1932

Abstract

We examine recent evidence on the consequences of selfishness and otherishness for psychological well-being, physical health, and relationships. In the first sections, we consider recent evidence regarding the costs and benefits of giving time, money, and support to others and the costs and benefits of taking or receiving those things from others. Then, because the behaviors of giving and taking can be motivated either by selfish or otherish concerns, we next consider the costs and benefits of the motivation underlying giving and taking. We also examine why and for whom selfishness and otherishness have consequences for psychological well-being, physical health, and relationships. We focus on mechanisms identified in research, including intrapsychic mechanisms such as positive and negative affect, self-esteem and self-efficacy, a sense of meaning and purpose in life, and a sense of connectedness to or isolation from others, as well as interpersonal processes such as reciprocation of support and responsiveness.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044145
2017-01-03
2024-03-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/psych/68/1/annurev-psych-010416-044145.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044145&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Abelson JL, Erickson TM, Mayer SE, Crocker J, Briggs H. et al. 2014. Brief cognitive intervention can modulate neuroendocrine stress responses to the Trier Social Stress Test: buffering effects of a compassionate goal orientation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 44:60–70 [Google Scholar]
  2. Ablitt A, Jones GV, Muers J. 2009. Living with dementia: a systematic review of the influence of relationship factors. Aging Ment. Health 13:497–511 [Google Scholar]
  3. Aknin L, Dunn E, Whillans A, Grant A, Norton M. 2013. Making a difference matters: Impact unlocks the emotional benefits of prosocial spending. J. Econ. Behav. Organ. 88:90–95 [Google Scholar]
  4. Aknin L, Hamlin JK, Dunn E. 2012. Giving leads to happiness in young children. PLOS ONE 7:e39211 [Google Scholar]
  5. Aknin L, Human L. 2015. Give a piece of you: Gifts that reflect givers promote closeness. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 60:8–16 [Google Scholar]
  6. Alicke MD, Sedikides C. 2011. Handbook of Self-Enhancement and Self-Protection New York: Guilford
  7. Andreoni J, Rao J, Trachtman H. 2011. Avoiding the Ask: A Field Experiment on Altruism, Empathy, and Charitable Giving Cambridge, MA: Natl. Bureau Econ. Res.
  8. Barasch A, Levine EE, Berman JZ, Small DA. 2014. Selfish or selfless? On the signal value of emotion in altruistic behavior. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 107:393–413 [Google Scholar]
  9. Barbee A, Rowatt T, Cunningham M. 1998. When a friend is in need: feelings about seeking, giving, and receiving social support. Handbook of Communication and Emotion: Research, Theory, Applications, and Contexts P Andersen, L Guerrero 281–301 San Diego, CA: Academic [Google Scholar]
  10. Batson CD. 2010. Empathy-induced altruistic motivation. See Mikulincer & Shaver 2010 15–34
  11. Bohns VK, Flynn FJ. 2010. “Why didn't you just ask?” Underestimating the discomfort of help-seeking. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 46:402–9 [Google Scholar]
  12. Bolger N, Zuckerman A, Kessler RC. 2000. Invisible support and adjustment to stress. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 79:953–61 [Google Scholar]
  13. Bresnahan MJ, Chiu HC, Levine TR. 2004. Self-construal as a predictor of communal and exchange orientation in Taiwan and the USA. Asian J. Soc. Psychol. 7:187–203 [Google Scholar]
  14. Brown RM, Brown SL. 2014. Informal caregiving: a reappraisal of effects on caregivers. Soc. Issues Policy Rev. 8:74–102 [Google Scholar]
  15. Brown SL, Brown RM, House JS, Smith DM. 2008. Coping with spousal loss: potential buffering effects of self-reported helping behavior. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 34:849–61 [Google Scholar]
  16. Brown SL, Nesse RM, Vinokur AD, Smith DM. 2003. Providing social support may be more beneficial than receiving it: results from a prospective study of mortality. Psychol. Sci. 14:320–27 [Google Scholar]
