1932

Abstract

Since at least Cicero, we have known that “money is the sinew of war.” Is it possible for a political economy of security (PES) subfield to contribute knowledge beyond Cicero's claim? This article aims to delineate the boundaries of a PES subfield by using the classic “guns versus butter” trade-off to define the existing literature within the subfield. Thinking seriously about this trade-off, including conditions under which a trade-off may not exist, raises a host of questions. The two most direct questions are: How does consuming “guns” influence the consumption of “butter”? And how does using “guns” influence the consumption of “butter”?

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-070912
2019-05-11
2024-04-18
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/polisci/22/1/annurev-polisci-050317-070912.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-070912&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Abadie A, Gardeazabal J 2003. The economic costs of conflict: a case study of the Basque Country. Am. Econ. Rev. 93:(1) 113–32
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Acharya A 2009. Targeting Terrorist Financing: International Cooperation and New Regimes London: Routledge
  3. Adams G, Williams C 2010. Buying National Security: How America Plans and Pays for Its Global Role and Safety at Home New York: Routledge
  4. Allen SH 2008. The domestic political costs of economic sanctions. J. Confl. Resolut. 52:6916–44
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Anderton CH, Brauer J 2016. Economic Aspects of Genocides, Other Mass Atrocities, and Their Preventions Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
  6. Angell N 1910. The Great Illusion New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons
  7. Appel BJ, Loyle CE 2012. The economic benefits of justice: post-conflict justice and foreign direct investment. J. Peace Res. 49:(5) 685–99
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Augustine NR 1983. Augustine's Laws and Major System Development Programs Reston, VA: Am. Inst. Aeronaut. Astronaut.
  9. Avant D 2005. The Market for Force: The Consequences of Privatizing Security Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  10. Aydin A 2008. Choosing sides: economic interdependence and interstate disputes. J. Politics 70:41098–108
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Bailey KC 1994. Weapons of Mass Destruction: Costs Versus Benefits New Delhi: Manohar Publ.
  12. Baldwin D 1985. Economic Statecraft Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  13. Baradaran S, Findley M, Nielson D, Sharman J 2014. Funding terror. Univ. Pa. Law Rev. 162:477–536
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Barbieri K 2002. The Liberal Illusion: Does Trade Promote Peace Ann Arbor: Univ. Mich. Press
  15. Barnett MN, Levy JS 1991. Domestic sources of alliances and alignments: the case of Egypt, 1962–73. Int. Organ. 45:3369–95
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Berman E, Shapiro JN, Felter JH 2011. Can hearts and minds be bought? The economics of counterinsurgency in Iraq. J. Political Econ. 119:(4) 766–819
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Blattman C, Miguel E 2010. Civil war. J. Econ. Lit. 48:13–57
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Bloomberg SB, Hess GD, Orphanides A 2004. The macroeconomic consequences of terrorism. J. Monet. Econ. 51:51007–32
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Braithwaite A, Kucik J, Maves J 2014. The costs of domestic political unrest. Int. Stud. Q. 58:3489–500
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Brawley MR 2009. Political Economy and Grand Strategy: A Neoclassical Realist View London: Routledge
  21. Brooks SG 2007. Producing Security: Multinational Corporations, Globalization, and the Changing Calculus of Conflict Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  22. Brooks SG, Wohlforth W 2016. America Abroad: The United States' Global Role in the 21st Century Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
  23. Broz JL 1998. The origins of central banking: solutions to the free-rider problem. Int. Organ. 52:2231–68
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Brück T, De Groot OJ, Bozzoli C 2012. How many bucks in a bang: on the estimation of the economic costs of conflict. The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Peace and Conflict MR Garfinkel, S Skaperdas 252–74 New York: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Brück T, Wickström B-A 2004. The economic consequences of terror: guest editors' introduction. Eur. J. Political Econ. 20:2293–300
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Bull H 1977. The Anarchical Society New York: Columbia Univ. Press
  27. Cappella Zielinski R 2015. The political economy of national security Int. Stud. Assoc. Venture Worksh. Rep. https://www.isanet.org/Conferences/Archive/Workshop-Grants
  28. Cappella Zielinski R 2016. How States Pay for War Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press
