argote L, Miron-Spektor E, Todorova G. 2010. First, get your feet wet: the effects of learning from the direct and indirect experience on team creativity. Org. Behav. Hum. Dec. Proc. 111:102–15 [Google Scholar]
  41. Gong Y, Kim TY, Lee DG, Zhu J. 2013. A multilevel model of team goal orientation, information exchange, and creativity. Acad. Manag. J. 56:827–51 [Google Scholar]
  42. Han J, Han J, Brass DJ. 2014. Human capital diversity in the creation of social capital for team creativity. J. Org. Behav. 35:54–71 [Google Scholar]
  43. Hirst G, van Knippenberg D, Chen CH, Sacramento CA. 2011. How does bureaucracy impact on individual creativity? A cross-level investigation of team contextual influences on goal orientation-creativity relationships. Acad. Manag. J. 54:624–41 [Google Scholar]
  44. Hoch JE. 2013. Shared leadership and innovation. The role of vertical leadership and employee integrity. J. Bus. Psych. 28:159–74 [Google Scholar]
  45. Hoever IJ, van Knippenberg D, van Ginkel WP, Barkema HG. 2012. Fostering team creativity: perspective taking as key to unlocking diversity's potential. J. Appl. Psych. 97:982–96 [Google Scholar]
  46. Homan AC, Bungeler C, Eckhoff RA, van Ginkel WP, Voelpel SC. 2015. The interplay of diversity training and diversity beliefs on team creativity in nationality diverse teams. J. Appl. Psych. 100:1456–67 [Google Scholar]
  47. Hon AH, Chan WWH. 2013. Team creative performance: the roles of empowering leadership, creative-related motivation, and task interdependence. Cornell Hosp. Q. 54:199–210 [Google Scholar]
  48. Hu L, Randel AE. 2014. Knowledge sharing in teams: social capital, extrinsic incentives, and team innovation. Group Org. Manag. 39:213–43 [Google Scholar]
  49. Hu MLM, Ou TL, Chiou HJ, Lin LC. 2012. Effects of social exchange and trust in knowledge sharing and service innovation. Soc. Behav. Pers. 40:783–800 [Google Scholar]
  50. Hülsheger UR, Anderson N, Salgado JF. 2009. Team-level predictors of innovation at work: a comprehensive meta-analysis spanning three decades of research. J. Appl. Psych. 94:1128–45 [Google Scholar]
  51. Ilgen DR, Hollenbeck JR, Johnson M, Jundt D. 2005. Teams in organizations: from input-process-output models to IMOI models. Annu. Rev. Psych. 56:517–43 [Google Scholar]
  52. Janssen O, Van Yperen NW. 2004. Employees’ goal orientations, the quality of leader-member exchange, and the outcomes of job performance and job satisfaction. Acad. Manag. J. 47:368–84 [Google Scholar]
  53. Jia L, Shaw JD, Tsui AS, Park TY. 2014. A social-structural perspective on employee-organization relationships and team creativity. Acad. Manag. J. 57:869–91 [Google Scholar]
  54. Jiang W, Gu Q, Wang GG. 2014. To guide or to divide: the dual-side effects of transformational leadership on team innovation. J. Bus. Psych. 30:677–91 [Google Scholar]
  55. Jin L, Sun H. 2010. The effect of researchers’ interdisciplinary characteristics on team innovation performance: evidence from university R&D teams in China. Int. J. Hum Res. Manag. 21:2488–502 [Google Scholar]
  56. Jin L, Zhong Y. 2014. Contextual factors affecting the influence of perceived organizational support on team innovative performance. Soc. Behav. Pers. 42:517–28 [Google Scholar]
  57. Kessel M, Kratzer J, Schultz C. 2012. Psychological safety, knowledge sharing, and creative performance in healthcare teams. Crea. Innov. Manag. 21:147–57 [Google Scholar]
  58. Kirkman BL, Rosen B. 1999. Beyond self-management: antecedents and consequences of team empowerment. Acad. Manag. J. 42:58–74 [Google Scholar]
  59. Kozlowski SWJ, Bell BS. 2003. Work groups and teams in organizations. Handbook of Psychology: Industrial and Organizational Psychology WC Borman, DR Ilgen, RJ Klimoski 333–75 London: Wiley [Google Scholar]
  60. Kratzer J, Leenders TAJ, van Engelen JML. 2006. Team polarity and creative performance in innovation teams. Crea. Innov. Manag. 15:96–104 [Google Scholar]