  17. Brown SL, Smith DM, Schulz R, Kabeto MU, Ubel PA. et al. 2009. Caregiving behavior is associated with decreased mortality risk. Psychol. Sci. 20:488–94 [Google Scholar]
  18. Brunell AB, Buelow MT. 2015. Narcissism and performance on behavioral decision-making tasks. J. Behav. Decis. Making. doi: 10.1002/bdm.1900
  19. Brunell AB, Campbell WK. 2011. Narcissism and romantic relationships: understanding the paradox. The Handbook of Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Theoretical Approaches, Empirical Findings, and Treatments WK Campbell, JD Miller 344–50 Hoboken, NJ: Wiley [Google Scholar]
  20. Brunell AB, Davis MS, Schley DR, Eng AL, van Dulmen MHM. et al. 2013. A new measure of interpersonal exploitativeness. Front. Psychol. 4:299 [Google Scholar]
  21. Bushman BJ, Baumeister RF. 1998. Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression: Does self-love or self-hate lead to violence?. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 75:219–29 [Google Scholar]
  22. Cain DM, Dana J, Newman GE. 2014. Giving versus giving in. Acad. Manag. Ann. 8:505–33 [Google Scholar]
  23. Calderón-Tena CO, Knight GP, Carlo G. 2011. The socialization of prosocial behavioral tendencies among Mexican American adolescents: the role of familism values. Cultur. Divers. Ethnic Minor. Psychol. 17:98–106 [Google Scholar]
  24. Campbell WK. 1999. Narcissism and romantic attraction. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 77:1254–70 [Google Scholar]
  25. Campbell WK, Bonacci AM, Shelton J, Exline JJ, Bushman BJ. 2004. Psychological entitlement: interpersonal consequences and validation of a self-report measure. J. Personal. Assess. 83:29–45 [Google Scholar]
  26. Campbell WK, Brunell AB, Finkel EJ. 2006. Narcissism, interpersonal self-regulation, and romantic relationships: an agency model approach. Self and Relationships: Connecting Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Processes KD Vohs, EJ Finkel 57–83 New York: Guilford [Google Scholar]
  27. Canevello A, Crocker J. 2010. Creating good relationships: responsiveness, relationship quality, and interpersonal goals. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 99:78–106 [Google Scholar]
  28. Canevello A, Crocker J. 2011. Interpersonal goals, others’ regard for the self, and self-esteem: the paradoxical consequences of self-image and compassionate goals. Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. 41:422–34 [Google Scholar]
  29. Canevello A, Crocker J. 2015. How self-image and compassionate goals shape intrapsychic experiences. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Compass 9:620–29 [Google Scholar]
  30. Canevello A, Granillo MT, Crocker J. 2013. Predicting change in relationship insecurity: the roles of compassionate and self-image goals. Pers. Relatsh. 20:587–618 [Google Scholar]
  31. Carlson EN. 2013. Honestly arrogant or simply misunderstood? Narcissists’ awareness of their narcissism. Self Identity 12:259–77 [Google Scholar]
  32. Carver CS, Baird E. 1998. The American dream revisited: Is it what you want or why you want it that matters?. Psychol. Sci. 9:289–92 [Google Scholar]
  33. Chen F, Greenberg J. 2004. A positive aspect of caregiving: the influence of social support on caregiving gains for family members of relatives with schizophrenia. Community Ment. Health J. 40:423–35 [Google Scholar]
  34. Cheng JT, Tracy JL, Miller GE. 2013. Are narcissists hardy or vulnerable? The role of narcissism in the production of stress-related biomarkers in response to emotional distress. Emotion 13:1004–11 [Google Scholar]
  35. Cialdini RB, Brown SL, Lewis BP, Luce C, Neuberg SL. 1997. Reinterpreting the empathy-altruism relationship: when one into one equals oneness. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 73:481–94 [Google Scholar]
  36. Cialdini RB, Schaller M, Houlihan D, Arps K, Fultz J, Beaman AL. 1987. Empathy-based helping: Is it selflessly or selfishly motivated?. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 52:749–58 [Google Scholar]
  37. Clark MS, Aragón OR. 2013. Communal (and other) relationships: history, theory development, recent findings, and future directions. The Oxford Handbook of Close Relationships JA Simpson, L Campbell 255–80 New York: Oxford Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  38. Clark MS, Lemay EP Jr. 2010. Close relationships. Handbook of Social Psychology 2 ST Fiske, DT Gilbert, G Lindzey 898–940 Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 5th ed.. [Google Scholar]