  29. Cappella Zielinski R, Fordham BO, Schilde KE 2017. What goes up, must come down? The asymmetric effects of economic growth and international threat on military spending. J. Peace Res. 54:(6) 791–805
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Carpenter C 2016. How (not) to measure the “public conscience. .” Duck of Minerva Blog May 7. http://duckofminerva.com/2016/03/how-not-to-measure-the-public-conscience.html
  31. Carter DB, Poast P 2017. Why do states build walls? Political economy, security, and border stability. J. Confl. Resolut. 61:2239–70
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Carter J, Palmer G 2015. Keeping the schools open while the troops are away: regime type, interstate war, and government spending. Int. Stud. Q. 59:1145–57
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Caverley JD 2007. United States hegemony and the new economics of defense. Secur. Stud. 16:4598–614
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Chang Y-C 2005. Economic interdependence and international interactions: impact of third-party trade on political cooperation and conflict. Coop. Confl. 40:2207–32
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Chatagnier JT, Kavaklı KC 2017. From economic competition to military combat: export similarity and international conflict. J. Confl. Resolut. 61:71510–36
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Choi S-W, Luo S 2013. Economic sanctions, poverty, and international terrorism: an empirical analysis. Int. Interact. 39:2217–45
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Clunan AL 2006. The fight against terrorist financing. Political Sci. Q. 121:4569–96
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Colgan JD 2013. Petro-Aggression: When Oil Causes War Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  39. Collier P, Hoeffler A 1998. On economic causes of civil war. Oxford Econ. Pap. 50:4563–73
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Collier P, Hoeffler A 2004. Greed and grievance in civil war. Oxford Econ. Pap. 56:4563–95
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Collier P, Hoeffler A 2007. Unintended consequences: Does aid promote arms races?. Oxford Bull. Econ. Stat. 69:11–27
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Copeland DC 2014. Economic Interdependence and War Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  43. Corbetta R, Dixon WJ 2005. Danger beyond dyads: third party participants in interstate disputes. Confl. Manag. Peace Sci. 22:139–61
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Cox DG, Drury AC 2006. Democratic sanctions: connecting the democratic peace and economic sanctions. J. Peace Res. 43:6709–22
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Dafoe A 2011. Statistical critiques of the democratic peace: Caveat emptor. Am. J. Political Sci. 55:2247–62
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Dafoe A, Kelsey N 2014. Observing the capitalist peace: examining market-mediated signaling and other mechanisms. J. Peace Res. 51:5619–33
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Diehl PF 1994. Substitutes or complements? The effects of alliances on military spending in major power rivalries. Int. Interact. 19:3159–76
    [Google Scholar]
  48. DiGiuseppe M 2015. Guns, butter, and debt: sovereign creditworthiness and military expenditure. J. Peace Res. 52:(5) 680–93
    [Google Scholar]
  49. DiGiuseppe M, Allen MA 2013. Tightening the belt: sovereign debt and alliance formation. Int. Stud. Q. 57:4647–59
    [Google Scholar]
  50. DiGiuseppe M, Poast P 2018. Arms versus democratic allies. Br. J. Political Sci. 48:4981–1004
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Dincecco M, Onorato MG 2017. From Warfare to Wealth Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  52. Dombrowski PJ, Gholz E 2006. Buying Military Transformation: Technological Innovation and the Defense Industry New York: Columbia Univ. Press
  53. Downs GW, Rocke DM 1994. Conflict, agency, and gambling for resurrection: the principal-agent problem goes to war. Am. J. Political Sci. 38:2362–80
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Drezner DW 2003. The hidden hand of economic coercion. Int. Organ. 57:3643–59
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Drezner DW 2011. Sanctions sometimes smart: targeted sanctions in theory and practice. Int. Stud. Rev. 13:196–108
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Dunne P 2013. Military Keynesianism: an assessment. Cooperation for a Peaceful and Sustainable World Part 2, ed. L Junsheng, C Bo, H Na 117–29 Bingly, UK: Emerald Group Publ.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Eichengreen B, Mehl AJ, Chitu L 2017. Mars or Mercury? The geopolitics of international currency choice NBER Work. Pap 24145
  58. Eisenhower DD 1953. The chance for peace Address delivered before the American Society of Newspaper Editors, Apr. 16. https://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/all_about_ike/speeches/chance_for_peace.pdf