  61. Kurtzberg TR, Amabile TM. 2001. From Guilford to creative synergy: opening the black box of team-level creativity. Creat. Res. J. 13:285–94 [Google Scholar]
  62. Leifer R, McDermott CM, O'Connor GC, Peters LS, Rice M, Veryzer R. 2000. Radical Innovation: How Mature Companies Can Outsmart Upstarts Boston: HBS Press
  63. Liu Y, Phillips JS. 2011. Examining the antecedents of knowledge sharing in facilitating team innovativeness from a multilevel perspective. Intern. J. Inform. Manag. 31:44–52 [Google Scholar]
  64. March JG. 1991. Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Org. Sci. 2:71–87 [Google Scholar]
  65. Mathisen GO, Martinsen O, Einarsen S. 2008. The relationship between creative personality composition, innovative team climate, and team innovativeness: an input-process-output perspective. J. Crea. Behav. 42:13–31 [Google Scholar]
  66. Miron-Spektor E, Erez M, Naveh E. 2011. The effect of conformist and attention-to-detail members on team innovation. Acad. Manag. J. 54:740–60 [Google Scholar]
  67. Mitchell R, Boyle B. 2015. Professional diversity, identity salience and team innovation: the moderating role of open-mindedness norms. J. Org. Behav. 36:873–94 [Google Scholar]
  68. Mitchell R, Parker V, Giles M, Joce P, Chiang V. 2012. Perceived value congruence and team innovation. J. Occ. Org. Psych. 85:626–48 [Google Scholar]
  69. Nijstad BA, Berger-Sleman F, De Dreu CKW. 2014. Innovation in top management teams: minority dissent, transformational leadership, and radical innovations. Eur. J. Work Org. Psych. 23:310–22 [Google Scholar]
  70. Nsenduluku E, Shee HK. 2009. Organisational and group antecedents of work group service innovativeness. J. Manag. Org. 15:438–51 [Google Scholar]
  71. Obstfeld D. 2005. Social networks, the TertiusIungens orientation, and involvement in innovation. Adm. Sci. Q. 50:100–30 [Google Scholar]
  72. O'Neill TA, Allen NJ, Hstings SE. 2013. Examining the “pros” and “cons” of team conflict: a team-level meta-analysis of task, relationship, and process conflict. Hum. Perf. 26:236–60 [Google Scholar]
  73. Paulsen N, Callan VJ, Ayoko O, Saunders D. 2013. Transformational leadership and innovation in an R&D organization experiencing major change. J. Org. Change Manag. 26:595–610 [Google Scholar]
  74. Paulsen N, Maldonado D, Callan VJ, Ayoko O. 2009. Charismatic leadership, change and innovation in an R&D organization. J. Org. Change Manag. 22:511–23 [Google Scholar]
  75. Pearce CL, Ensley MD. 2004. A reciprocal and longitudinal investigation of the innovation process: the central role of shared vision in product and process innovation teams (PPITs). J. Org. Behav. 25:259–78 [Google Scholar]
  76. Peltokorpi V, Hasu M. 2014. How participative safety matters more in team innovation as team size increases. J. Bus Psych. 29:37–45 [Google Scholar]
  77. Perry-Smith JE, Shalley CE. 2014. A social composition view of team creativity: the role of member nationality-heterogeneous ties outside of the team. Org. Sci. 25:1434–52 [Google Scholar]
  78. Pirola-Merlo A. 2010. Agile innovation: the role of team climate in rapid research and development. J. Occ Org. Psych. 83:1075–84 [Google Scholar]
  79. Pirola-Merlo A, Mann L. 2004. The relationship between individual creativity and team creativity: aggregating across people and time. J. Org. Behav. 25:235–57 [Google Scholar]
  80. Post C. 2012. Deep-level team composition and innovation: the mediating roles of psychological safety and cooperative learning. Group Org. Manag. 37:555–88 [Google Scholar]
  81. Reuveni Y, Vashdi DR. 2015. Innovation in multidisciplinary teams: the moderating role of transformational leadership in the relationship between professional heterogeneity and shared mental models. Eur. J. Work Org. Psych. 24:678–92 [Google Scholar]
  82. Richter A, Hirst G, van Knippenberg D, Baer M. 2012. Creative self-efficacy and individual creativity in teams: cross-level interactions with team informational resources. J. Appl. Psych. 97:1282–90 [Google Scholar]