  39. Clark MS, Oullette R, Powell MC, Milberg S. 1987. Recipient's mood, relationship type, and helping. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 53:94–103 [Google Scholar]
  40. Collins NL, Feeney BC. 2000. A safe haven: an attachment theory perspective on support seeking and care giving in close relationships. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 78:1053–73 [Google Scholar]
  41. Crocker J, Canevello A. 2008. Creating and undermining social support in communal relationships: the role of compassionate and self-image goals. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 95:555–75 [Google Scholar]
  42. Crocker J, Canevello A. 2012. Consequences of self-image and compassionate goals. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 45 P Devine, A Plant 229–77 San Diego, CA: Academic [Google Scholar]
  43. Crocker J, Canevello A, Breines JG, Flynn H. 2010. Interpersonal goals and change in anxiety and dysphoria in first-semester college students. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 98:1009–24 [Google Scholar]
  44. Cutrona C. 1996. Social Support in Marriage Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
  45. Cutrona C, Russell D, Rose J. 1986. Social support and adaptation to stress by the elderly. Psychol. Aging 1:47–54 [Google Scholar]
  46. Damjanovic AK, Yang Y, Glaser R, Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Nguyen H. et al. 2007. Accelerated telomere erosion is associated with a declining immune function of caregivers of Alzheimer's disease patients. J. Immunol. 179:4249–54 [Google Scholar]
  47. Dawes R. 1980. Social dilemmas. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 31:169–93 [Google Scholar]
  48. Deci EL, La Guardia JG, Moller AC, Scheiner MJ, Ryan RM. 2006. On the benefits of giving as well as receiving autonomy support: mutuality in close friendships. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 32:313–27 [Google Scholar]
  49. DeSteno D, Bartlett MY, Baumann J, Williams LA, Dickens L. 2010. Gratitude as moral sentiment: emotion-guided cooperation in economic exchange. Emotion 10:289–93 [Google Scholar]
  50. Dittmar H, Bond R, Hurst M, Kasser T. 2014. The relationship between materialism and personal well-being: a meta-analysis. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 107:879–924 [Google Scholar]
  51. Don B, Mickelson K, Barbee A. 2013. Indirect support seeking and perceptions of spousal support: an examination of a reciprocal relationship. Pers. Relatsh. 20:655–68 [Google Scholar]
  52. Dunn EW, Aknin LB, Norton MI. 2008a. Spending money on others promotes happiness. Science 319:1687–88 [Google Scholar]
  53. Dunn EW, Huntsinger J, Lun J, Sinclair S. 2008b. The gift of similarity: how good and bad gifts influence relationships. Soc. Cogn. 26:469–81 [Google Scholar]
  54. Dunning D, Fetchenhauer D, Schlösser T. 2016. The psychology of respect: a case study of how behavioral norms regulate human action. Adv. Motiv. Sci. 3:1–34 [Google Scholar]
  55. Falk A, Fehr E, Fischbacher U. 2007. On the nature of fair behavior. Econ. Inq. 41:20–26 [Google Scholar]
  56. Feeney BC, Collins NL. 2003. Motivations for caregiving in adult intimate relationships: influences on caregiving behavior and relationship functioning. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 29:950–68 [Google Scholar]
  57. Feeney BC, Collins NL, van Vleet M, Tomlinson JM. 2013. Motivations for providing a secure base: links with attachment orientation and secure base support behavior. Attachment Hum. Dev. 15:261–80 [Google Scholar]
  58. Fehr B. 2010. Compassionate love as a prosocial emotion. See Mikulincer & Shaver 2010,. 245–65
  59. Fehr B, Harasymchuk C, Sprecher S. 2014. Compassionate love in romantic relationships: a review and some new findings. J. Soc. Pers. Relatsh. 31:575–600 [Google Scholar]
  60. Feinberg L, Reinhard SC, Houser A, Choula R. 2011. Valuing the Invaluable: 2011 Update. The Growing Contributions and Costs of Family Caregiving. Washington, DC: AARP Policy Inst.