  59. Enders W, Sandler T 2012. The Political Economy of Terrorism Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  60. Enterline A 2010. Introduction to “CMPS” special issue: diversionary theory. Confl. Manag. Peace Sci. 27:5411–16
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Erickson JL 2015. Dangerous Trade: Arms Exports, Human Rights, and International Reputation New York: Columbia Univ. Press
  62. Fearon JD 2018. Cooperation, conflict, and the costs of anarchy. Int. Organ. 72:3523–59
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Fearon JD, Laitin DD 2003. Ethnicity, insurgency, and civil war. Am. Political Sci. Rev. 97:175–90
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Flandreau M, Flores JH 2012. The peaceful conspiracy: bond markets and international relations during the Pax Britannica. Int. Organ. 66:2211–41
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Flores-Macias GA, Kreps SE 2013. Political parties at war: a study of American war finance, 1789–2010. Am. Political Sci. Rev. 107:4833–48
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Fordham BO 2002. Domestic politics, international pressure, and the allocation of American Cold War military spending. J. Politics 64:163–88
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Fordham BO 2007. Revisionism reconsidered: exports and American intervention in World War I. Int. Organ. 61:2277–310
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Fordham BO 2010. Trade and asymmetric alliances. J. Peace Res. 47:6685–96
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Gartzke E 2001. Democracy and the preparation for war: Does regime type affect states' anticipation of casualties?. Int. Stud. Q. 45:3467–84
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Gartzke E 2007. The capitalist peace. Am. J. Political Sci. 51:1166–91
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Gartzke E, Li Q, Boehmer C 2001. Investing in the peace: economic interdependence and international conflict. Int. Organ. 55:2391–438
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Gartzke E, Lupu Y 2012. Trading on preconceptions: why World War I was not a failure of economic interdependence. Int. Secur. 36:4115–50
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Gates S 2002. Recruitment and allegiance: the microfoundations of rebellion. J. Confl. Resolut. 46:1111–30
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Gilady L 2018. The Price of Prestige: Conspicuous Consumption in International Relations Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
  75. Gilpin R 1975. U.S. Power and the Multinational Corporation: The Political Economy of Foreign Direct Investment New York: Basic Books
  76. Gilpin R 1981. War and Change in World Politics New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  77. Goldstein JS 1988. Long Cycles: Prosperity and War in the Modern Age New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press
  78. Gowa J, Mansfield ED 1993. Power politics and international trade. Am. Political Sci. Rev. 87:2408–20
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Guidolin M, La Ferrara E 2010. The economic effects of violent conflict: evidence from asset market reactions. J. Peace Res. 47:6671–84
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Haftel YZ, Hofmann SC 2017. Institutional authority and security cooperation within regional economic organizations. J. Peace Res. 54:4484–98
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Hall AR, Coyne CJ 2014. The political economy of drones. Def. Peace Econ. 25:5445–60
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Haynes K 2017. Diversionary conflict: demonizing enemies or demonstrating competence?. Confl. Manag. Peace Sci. 34:4337–58
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Hendrix CS 2017. Oil prices and interstate conflict. Confl. Manag. Peace Sci. 34:6575–96
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Henke ME 2017. The politics of diplomacy: how the United States builds multilateral military coalitions. Int. Stud. Q. 61:2410–24
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Horowitz MC 2010. The Diffusion of Military Power: Causes and Consequences for International Politics Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  86. Horowitz MC 2016. Public opinion and the politics of the killer robots debate. Res. Politics 3:1 https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168015627183
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  87. Horowitz MC, Simpson EM, Stam AC 2011. Domestic institutions and wartime casualties. Int. Stud. Q. 55:4909–36
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Hovi J, Huseby R, Sprinz DF 2005. When do (imposed) economic sanctions work?. World Politics 57:4479–99
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Hufbauer G, Schott JJ, Elliott KA, Oegg B 2008. Economic Sanctions Reconsidered Washington, DC: Peterson Inst. Int. Econ, 3rd ed..
