1932

Abstract

Today the Internet plays a role in the lives of nearly 40% of the world's population, and it is becoming increasingly entwined in daily life. This growing presence is transforming psychological science in terms of the topics studied and the methods used. We provide an overview of the literature, considering three broad domains of research: translational (implementing traditional methods online; e.g., surveys), phenomenological (topics spawned or mediated by the Internet; e.g., cyberbullying), and novel (new ways to study existing topics; e.g., rumors). We discuss issues (e.g., sampling, ethics) that arise when doing research online and point to emerging opportunities (e.g., smartphone sensing). Psychological research on the Internet comes with new challenges, but the opportunities far outweigh the costs. By integrating the Internet, psychological research has the ability to reach large, diverse samples and collect data on actual behaviors, which will ultimately increase the impact of psychological research on society.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015321
2015-01-03
2024-03-28
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/psych/66/1/annurev-psych-010814-015321.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015321&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Adamic LA, Glance N. 2005. The political blogosphere and the 2004 U.S. election: Divided they blog. Proc. WWW2005 Workshop Weblog. Ecosyst., Jpn.36–43
  2. Allport GW, Postman LJ. 1947. The Psychology of Rumour New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston
  3. Amichai-Hamburger Y, Ben-Artzi E. 2003. Loneliness and Internet use. Comput. Hum. Behav. 19:171–80 [Google Scholar]
  4. Aral S, Walker D. 2011. Creating social contagion through viral product design: a randomized trial of peer influence in networks. Manag. Sci. 57:91623–39 [Google Scholar]
  5. Back MD, Küfner ACP, Egloff B. 2010. The emotional timeline of September 11, 2001. Psychol. Sci. 21:1417–19 [Google Scholar]
  6. Back MD, Küfner ACP, Egloff B. 2011. “Automatic or the people?” Anger on September 11, 2001, and lessons learned for the analysis of large digital data sets. Psychol. Sci. 22:6837–38 [Google Scholar]
  7. Back MD, Stopfer JM, Vazire S, Gaddis S, Schmukle SC. et al. 2010. Facebook profiles reflect actual personality, not self-idealization. Psychol. Sci. 21:372–74 [Google Scholar]
  8. Bakshy E, Hofman JM, Mason WA, Watts DJ. 2010. Identifying “influencers” on Twitter. ACM Int. Conf. Web Search Data Min., 4th, Hong Kong1–10 [Google Scholar]
  9. Bazarova NN, Taft JG, Choi Y, Cosley D. 2013. Managing impressions and relationships on Facebook: Self-presentational and relational concerns revealed through the analysis of language style. J. Lang. Soc. Psychol. 32:2121–41 [Google Scholar]
  10. Berger J, Heath C. 2008. Who drives divergence? Identity signaling, outgroup dissimilarity, and the abandonment of cultural tastes. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 95:3593–607 [Google Scholar]
  11. Bleidorn W, Klimstra TA, Denissen JJA, Rentfrow PJ, Potter J, Gosling SD. 2013. Personality maturation around the world: a cross-cultural examination of social investment theory. Psychol. Sci. 24:2530–40 [Google Scholar]
  12. Block J. 2008. Issues for DSM-V: Internet addiction. Am. J. Psychiatry 165:3306–7 [Google Scholar]
  13. Bond RM, Fariss CJ, Jones JJ, Kramer ADI, Marlow C. et al. 2012. A 61-million-person experiment in social influence and political mobilization. Nature 489:295–98 [Google Scholar]
  14. Bordia P, DiFonzo N. 2004. Problem solving in social interactions on the Internet: rumor as social cognition. Soc. Psychol. Q. 67:133–49 [Google Scholar]