  61. Fisher J, Nadler A, Whitcher-Alagna S. 1982. Recipient reactions to aid. Psychol. Bull. 91:27–54 [Google Scholar]
  62. Flynn FJ, Lake VKB. 2008. If you need help, just ask: underestimating compliance with direct requests for help. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 95:128–43 [Google Scholar]
  63. Fritz HL, Helgeson VS. 1998. Distinctions of unmitigated communion from communion: self-neglect and overinvolvement with others. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 75:121–40 [Google Scholar]
  64. Gable SL, Reis HT. 2006. Intimacy and the self: an iterative model of the self and close relationships. Close Relationships: Functions, Forms and Processes P Noller, JA Feeney 211–25 Hove, UK: Psychol. Press/Taylor & Francis [Google Scholar]
  65. Gilbert P, McEwan K, Matos M, Rivis A. 2011. Fears of compassion: development of three self-report measures. Psychol. Psychother. 84:239–55 [Google Scholar]
  66. Giving Inst. 2015. Giving USA Annual Report Chicago: Giving Inst. http://www.givinginstitute.org/?page=GUSAAnnualReport
  67. Gleason MEJ, Iida M, Shrout PE, Bolger N. 2008. Receiving support as a mixed blessing: evidence for dual effects of support on psychological outcomes. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 94:824–38 [Google Scholar]
  68. Grant AM. 2013. Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success New York: Penguin
  69. Gray K, Ward AF, Norton MI. 2014. Paying it forward: generalized reciprocity and the limits of generosity. J. Exp. Psychol.: Gen. 143:247–54 [Google Scholar]
  70. Grouzet FME, Kasser T, Ahuvia A, Dols JMF, Kim Y. et al. 2005. The structure of goal contents across 15 cultures. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 89:800–16 [Google Scholar]
  71. Haber MG, Cohen JL, Lucas T, Baltes BB. 2007. The relationship between self-reported received and perceived social support: a meta-analytic review. Am. J. Community Psychol. 39:133–44 [Google Scholar]
  72. Hadden BW, Smith CV, Knee CR. 2014. The way I make you feel: how relatedness and compassionate goals promote partner's relationship satisfaction. J. Posit. Psychol. 9:155–62 [Google Scholar]
  73. Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT. 2010. Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Ann. Behav. Med. 40:218–27 [Google Scholar]
  74. Heisler M, Choi H, Piette J, Rosland A, Langa K, Brown S. 2013. Adults with cardiovascular disease who help others: a prospective study of health outcomes. J. Behav. Med. 36:199–211 [Google Scholar]
  75. Hilgeman M, Allen R, DeCoster J, Burgio L. 2007. Positive aspects of caregiving as a moderator of treatment outcome over 12 months. Psychol. Aging 22:361–71 [Google Scholar]
  76. Hill PL, Turiano NA. 2014. Purpose in life as a predictor of mortality across adulthood. Psychol. Sci. 25:1482–86 [Google Scholar]
  77. Hobbes T. 1950/1651. Leviathan New York: Dutton
  78. Hong S, Morrow-Howell N. 2010. Health outcomes of Experience Corps®: a high-commitment volunteer program. Soc. Sci. Med. 71:414–20 [Google Scholar]
  79. Impett EA, Javam L, Le BM, Asyabi-Eshghi B, Kogan A. 2013. The joys of genuine giving: approach and avoidance sacrifice motivation and authenticity. Pers. Relatsh. 20:740–54 [Google Scholar]
  80. Johnson ND, Mislin AA. 2011. Trust games: a meta-analysis. J. Econ. Psychol. 32:865–89 [Google Scholar]
  81. Joiner T, Metalsky G, Katz J, Beach S. 1999. Depression and excessive reassurance-seeking. Psychol. Inq. 10:269–78 [Google Scholar]