  83. Rietzschel EF. 2011. Collective regulatory focus predicts specific aspects of team innovation. Group Proc. Intergr. Rel. 14:337–45 [Google Scholar]
  84. Rousseau V, Aube C, Tremblay S. 2013. Team coaching and innovation in work teams: an examination of the motivational and behavioral intervening mechanisms. Lead. Org. Dev. J. 34:344–64 [Google Scholar]
  85. Salas E, Fiore SM. 2004. Team Cognition: Understanding the Factors that Drive Process and Performance Washington, DC: APA
  86. Schilpzand MC, Herold DM, Shalley CE. 2011. Members’ openness to experience and teams’ creative performance. Small Group Res 42:55–76 [Google Scholar]
  87. Schippers MC, West MA, Dawson JF. 2015. Team reflexivity and team innovation: the moderating role of team context. J. Manag. 41:769–88 [Google Scholar]
  88. Schneider B, Reichers AE. 1983. On the etiology of climates. Pers. Psych. 36:19–39 [Google Scholar]
  89. Shin SJ, Zhou J. 2007. When is educational specialization heterogeneity related to creativity in research and development teams? Transformational leadership as a moderator. J. Appl. Psych. 92:1709–21 [Google Scholar]
  90. Shin Y, Eom C. 2014. Team proactivity as a linking mechanism between team creative efficacy, transformational leadership, and risk-taking norms and team creative performance. J. Crea. Behav. 48:89–114 [Google Scholar]
  91. Somech A. 2006. The effects of leadership style and team process on performance and innovation in functionally heterogeneous teams. J. Manag. 32:132–57 [Google Scholar]
  92. Somech A, Drach-Zahavy A. 2007. Schools as team-based organizations: a structure-process-outcomes approach. Group Dynam 11:305–20 [Google Scholar]
  93. Somech A, Drach-Zahavy A. 2013. Translating team creativity to innovation implementation: the role of team composition and climate for innovation. J. Manag. 39:684–708 [Google Scholar]
  94. Somech A, Khalaili A. 2014. Team boundary activity: its mediating role in the relationship between structural conditions and team innovation. Group Org. Manag. 39:274–99 [Google Scholar]
  95. Sung SY, Choi JN. 2012. Effects of team knowledge management on the creativity and financial performance of organizational teams. Org. Behav. Hum. Dec. Proc. 118:4–13 [Google Scholar]
  96. Taggar S. 2001. Group composition, creative synergy, and group performance. J. Crea. Behav. 35:261–86 [Google Scholar]
  97. Taggar S. 2002. Individual creativity and group ability to utilize individual creative resources: a multilevel model. Acad. Manag. J. 45:315–30 [Google Scholar]
  98. Tjosvold D, Tang MML, West M. 2004. Reflexivity for team innovation in China: the contribution of goal interdependence. Group Org. Manag. 29:540–59 [Google Scholar]
  99. Tjosvold D, Yu ZY, Wu P. 2009. Empowering individuals for team innovation in China: conflict management and problem solving. Negot. Conf. Manag. Res. 2:185–206 [Google Scholar]
  100. Triandis HC, Bass AR, Ewen RB, Mikesell EH. Team creativity as a function of the creativity of the members; 1963. J. Appl. Psych. 47:104–10 [Google Scholar]
  101. Tsai WC, Chi NW, Grandey AA, Fung SC. 2012. Positive group affective tone and team creativity: negative group affective tone and team trust as boundary conditions. J. Org. Behav. 33:638–56 [Google Scholar]
  102. Tzabbar D, Vestal A. 2015. Bridging the social chasm in geographically distributed R&D teams: the moderating effects of relational strength and status asymmetry on the novelty of team innovation. Org. Sci. 26:811–29 [Google Scholar]
  103. van Dijk H, van Engen ML, van Knippenberg D. 2012. Defying conventional wisdom: a meta-analytical examination of the differences between demographic and job-related diversity relationships with performance. Org. Behav. Hum. Dec. Proc. 119:38–53 [Google Scholar]