  15. Brenner V. 1996. An initial report on the online assessment of Internet addiction: the first 30 days of the Internet Usage Survey. Psychol. Rep. 70:179–210 [Google Scholar]
  16. Buchanan T, Williams JE. 2010. Ethical issues in psychological research on the Internet. See Gosling & Johnson 2010, pp. 255–71
  17. Buhrmester M, Kwang T, Gosling SD. 2011. Amazon's Mechanical Turk: a new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data?. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 6:3–5 [Google Scholar]
  18. Byun S, Ruffini C, Mills JE, Douglas AC, Niang M. et al. 2009. Internet addiction: metasynthesis of 1996–2006 quantitative research. CyberPsychol. Behav. 12:2203–7 [Google Scholar]
  19. Cacioppo JT, Fowler JH, Christakis NA. 2009. Alone in the crowd: the structure and spread of loneliness in a large social network. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 97:6977–91 [Google Scholar]
  20. Campbell AT, Lane ND. 2013. Smartphone sensing: a game changer for behavioral science Workshop held at Univ. Calif., Davis
  21. Cartwright D, Harary F. 1956. Structural balance: a generalization of Heider's theory. Psychol. Rev. 63:5277–93 [Google Scholar]
  22. Centola D, Macy M. 2007. Complex contagions and the weakness of long ties. Am. J. Sociol. 113:3702–34 [Google Scholar]
  23. Chandler J, Mueller P, Paolacci G. 2014. Nonnaïveté among Amazon Mechanical Turk workers: consequences and solutions for behavioral researchers. Behav. Res. Methods 46:112–30 [Google Scholar]
  24. Chou C, Hsiao M-C. 2000. Internet addiction, usage, gratification, and pleasure experience: the Taiwan college students' case. Comput. Educ. 35:165–80 [Google Scholar]
  25. Christakis NA, Fowler JH. 2007. The spread of obesity in a large social network over 32 years. N. Engl. J. Med. 357:370–79 [Google Scholar]
  26. Cialdini RB, Goldstein NJ. 2004. Social influence: compliance and conformity. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 55:1591–621 [Google Scholar]
  27. Cohen R. 2011. Facebook and Arab dignity. New York Times Jan. 24. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/25/opinion/25iht-edcohen25.html
  28. Cohn MA, Mehl MR, Pennebaker JW. 2004. Linguistic markers of psychological change surrounding September 11, 2001. Psychol. Sci. 15:687–93 [Google Scholar]
  29. Conover M, Ratkiewicz J, Francisco M, Gonçalves B, Menczer F, Flammini A. 2011. Political polarization on Twitter. Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Weblogs Soc. Media89–96
  30. Coviello L, Sohn Y, Kramer ADI, Marlow C, Franceschetti M. et al. 2014. Detecting emotional contagion in massive social networks. PLOS ONE 9:3e90315 [Google Scholar]
  31. Crump MJC, McDonnell JV, Gureckis TM. 2013. Evaluating Amazon's Mechanical Turk as a tool for experimental behavioral research. PLOS ONE 8:e57410 [Google Scholar]
  32. Davis RA. 2001. A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet use. Comput. Hum. Behav. 17:2187–95 [Google Scholar]
  33. De Choudhury M, Counts S, Horvitz E. 2013a. Social media as a measurement tool of depression in populations. Proc. 5th ACM Int. Conf. Web Sci., Paris, Fr. May 2–May 4
  34. De Choudhury M, Gamon M, Counts S, Horvitz E. 2013b. Predicting depression via social media. Proc. 7th Int. AAAI Conf. Weblogs Soc. Media, Boston, MA July 8–July 10
  35. Deutsch M, Gerard HB. 1955. A study of normative and informational social influences upon individual judgment. J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol. 51:3629–36 [Google Scholar]
  36. DiFonzo N, Bordia P. 2007. Rumor Psychology: Social and Organizational Approaches Washington, DC: Am. Psychol. Assoc.