  82. Jonason PK, Krause L. 2013. The emotional deficits associated with the Dark Triad traits: cognitive empathy, affective empathy, and alexithymia. Personal. Individ. Differ. 55:532–37 [Google Scholar]
  83. Kasser T, Rosenblum KL, Sameroff AJ, Deci EL, Niemiec CP. et al. 2014. Changes in materialism, changes in psychological well-being: evidence from three longitudinal studies and an intervention experiment. Motiv. Emot. 38:1–22 [Google Scholar]
  84. Kasser T, Ryan RM. 1996. Further examining the American dream: differential correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 22:280–87 [Google Scholar]
  85. Kasser T, Ryan RM. 2001. Be careful what you wish for: optimal functioning and the relative attainment of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. Life Goals and Well-Being: Towards a Positive Psychology of Human Striving P Schmuck, KM Sheldon 116–31 Ashland, OH: Hogrefe & Huber [Google Scholar]
  86. Kasser T, Sheldon K. 2002. What makes for a merry Christmas?. J. Happiness Stud. 3:313–29 [Google Scholar]
  87. Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Marucha PT, Mercado AM, Malarkey WB, Glaser R. 1995. Slowing of wound healing by psychological stress. Lancet 346:1194–96 [Google Scholar]
  88. Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Preacher KJ, MacCallum RC, Atkinson A, Malarkey WB, Glaser R. 2003. Chronic stress and age-related increases in the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6. PNAS 100:9090–95 [Google Scholar]
  89. Kim ES, Sun JK, Park N, Kubzansky LD, Peterson C. 2013. Purpose in life and reduced risk of myocardial infarction among older U.S. adults with coronary heart disease: a two-year follow-up. J. Behav. Med. 36:124–33 [Google Scholar]
  90. Kinias Z, Kim HS, Hafenbrack AC, Lee JJ. 2014. Standing out as a signal to selfishness: culture and devaluation of non-normative characteristics. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 124:190–203 [Google Scholar]
  91. Konrath S, Bonadonna JP. 2014. Physiological and health-related correlates of the narcissistic personality. Handbook of the Psychology of Narcissism: Diverse Perspectives A Besser 175–213 Hauppauge, NY: Nova Sci. [Google Scholar]
  92. Konrath S, Fuhrel-Forbis A, Lou A, Brown S. 2012. Motives for volunteering are associated with mortality risk in older adults. Health Psychol 31:87–96 [Google Scholar]
  93. Krause N. 2007. Longitudinal study of social support and meaning in life. Psychol. Aging 22:456–69 [Google Scholar]
  94. Krekels G, Pandelaere M. 2015. Dispositional greed. Personal. Individ. Differ. 74:225–30 [Google Scholar]
  95. Laurenceau J-P, Barrett LF, Rovine MJ. 2005. The interpersonal process model of intimacy in marriage: a daily-diary and multilevel modeling approach. J. Fam. Psychol. 19:314–23 [Google Scholar]
  96. Le BM, Impett EA, Kogan A, Webster GD, Cheng C. 2013. The personal and interpersonal rewards of communal orientation. J. Soc. Pers. Relatsh. 30:694–710 [Google Scholar]
  97. Leary MR, Hofmann SG, DiBartolo PM. 2001. Social anxiety as an early warning system: a refinement and extension of the self-presentation theory of social anxiety. From Social Anxiety to Social Phobia: Multiple Perspectives SG Hofmann, PM DiBartolo 321–34 Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon [Google Scholar]
  98. Leary MR, Kowalski RM. 1990. Impression management: a literature review and two-component model. Psychol. Bull. 107:34–47 [Google Scholar]
  99. Leary MR, Tchividijian LR, Kraxberger BE. 1994. Self-presentation can be hazardous to your health: impression management and health risk. Health Psychol 13:461–70 [Google Scholar]