  90. Hurst CA 2010. China's ace in the hole: rare earth elements. Joint Forces Q 59:121–26
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Intriligator MD 1990. On the nature and scope of defence economics. Def. Peace Econ. 1:13–11
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Jensen NM, Young DJ 2008. A violent future? Political risk insurance markets and violence forecasts. J. Confl. Resolut. 52:4527–47
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Jervis R 1978. Cooperation under the security dilemma. World Politics 30:2186–214
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Jha S, Shayo M 2018. Valuing peace: the effects of financial market exposure on votes and political attitudes Res. Pap. 3389 Stanford Univ. Grad. Sch. Bus Stanford, CA:
  95. Johnson J 2015. The cost of security: foreign policy concessions and military alliances. J. Peace Res. 52:5665–79
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Johnston BR, Nedelescu OM 2006. The impact of terrorism on financial markets. J. Financ. Crime 13:17–25
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Jung SC 2014. Foreign targets and diversionary conflict. Int. Stud. Q. 58:3566–78
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Justino P 2016. The microeconomic causes and consequences of genocides and mass atrocities. Economic Aspects of Genocides, Other Mass Atrocities, and Their Preventions CH Anderton, J Brauer 211–29 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Kaag J, Kreps S 2014. Drone Warfare New York: Wiley & Sons
  100. Keshk OMG, Pollins BM, Reuveny R 2004. Trade still follows the flag: the primacy of politics in a simultaneous model of interdependence and armed conflict. J. Politics 66:41155–79
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Kimball AL 2010. Political survival, policy distribution, and alliance formation. J. Peace Res. 47:4407–19
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Kinne BJ 2012. Multilateral trade and militarized conflict: centrality, openness, and asymmetry in the global trade network. J. Politics 74:1308–22
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Kinne BJ, Bunte J 2018. Guns or money? Defense cooperation and bilateral lending as coevolving networks. Br. J. Political Sci. In press. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123418000030
    [Crossref]
  104. Kirshner J 2007. Appeasing Bankers: Financial Caution on the Road to War Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  105. Krasner SD 1976. State power and the structure of international trade. World Politics 28:317–47
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Krebs R 2005. One nation under arms? Military participation policy and the politics of identity. Secur. Stud. 14:3529–64
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Kreps S 2018. Taxing Wars: The American Way of War Finance and the Decline of Democracy Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
  108. Kriner D, Lechase B, Cappella Zielinski R 2018. Self-interest, partisanship, and the conditional influence of taxation on support for war in the USA. Confl. Manag. Peace Sci. 35:143–64
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Krueger AB, Malečková J 2003. Education, poverty and terrorism: Is there a causal connection?. J. Econ. Perspect. 17:4119–44
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Lee H, Mitchell SM 2012. Foreign direct investment and territorial disputes. J. Confl. Resolut. 56:4675–703
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Lektzian D, Souva M 2003. The economic peace between democracies: economic sanctions and domestic institutions. J. Peace Res. 40:6641–60
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Levy J 1989. The diversionary theory of war: a critique. Handbook of War Studies MI Midlarsky 259–88 London: Unwin-Hyman
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Levy JS, Barbieri K 2004. Trading with the enemy during wartime. Secur. Stud. 13:31–47
    [Google Scholar]
  114. Li Q, Reuveny R 2011. Does trade prevent or promote interstate conflict initiation?. J. Peace Res. 48:4437–53
    [Google Scholar]
  115. Liberman P 1996. Trading with the enemy: security and relative economic gains. Int. Secur. 21:1147–75
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Liberman P 1998. Does Conquest Pay? The Exploitation of Occupied Industrial Societies Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  117. Lipson C 1984. International cooperation in economic and security affairs. World Politics 37:11–23
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Long AG, Leeds BA 2006. Trading for security: military alliances and economic agreements. J. Peace Res. 43:4433–51
    [Google Scholar]