  37. Dodou D, de Winter JCF. 2014. Social desirability is the same in offline, online, and paper surveys: a meta-analysis. Comput. Hum. Behav. 36:487–95 [Google Scholar]
  38. Ellison NB, Hancock JT, Toma CL. 2012. Profile as promise: a framework for conceptualizing veracity in online dating self-presentations. New Media Soc. 14:145–62 [Google Scholar]
  39. Fowler JH, Christakis NA. 2008. Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart Study. BMJ 337:23–27 [Google Scholar]
  40. Friggeri A, Adamic LA, Eckles D, Cheng J. 2014. Rumor cascades in social networks. Proc. 8th Int. AAAI Conf. Weblogs Soc. Media (ICWSM) [Google Scholar]
  41. Garrett RK. 2009. Echo chambers online? Politically motivated selective exposure among Internet news users. J. Comput.-Mediat. Commun. 14:2265–85 [Google Scholar]
  42. Ge M, Delgado-Battenfeld C, Jannach D. 2010. Beyond accuracy: evaluating recommender systems by coverage and serendipity. Proc. 4th ACM Conf. Recomm. Syst.257–60 New York: ACM [Google Scholar]
  43. Glaser J, Dixit J, Green DP. 2002. Studying hate crime with the Internet: What makes racists advocate racial violence?. J. Soc. Issues 58:177–93 [Google Scholar]
  44. Goel S, Salganik MJ. 2010. Assessing respondent-driven sampling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107:156743–47 [Google Scholar]
  45. Goel S, Watts DJ, Goldstein DG. 2012. The structure of online diffusion networks. Proc. 13th ACM Conf. Electron. Commerce623–38 New York: ACM [Google Scholar]
  46. Goldberg I. 1996. Internet addiction disorder. http://www.urz.uni-heidelberg.de/Netzdienste/anleitung/wwwtips/8/addict.html
  47. Göritz AS. 2004. Recruitment for online access panels. Int. J. Mark. Res. 46:4411–25 [Google Scholar]
  48. Göritz AS. 2010. Using lotteries, loyalty points, and other incentives to increase participant response and completion. See Gosling & Johnson 2010 219–33
  49. Gosling SD, Bonnenburg AV. 1998. An integrative approach to personality research in anthrozoology: ratings of six species of pets and their owners. Anthrozoös 11:148–56 [Google Scholar]
  50. Gosling SD, Johnson JA. 2010. Advanced Methods for Conducting Online Behavioral Research. Washington, DC: Am. Psychol. Assoc.
  51. Gosling SD, Sandy CJ, John OP, Potter J. 2010. Wired but not WEIRD: the promise of the Internet in reaching more diverse samples. Behav. Brain Sci. 33:94–95 [Google Scholar]
  52. Gosling SD, Vazire S, Srivastava S, John OP. 2004. Should we trust Web-based studies? A comparative analysis of six preconceptions about Internet questionnaires. Am. Psychol. 59:93–104 [Google Scholar]
  53. Graham LT, Gosling SD. 2013. Personality profiles associated with different motivations for playing World of Warcraft. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 16:189–93 [Google Scholar]
  54. Greenwald AG, McGhee DE, Schwartz JLK. 1998. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the Implicit Association Test. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 74:1464–80 [Google Scholar]
  55. Guha R, Kumar R, Raghavan P, Tomkins A. 2004. Propagation of trust and distrust. Proc. 13th Int. Conf. World Wide Web403–12 New York: ACM [Google Scholar]
  56. Hannak A, Anderson E, Barrett LF, Lehmann S, Mislove A, Riedewald M. 2012. Tweetin' in the rain: exploring societal-scale effects of weather on mood. Proc. 6th Int. AAAI Conf. Weblogs Soc. Med.479–82
  57. Heider F. 1946. Attitudes and cognitive organization. J. Psychol. 21:1107–12 [Google Scholar]
  58. Henrich J, Heine SJ, Norenzayan A. 2010. The weirdest people in the world?. Behav. Brain Sci. 33:61–135 [Google Scholar]
  59. Herlocker JL, Konstan JA, Terveen LG, Riedl JT. 2004. Evaluating collaborative filtering recommender systems. ACM Trans. Inform. Syst. (TOIS) 22:15–53 [Google Scholar]
  60. Int. Telecommun. Union 2014. The World in 2014: ICT Facts and Figures. Geneva, Switz.: Int. Telecommun. Union
  61. Iyengar S, Hahn KS. 2009. Red media, blue media: evidence of ideological selectivity in media use. J. Commun. 59:119–39 [Google Scholar]
  62. Johnson JA. 2005. Ascertaining the validity of Web-based personality inventories. J. Res. Personal. 39:103–29 [Google Scholar]