  100. Li Y, Li H, Decety J, Lee K. 2013. Experiencing a natural disaster alters children's altruistic giving. Psychol. Sci. 24:1686–95 [Google Scholar]
  101. Martin KA, Leary MR. 2001. Self-presentational determinants of health risk behavior among college freshmen. Psychol. Health 16:17–27 [Google Scholar]
  102. Martin KA, Leary MR, Rejeski WJ. 2000. Self-presentational concerns in older adults: implications for health and well-being. Basic Appl. Soc. Psychol. 22:169–79 [Google Scholar]
  103. McClure M, Xu J, Craw J, Lane S, Bolger N, Shrout P. 2014. Understanding the costs of support transactions in daily life. J. Personal. 82:563–74 [Google Scholar]
  104. Midlarsky E. 1991. Helping as coping. Prosocial Behavior M Clark 238–64 Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage [Google Scholar]
  105. Mikulincer M, Shaver PRR. 2010. Prosocial Motives, Emotions, and Behavior: The Better Angels of Our Nature Washington, DC: Am. Psychol. Assoc.
  106. Miller DT. 1999. The norm of self-interest. Am. Psychol. 54:1053–60 [Google Scholar]
  107. Mills J, Clark MS, Ford TE, Johnson M. 2004. Measurement of communal strength. Pers. Relatsh. 11:213–30 [Google Scholar]
  108. Mogilner C. 2010. The pursuit of happiness: time, money, and social connection. Psychol. Sci. 21:1348–54 [Google Scholar]
  109. Monin J, Schulz R. 2009. Interpersonal effects of suffering in older adult caregiving relationships. Psychol. Aging 24:681–95 [Google Scholar]
  110. Morelli SA, Lee IA, Arnn ME, Zaki J. 2015. Emotional and instrumental support provision interact to predict well-being. Emotion 15:484–93 [Google Scholar]
  111. Murray SL, Holmes JG, Collins NL. 2006. Optimizing assurance: the risk regulation system in relationships. Psychol. Bull. 132:641–66 [Google Scholar]
  112. Musick M, Wilson J. 2003. Volunteering and depression: the role of psychological and social resources in different age groups. Soc. Sci. Med. 56:259–69 [Google Scholar]
  113. Nadler A, Halabi S, Harapz-Gorodeisky G, Ben-David Y. 2010. Helping relations as status relations. See Mikulincer & Shaver 2010. 181–200
  114. Neel R, Kenrick DT, White AE, Neuberg SL. 2016. Individual differences in fundamental social motives. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 110887–907
  115. Nelson SK, Layous K, Cole SW, Lyubomirky S. 2016. Do unto others or treat yourself? The effects of prosocial and self-focused behavior on psychological flourishing. Emotion 16850–61
  116. Oppenheimer DM, Olivola CY. 2011. The Science of Giving: Experimental Approaches to the Study of Charity New York: Psychol. Press
  117. Pasch L, Bradbury T. 1998. Social support, conflict, and the development of marital dysfunction. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 66:219–30 [Google Scholar]
  118. Penninx BW, van Tilburg T, Kriegsman DM, Deeg DJ, Boeke AJ, van Eijk JT. 1997. Effects of social support and personal coping resources on mortality in older age: the Longitudinal Aging Study of Amsterdam. Am. J. Epidemiol. 46:510–19 [Google Scholar]
  119. Piferi R, Lawler K. 2006. Social support and ambulatory blood pressure: an examination of both receiving and giving. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 62:328–36 [Google Scholar]
  120. Pinquart M, Sörensen S. 2003a. Associations of stressors and uplifts of caregiving with caregiver burden and depressive mood: a meta-analysis. J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci. 58:P112–28 [Google Scholar]