  119. Lupu Y, Traag VA 2013. Trading communities, the networked structure of international relations, and the Kantian peace. J. Confl. Resolut. 57:61011–42
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Mansfield ED, Pollins BM 2001. The study of interdependence and conflict: recent advances, open questions, and directions for future research. J. Confl. Resolut. 45:6834–59
    [Google Scholar]
  121. Markowitz JN, Fariss CJ 2013. Going the distance: the price of projecting power. Int. Interact. 39:2119–43
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Martin LL 1994. Coercive Cooperation: Explaining Multilateral Economic Sanctions Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  123. Mastanduno M 1998. Economics and security in statecraft and scholarship. Int. Organ. 52:4825–54
    [Google Scholar]
  124. Mattes M 2012a. Democratic reliability, precommitment of successor governments, and the choice of alliance commitment. Int. Organ. 66:1153–72
    [Google Scholar]
  125. Mattes M 2012b. Reputation, symmetry, and alliance design. Int. Organ. 66:4679–707
    [Google Scholar]
  126. McDonald PJ 2009. The Invisible Hand of Peace: Capitalism, the War Machine, and International Relations Theory Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  127. McDonald PJ 2011. Complicating commitment: free resources, power shifts, and the fiscal politics of preventive war. Int. Stud. Q. 55:41095–120
    [Google Scholar]
  128. McDonald PJ, Sweeney K 2007. The Achilles' heel of liberal IR theory? Globalization and conflict in the pre–World War I era. World Politics 59:3370–403
    [Google Scholar]
  129. McKeown TJ 1983. Hegemonic stability theory and 19th century tariff levels in Europe. Int. Organ. 37:173–91
    [Google Scholar]
  130. Mearsheimer JJ 2001. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics New York: Norton
  131. Meierding E 2013. Climate change and conflict: avoiding small talk about the weather. Int. Stud. Rev. 15:2185–203
    [Google Scholar]
  132. Milward AS 1977. War, Economy and Society, 1939–1945 5 Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
  133. Mintz A 1992. The Political Economy of Military Spending in the United States London: Routledge
  134. Mintz A, Stevenson RT 1995. Defense expenditures, economic growth, and the “peace dividend”: a longitudinal analysis of 103 countries. J. Confl. Resolut. 39:2283–305
    [Google Scholar]
  135. Morgan TC, Bapat N, Kobayashi Y 2014. The threat and imposition of sanctions: updating the TIES dataset. Confl. Manag. Peace Sci. 31:5541–58
    [Google Scholar]
  136. Morgan TC, Bapat N, Krustev V 2009. The threat and imposition of economic sanctions, 1971–2000. Confl. Manag. Peace Sci. 26:192–110
    [Google Scholar]
  137. Morrow JD 1991. Alliances and asymmetry: an alternative to the capability aggregation model of alliances. Am. J. Political Sci. 35:4904–33
    [Google Scholar]
  138. Morrow JD 1993. Arms versus allies: trade-offs in the search for security. Int. Organ. 47:2207–33
    [Google Scholar]
  139. Morrow JD 1994. Alliances, credibility, and peacetime costs. J. Confl. Resolut. 38:2270–97
    [Google Scholar]
  140. Morrow JD 1999. How could trade affect conflict?. J. Peace Res. 36:4481–89
    [Google Scholar]
  141. Morrow JD 2003. Assessing the role of trade as a source of costly signals. Economic Interdependence and International Conflict: New Perspectives on an Enduring Debate ED Mansfield, BM Pollins 89–95 Ann Arbor: Univ. Mich. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  142. Mousseau M, Orsun OF, Ungerer JL, Mousseau DY 2013. Capitalism and peace: It's Keynes, not Hayek. Assessing the Capitalist Peace G Schneider, NP Gleditsch 80–109 London: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  143. Narizny K 2007. The Political Economy of Grand Strategy Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press
  144. Nincic M, Cusack TR 1979. The political economy of US military spending. J. Peace Res. 16:2101–15
    [Google Scholar]
  145. Nordhaus W, Oneal JR, Russett B 2012. The effects of the international security environment on national military expenditures: a multicountry study. Int. Organ. 66:3491–513
    [Google Scholar]
  146. Nordhaus WD, Tobin J 1972. Is growth obsolete?. Economic Research: Retrospect and Prospect1–80 Cambridge, MA: NBER
    [Google Scholar]
  147. Oatley T 2015. A Political Economy of American Hegemony Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  148. Olson M, Zeckhauser R 1966. An economic theory of alliances. Rev. Econ. Stat. 48:3266–79
    [Google Scholar]
  149. Ostrom CW, Marra RF 1986. US defense spending and the Soviet estimate. Am. Political Sci. Rev. 80:3819–42
    [Google Scholar]