  63. Johnson JA. 2010. Web-based self-report personality scales. See Gosling & Johnson 2010 149–66
  64. Juvonen J, Gross EF. 2008. Extending the school grounds? Bullying experiences in cyberspace. J. Sch. Health 78:9496–505 [Google Scholar]
  65. Kashima Y. 2000. Maintaining cultural stereotypes in the serial reproduction of narratives. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 26:5594–604 [Google Scholar]
  66. Kirk M. (Writer/Producer) Feb. 22 2011. Revolution in Cairo. Frontline. Boston, MA: WGBH Educ. Found. [telev. ser. episode] http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/revolution-in-cairo/ [Google Scholar]
  67. Kooti F, Yang H, Cha M, Gummadi KP, Mason WA. 2012. The emergence of conventions in online social networks. Proc. 6th Int. AAAI Conf. Weblogs Soc. Media194–201
  68. Kosinski M, Stillwell DJ, Graepel T. 2013. Private traits and attributes are predictable from digital records of human behavior. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110:5802–5 [Google Scholar]
  69. Kowalski RM, Giumetti GW, Schroeder AN, Lattanner MR. 2014. Bullying in the digital age: a critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychol. Bull. 140:1073–137 [Google Scholar]
  70. Kowalski RM, Limber SP. 2013. Psychological, physical, and academic correlates of cyberbullying and traditional bullying. J. Adolesc. Health 53:1S13–20 [Google Scholar]
  71. Kraut R, Kiesler S, Boneva B, Cummings J, Helgeson V, Crawford A. 2002. Internet paradox revisited. J. Soc. Issues 58:149–74 [Google Scholar]
  72. Kraut R, Olson J, Banaji M, Bruckman A, Cohen J, Couper M. 2004. Psychological research online: report of Board of Scientific Affairs' Advisory Group on the Conduct of Research on the Internet. Am. Psychol. 59:2105 [Google Scholar]
  73. Kraut R, Patterson M, Lundmark V, Kiesler S, Mukopadhyay T, Scherlis W. 1998. Internet paradox. A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being?. Am. Psychol. 53:1017–31 [Google Scholar]
  74. Lane DJ, Wegner DM. 1995. The cognitive consequences of secrecy. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 69:237–53 [Google Scholar]
  75. Lathia N, Pejovic V, Rachuri KK, Mascolo C, Musolesi M, Rentfrow PJ. 2013. Smartphones for large-scale behavior change interventions. IEEE Pervasive Comput.: Mobile Ubiquitous Syst. 12:66–73 [Google Scholar]
  76. Leskovec J, Backstrom L, Kleinberg J. 2009. Meme-tracking and the dynamics of the news cycle. Proc. 15th ACM SIGKDD Int. Conf. Knowl. Discov. Data Min.497–506
  77. Leskovec J, Huttenlocher D, Kleinberg J. 2010a. Predicting positive and negative links in online social networks. Proc. 19th Int. Conf. World Wide Web641–50 New York: ACM [Google Scholar]
  78. Leskovec J, Huttenlocher DP, Kleinberg JM. 2010b. Governance in social media: a case study of the Wikipedia promotion process. Int. AAAI Conf. Weblogs Soc. Media (ICWSM) [Google Scholar]
  79. Leung L. 2004. Net-generation attributes and seductive properties of the Internet as predictors of online activities and Internet addiction. CyberPsychol. Behav. 7:3333–48 [Google Scholar]
  80. Lim M. 2012. Clicks, cabs, and coffee houses: social media and oppositional movements in Egypt, 2004–2011. J. Commun. 62:2231–48 [Google Scholar]
  81. Luce KH, Winzelberg AJ, Das S, Osborne MI, Bryson SW, Taylor CB. 2007. Reliability of self-report: paper versus online administration. Comput. Hum. Behav. 23:1384–89 [Google Scholar]
  82. Lyons R. 2011. The spread of evidence-poor medicine via flawed social-network analysis. Stat. Polit. Policy 2:1Article 2 [Google Scholar]
  83. Mangan M, Reips UD. 2007. Sleep, sex, and the Web: surveying the difficult-to-reach clinical population suffering from sexsomnia. Behav. Res. Methods 39:233–36 [Google Scholar]
  84. Manis M, Cornell SD, Moore JC. 1974. Transmission of attitude relevant information through a communication chain. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 30:181–94 [Google Scholar]
  85. Markham A, Buchanan E. 2012. Ethical Decision-Making and Internet Research: Recommendations from the AOIR Ethics Work. Comm. Tech. Rep. http://aoir.org/reports/ethics2.pdf