  121. Pinquart M, Sörensen S. 2003b. Differences between caregivers and noncaregivers in psychological health and physical health: a meta-analysis. Psychol. Aging 18:250–67 [Google Scholar]
  122. Pinquart M, Sörensen S. 2007. Correlates of physical health of informal caregivers: a meta-analysis. J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci. 62:P126–37 [Google Scholar]
  123. Pinquart M, Sörensen S. 2011. Spouses, adult children, and children-in-law as caregivers of older adults: a meta-analytic comparison. Psychol. Aging 26:1–14 [Google Scholar]
  124. Post SG. 2005. Altruism, happiness, and health: It's good to be good. Int. J. Behav. Med. 12:66–77 [Google Scholar]
  125. Poulin M, Brown S, Ubel P, Smith D, Jankovic A, Langa K. 2010. Does a helping hand mean a heavy heart? Helping behavior and well-being among spouse caregivers. Psychol. Aging 25:108–17 [Google Scholar]
  126. Preston SD. 2013. The origins of altruism in offspring care. Psychol. Bull. 139:1305–41 [Google Scholar]
  127. Quinn C, Clare L, McGuinness T, Woods RT. 2012. The impact of relationships, motivations, and meanings on dementia caregiving outcomes. Int. Psychogeriatr. 24:1816–26 [Google Scholar]
  128. Quinn C, Clare L, Woods B. 2009. The impact of the quality of relationship on the experiences and wellbeing of caregivers of people with dementia: a systematic review. Aging Ment. Health 13:143–54 [Google Scholar]
  129. Quinn C, Clare L, Woods RT. 2015. Balancing needs: the role of motivations, meanings and relationship dynamics in the experience of informal caregivers of people with dementia. Dementia (Lond.) 14:220–37 [Google Scholar]
  130. Rauer AJ, Sabey A, Jensen JF. 2014. Growing old together: compassionate love and health in older adulthood. J. Soc. Pers. Relatsh. 31:677–96 [Google Scholar]
  131. Reis HT, Collins WA, Berscheid E. 2000. The relationship context of human behavior and development. Psychol. Bull. 126:844–72 [Google Scholar]
  132. Reis HT, Maniaci MR, Rogge RD. 2014. The expression of compassionate love in everyday compassionate acts. J. Soc. Pers. Relatsh. 31:651–76 [Google Scholar]
  133. Rohmann E, Neumann E, Herner MJ, Bierhoff H-W. 2012. Grandiose and vulnerable narcissism: self-construal, attachment, and love in romantic relationships. Eur. Psychol. 17:279–90 [Google Scholar]
  134. Rose P. 2002. The happy and unhappy faces of narcissism. Personal. Individ. Differ. 33:379–92 [Google Scholar]
  135. Santini ZI, Koyanagi A, Tyrovolas S, Mason C, Haro JM. 2015. The association between social relationships and depression: a systematic review. J. Affect. Disord. 175:53–65 [Google Scholar]
  136. Sarason IG, Pierce GR, Sarason BR. 1990. Social support and interactional processes: a triadic hypothesis. J. Soc. Pers. Relatsh. 7:495–506 [Google Scholar]
  137. Sarid O, Melzer I, Kurz I, Shahar D, Ruch W. 2010. The effect of helping behavior and physical activity on mood states and depressive symptoms of elderly people. Clin. Gerontol. 33:270–82 [Google Scholar]
  138. Schulz R, Beach S. 1999. Caregiving as a risk factor for mortality: the Caregiver Health Effects Study. JAMA 281:2215–19 [Google Scholar]
  139. Schwartz C, Meisenhelder JB, Ma Y, Reed G. 2003. Altruistic social interest behaviors are associated with better mental health. Psychosom. Med. 65:778–85 [Google Scholar]
  140. Schwarzer R, Knoll N. 2007. Functional roles of social support within the stress and coping process: a theoretical and empirical overview. Int. J. Psychol. 42:243–52 [Google Scholar]