  104. van Ginkel WP, van Knippenberg D. 2008. Group information elaboration and group decision making: the role of shared task representations. Org. Behav. Hum. Dec. Proc. 105:82–97 [Google Scholar]
  105. van Knippenberg D, De Dreu CKW, Homan AC. 2004. Work group diversity and group performance: an integrative model and research agenda. J. Appl. Psych. 89:1008–22 [Google Scholar]
  106. van Knippenberg D, Mell JN. 2016. Past, present, and potential future of team diversity research: from compositional diversity to emergent diversity. Org. Behav. Hum. Dec. Proc. 136:135–45 [Google Scholar]
  107. van Knippenberg D, Schippers MC. 2007. Work group diversity. Annu. Rev. Psych. 58:515–41 [Google Scholar]
  108. van Knippenberg D, Sitkin SB. 2013. A critical assessment of charismatic-transformational leadership research: Back to the drawing board?. Acad. Manag. Ann. 7:1–60 [Google Scholar]
  109. van Knippenberg D, van Ginkel WP, Homan AC. 2013. Diversity mindsets and the performance of diverse teams. Org. Behav. Hum. Dec. Proc. 121:183–93 [Google Scholar]
  110. Walter F, van der Vegt GS. 2013. Harnessing members’ positive mood for team-directed learning behaviour and team innovation: the moderating role of perceived team feedback. Eur. J. Work Org. Psych. 22:235–48 [Google Scholar]
  111. Wang P, Zhu W. 2011. Mediating role of creative identity in the influence of transformational leadership on creativity: Is there a multilevel effect?. J. Lead. Org. Stud. 18:25–39 [Google Scholar]
  112. Wei LQ, Lau CM. 2012. Effective teamwork at the top: the evidence from China. Int. J. Hum. Res. Manag. 23:1853–70 [Google Scholar]
  113. Weingart LR, Todorova G, Cronin MA. 2010. Task conflict, problem-solving, and yielding: effects on cognition and performance in functionally diverse innovation teams. Negot. Conf. Manag. Res. 3:312–37 [Google Scholar]
  114. West MA. 1990. The social psychology of innovation in groups. West & Farr 1990 4–36 [Google Scholar]
  115. West MA. 2002a. Ideas are ten a penny: It's team implementation not idea generation that counts. Appl. Psych. 51:411–24 [Google Scholar]
  116. West MA. 2002b. Sparkling fountains or stagnant ponds: an integrative model of creativity and innovation implementation in work groups. Appl. Psych. 51:355–424 [Google Scholar]
  117. West MA, Anderson NR. 1996. Innovation in top management teams. J. Appl. Psych. 81:680–93 [Google Scholar]
  118. West MA, Borrill CS, Dawson JF, Brodbeck F, Shapiro DA, Haward B. 2003. Leadership clarity and team innovation in health care. Lead. Q. 14:393–410 [Google Scholar]
  119. West MA, Farr JL. 1990. Innovation and Creativity at Work: Psychological and Organizational Strategies Chichester, UK: Wiley
  120. Wong A, Tjosvold D, Liu C. 2009. Innovation by teams in Shanghai, China: cooperative goals for group confidence and persistence. Brit. J. Manag. 20:238–51 [Google Scholar]
  121. Xie XY, Wang WL, Luan K. 2014. It is not what we have, but how we use it: re-exploring the relationship between task conflict and team innovation from the resource-based view. Group Proc. Intergr. Rel. 17:240–51 [Google Scholar]
  122. Yoshida DT, Sendjaya S, Hirst G, Cooper B. 2014. Does servant leadership foster creativity and innovation? A multi-level mediation study of identification and prototypicality. J. Bus. Res. 67:1395–404 [Google Scholar]
  123. Zacher H, Rosing K. 2015. Ambidextrous leadership and team innovation. Lead. Org. Dev. J. 36:54–68 [Google Scholar]
  124. Zhou J, Hoever IJ. 2014. Research on workplace creativity: a review and redirection. Annu. Rev. Organ. Psych. Organ. Behav. 1:333–59 [Google Scholar]
  125. Zhou J, Shin SJ, Brass DJ, Choi J, Zhang ZX. 2009. Social networks, personal values, and creativity: evidence for curvilinear and interaction effects. J. Appl. Psych. 94:1544–52 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032516-113240
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032516-113240
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error