  150. Papayoanou PA 1999. Power Ties: Economic Interdependence, Balancing, and War Ann Arbor: Univ. Mich. Press
  151. Pape RA 1997. Why economic sanctions do not work. Int. Secur. 22:290–136
    [Google Scholar]
  152. Pearson FS 1994. The Global Spread of Arms: Political Economy of International Security Boulder, CO: Westview Press
  153. Peksen D 2009. Better or worse? The effect of economic sanctions on human rights. J. Peace Res. 46:159–77
    [Google Scholar]
  154. Pelc KJ 2016. Making and Bending International Rules: The Design of Exceptions and Escape Clauses in Trade Law Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  155. Peterson TM, Thies CG 2012. Beyond Ricardo: the link between intra-industry trade and peace. Br. J. Political Sci. 42:4747–67
    [Google Scholar]
  156. Piazza JA 2006. Rooted in poverty? Terrorism, poor economic development, and social cleavages. Terror. Political Violence 18:1159–77
    [Google Scholar]
  157. Pierre AJ 1982. The Global Politics of Arms Sales Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  158. Plümper T, Neumayer E 2015. Free-riding in alliances: testing an old theory with a new method. Confl. Manag. Peace Sci. 32:3247–68
    [Google Scholar]
  159. Poast P 2006. The Economics of War New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin
  160. Poast P 2012. Does issue linkage work? Evidence from European alliance negotiations, 1860 to 1945. Int. Organ. 66:2277–310
    [Google Scholar]
  161. Poast P 2013. Can issue linkage improve treaty credibility? Buffer state alliances as a “hard case.”. J. Confl. Resolut. 57:5739–64
    [Google Scholar]
  162. Poast P 2015. Central banks at war. Int. Organ. 69:163–95
    [Google Scholar]
  163. Polachek S 1980. Conflict and trade. J. Confl. Resolut. 24:155–78
    [Google Scholar]
  164. Polachek S, Xiang J 2010. How opportunity costs decrease the probability of war in an incomplete information game. Int. Organ. 64:1133–44
    [Google Scholar]
  165. Pollin R, Garrett-Peltier H 2009. The US employment effects of military and domestic spending priorities. Int. J. Health Serv. 39:3443–60
    [Google Scholar]
  166. Pond A 2017. Economic sanctions and demand for protection. J. Confl. Resolut. 61:51073–94
    [Google Scholar]
  167. Powell R 1993. Guns, butter, and anarchy. Am. Political Sci. Rev. 87:1115–32
    [Google Scholar]
  168. Powers K 2004. Regional trade agreements as military alliances. Int. Interact. 30:4373–95
    [Google Scholar]
  169. Powers KL 2006. Dispute initiation and alliance obligations in regional economic institutions. J. Peace Res. 43:4453–71
    [Google Scholar]
  170. Queralt D 2018. The legacy of war on fiscal capacity. Int. Organ In press
  171. Rasler KA, Thompson WR 1983. Global wars, public debts, and the long cycle. World Politics 35:4489–516
    [Google Scholar]
  172. Richards D, Morgan TC, Wilson RK, Schwebach VL, Young GD 1993. Good times, bad times, and the diversionary use of force: a tale of some not-so-free agents. J. Confl. Resolut. 37:3504–35
    [Google Scholar]
  173. Ripsman NM, Paul TV 2010. Globalization and the National Security State Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
  174. Ripsman NM, Zielinski RC, Schilde KE 2018. The political economy of security. The Oxford Handbook of U.S. National Security DS Reveron, NK Gvosdev, JA Cloud Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190680015.013.38
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  175. Roff HM 2014. The strategic robot problem: lethal autonomous weapons in war. J. Mil. Ethics 13:3211–27
    [Google Scholar]
  176. Rosecrance R 1985. The Rise of the Trading State: Commerce and Conquest in the Modern World New York: Basic Books
  177. Rosecrance R, Thompson P 2003. Trade, foreign investment, and security. Annu. Rev. Political Sci. 6:377–98
    [Google Scholar]
  178. Ross M 2006. A closer look at oil, diamonds, and civil war. Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci. 9:265–300
    [Google Scholar]
  179. Rundquist BS, Lee J-H, Rhee J 1996. The distributive politics of Cold War defense spending: some state level evidence. Legis. Stud. Q. 21:2265–81
    [Google Scholar]
  180. Russett B 1983. Prosperity and peace: presidential address. Int. Stud. Q. 27:4381–87
    [Google Scholar]
  181. Sandler T, Hartley K 2001. Economics of alliances: the lessons for collective action. J. Econ. Lit. 39:3869–96
    [Google Scholar]
  182. Scheidel W 2017. The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  183. Schelling T 1958. International Economics Boston: Allyn and Bacon
  184. Scheve K, Stasavage D 2012. Democracy, war, and wealth: lessons from two centuries of inheritance taxation. Am. Political Sci. Rev. 106:181–102
    [Google Scholar]