  141. Sears DO, Funk CL. 1990. Self-interest in Americans’ political opinions. Beyond Self-Interest JJ Mansbridge 147–70 Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press [Google Scholar]
  142. Seuntjens TG, Zeelenberg M, van de Ven N, Breugelmans SM. 2015. Dispositional greed. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 108:917–33 [Google Scholar]
  143. Shaver PR, Mikulincer M, Shemesh-Iron M. 2010. A behavioral-systems perspective on prosocial behavior. See Mikulincer & Shaver 2010. 73–91
  144. Sheldon KM, Elliot AJ. 1999. Goal striving, need satisfaction, and longitudinal well-being: the self-concordance model. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 76:482–97 [Google Scholar]
  145. Shrout PE, Herman CM, Bolger N. 2006. The costs and benefits of practical and emotional support on adjustment: a daily diary study of couples experiencing acute stress. Pers. Relatsh. 13:115–34 [Google Scholar]
  146. Slotter EB, Gardner WL, Finkel EJ. 2010. Who am I without you? The influence of romantic breakup on the self-concept. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 36:147–60 [Google Scholar]
  147. Sprecher S, Fehr B. 2005. Compassionate love for close others and humanity. J. Soc. Pers. Relatsh. 22:629–51 [Google Scholar]
  148. Sprecher S, Fehr B. 2006. Enhancement of mood and self-esteem as a result of giving and receiving compassionate love. Curr. Res. Soc. Psychol. 11:227–42 [Google Scholar]
  149. Stillman TF, Lambert NM. 2013. The bidirectional relationship of meaning and belonging. The Experience of Meaning in Life: Classical Perspectives, Emerging Themes, and Controversies JA Hicks, C Routledge 305–15 New York: Springer Sci. [Google Scholar]
  150. Strazdins L, Broom D. 2007. The mental health costs and benefits of giving social support. Int. J. Stress Manag. 14:370–85 [Google Scholar]
  151. Tay L, Tan K, Diener E, Gonzalez E. 2013. Social relations, health behaviors, and health outcomes: a survey and synthesis. Appl. Psychol. Health Well-Being 5:28–78 [Google Scholar]
  152. Thoits PA, Hewitt LN. 2001. Volunteer work and well-being. J. Health Soc. Behav. 42:115–31 [Google Scholar]
  153. Twenge JM. 2000. The age of anxiety? The birth cohort change in anxiety and neuroticism, 1952–1993. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 79:1007–21 [Google Scholar]
  154. Twenge JM. 2006. Generation Me: Why Today's Young Americans Are More Confident, Assertive, Entitled—and More Miserable Than Ever Before New York: Free Press
  155. Uchino BN. 2004. Social Support and Physical Health: Understanding the Health Consequences of Our Relationships New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press
  156. Uchino BN, Cacioppo JT, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. 1996. The relationship between social support and physiological processes: a review with emphasis on underlying mechanisms and implications for health. Psychol. Bull. 119:488–531 [Google Scholar]
  157. Vitaliano P, Zhang J, Scanlan J. 2003. Is caregiving hazardous to one's physical health? A meta-analysis. Psychol. Bull. 129:946–72 [Google Scholar]
  158. Yamagishi T, Li Y, Takagishi H, Matsumoto Y, Kiyonari T. 2014. In search of Homo economicus. Psychol. Sci. 25:1699–711 [Google Scholar]
  159. Yinon Y, Landau M. 1987. On the reinforcing value of helping behavior in a positive mood. Motiv. Emot. 11:83–93 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044145
Loading
  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error