  185. Schilde K 2017. The Political Economy of European Security Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  186. Schneider G, Troeger VE 2006. War and the world economy: stock market reactions to international conflicts. J. Confl. Resolut. 50:5623–45
    [Google Scholar]
  187. Schultz KA 2015. Borders, conflict, and trade. Annu. Rev. Political Sci. 18:125–45
    [Google Scholar]
  188. Schultz KA, Weingast BR 2003. The democratic advantage: institutional foundations of financial power in international competition. Int. Organ. 57:13–42
    [Google Scholar]
  189. Sechser TS, Saunders EN 2010. The army you have: the determinants of military mechanization, 1979–2001. Int. Stud. Q. 54:2481–511
    [Google Scholar]
  190. Shea PE 2014. Financing victory: sovereign credit, democracy, and war. J. Confl. Resolut. 58:5771–95
    [Google Scholar]
  191. Shea PE, Poast P 2017. War and default. J. Confl. Resolut. In press. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002717707239
    [Crossref]
  192. Silver BJ, Arrighi G 2003. Polanyi's “double movement”: the belle époques of British and US hegemony compared. Politics Soc 31:2325–55
    [Google Scholar]
  193. Singer PW 2001. Corporate warriors: rise of the privatized military industry and its ramifications for international security. Int. Secur. 26:3186–220
    [Google Scholar]
  194. Skocpol T 1979. States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  195. Slantchev BL 2012. Borrowed power: debt finance and the resort to arms. Am. Political Sci. Rev. 106:4787–809
    [Google Scholar]
  196. Smith RP 1980. The demand for military expenditure. Econ. J. 90:360811–20
    [Google Scholar]
  197. Snyder GH 1984. The security dilemma in alliance politics. World Politics 36:4461–95
    [Google Scholar]
  198. Solingen E 2012. Sanctions, Statecraft, and Nuclear Proliferation Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  199. Stiglitz JE, Blimes LJ 2008. The Three Trillion Dollar War New York: Norton
  200. Strange S 1970. International economics and international relations: a case of mutual neglect. Int. Aff. 46:2304–15
    [Google Scholar]
  201. Strange S 1994. States and Markets London: Continuum, 2nd ed..
  202. Thorpe RU 2014. The American Warfare State: The Domestic Politics of Military Spending Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
  203. Tilly C 1990. Capital, Coercion and European States Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell
  204. Tir J, Karreth J 2018. Incentivizing Peace: How International Organizations Can Help Prevent Civil Wars in Member Countries Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
  205. Tokdemir E, Mark BS 2018. When killers become victims: diversionary war, human rights, and strategic target selection. Int. Interact. 44:2337–60
    [Google Scholar]
  206. Tomz M 2007. Reputation and International Cooperation: Sovereign Debt Across Three Centuries Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  207. Töngür U, Hsu S, Elveren AY 2015. Military expenditures and political regimes: evidence from global data, 1963–2000. Econ. Model. 44:68–79
    [Google Scholar]
  208. Tufte ER 1978. Political Control of the Economy Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  209. Walter BF 2009. Bargaining failures and civil war. Annu. Rev. Political Sci. 12:243–61
    [Google Scholar]
  210. Waltz KN 1959. Man, the State, and War: A Theoretical Analysis New York: Columbia Univ. Press
  211. Waltz KN 1979. Theory of International Politics Boston: McGraw-Hill
  212. Ward MD 1984. The political economy of arms races and international tension. Confl. Manag. Peace Sci. 7:21–24
    [Google Scholar]
  213. Ward MD, Davis D 1992. Sizing up the “peace dividend. .” Am. Political Sci. Rev. 86:3748–58
    [Google Scholar]
  214. Weinstein JM 2005. Resources and the information problem in rebel recruitment. J. Confl. Resolut. 49:4598–624
    [Google Scholar]
  215. Wolfson M, Shabahang H 1991. Economic causation in the breakdown of military equilibrium. J. Confl. Resolut. 35:143–67
    [Google Scholar]
  216. Wood RM 2008. “A hand upon the throat of the nation”: economic sanctions and state repression, 1976–2001. Int. Stud. Q. 52:3489–513
    [Google Scholar]
  217. Zakaria F 1999. From Wealth to Power: The Unusual Origins of America's World Role Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  218. Zeitlin J 1995. Flexibility and mass production at war. Technol. Cult. 36:146–80
    [Google Scholar]
  219. Zuk G, Woodbury NR 1986. US defense spending, electoral cycles, and Soviet-American relations. J. Confl. Resolut. 30:3445–68
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-070912
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-070912
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error