  86. Mascolo C, Rentfrow PJ. 2011. Social Sensing: Mobile Sensing Meets Social Science Workshop held at Cambridge Univ., Cambridge, UK
  87. Mason W, Suri S. 2012. Conducting behavioral research on Amazon's Mechanical Turk. Behav. Res. Methods 44:1–23 [Google Scholar]
  88. Mason WA, Conrey FR, Smith ER. 2007. Situating social influence processes: dynamic, multidirectional flows of influence within social networks. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 11:3279–300 [Google Scholar]
  89. McKenna KY, Bargh JA. 2000. Plan 9 from cyberspace: the implications of the Internet for personality and social psychology. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 4:157–75 [Google Scholar]
  90. McNee SM, Riedl J, Konstan JA. 2006. Being accurate is not enough: how accuracy metrics have hurt recommender systems. CHI'06 Ext. Abstr. Hum. Factors Comput. Syst.1097–101 New York: ACM [Google Scholar]
  91. Mehl MR, Conner TS. 2012. Handbook of Research Methods for Studying Daily Life New York: Guilford
  92. Mendoza M, Poblete B, Castillo C. 2010. Twitter under crisis: Can we trust what we RT?. Proc. 1st Workshop Soc. Media Anal. (SOMA '10)71–79 New York: ACM [Google Scholar]
  93. Miller GF. 2012. The smartphone psychology manifesto. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 7:221–37 [Google Scholar]
  94. Miluzzo E, Lane ND, Eisenman SB, Campbell AT. 2007. CenceMe—injecting sensing presence into social networking applications. Proc. 2nd Eur. Conf. Smart Sensing Context (EuroSSC 2007). Lake District, UK [Google Scholar]
  95. Morahan-Martin J, Schumacher P. 2003. Loneliness and social uses of the Internet. Comput. Hum. Behav. 19:6659–71 [Google Scholar]
  96. Oppenheimer DM, Meyvis T, Davidenko N. 2009. Instructional manipulation checks: detecting satisficing to increase statistical power. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 45:867–72 [Google Scholar]
  97. Paolacci G, Chandler J, Ipeirotis PG. 2010. Running experiments on Amazon Mechanical Turk. Judgm. Decis. Mak. 5:411–19 [Google Scholar]
  98. Pariser E. 2011. The Filter Bubble: What the Internet is Hiding From You New York: Penguin
  99. Pennebaker JW, Mehl MR, Niederhoffer KG. 2003. Psychological aspects of natural language use: our words, our selves. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 54: 547–77
  100. Pennebaker JW, Sussman JR. 1988. Disclosures of traumas and psychosomatic processes. Soc. Sci. Med. 26:327–32 [Google Scholar]
  101. Postmes T, Spears R. 1998. Deindividuation and antinormative behavior: a meta-analysis. Psychol. Bull. 123:3238–59 [Google Scholar]
  102. Pury CLS. 2011. Automation can lead to confounds in text analysis: Back, Kufner, and Egloff (2010) and the not-so-angry Americans. Psychol. Sci. 22:835–36 [Google Scholar]
  103. Putnam RD. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community New York: Simon & Schuster
  104. Qiu L, Lin H, Ramsay J, Yang F. 2012. You are what you tweet: personality expression and perception on Twitter. J. Res. Personal. 46:710–18 [Google Scholar]
  105. Rachuri KK, Musolesi M, Mascolo C, Rentfrow PJ, Longworth C, Aucinas A. 2010. EmotionSense: a mobile phones based adaptive platform for experimental social psychology research. Proc. 12th ACM Int. Conf. Ubiquitous Comput. (UbiComp'10), Copenhagen, Den.281–90 [Google Scholar]
  106. Rains SA. 2014. The implications of stigma and anonymity for self-disclosure in health blogs. Health Commun. 29:23–31 [Google Scholar]
  107. Reips U-D. 2010. Design and formatting in Internet-based research. See Gosling & Johnson 2010 29–43
  108. Reis HT, Gosling SD. 2010. Social psychological methods outside the laboratory. Handbook of Social Psychology ST Fiske, DT Gilbert, G Lindzey 182–114 New York: Wiley, 5th ed.. [Google Scholar]
  109. Rentfrow PJ, Gosling SD. 2012. Using smartphones as mobile sensing devices: a practical guide for psychologists to current and potential capabilities. Preconf. Annu. Meet. Soc. Personal. Soc. Psychol., San Diego, CA [Google Scholar]
  110. Rentfrow PJ, Gosling SD, Potter J. 2008. A theory of the emergence, persistence, and expression of geographic variation in psychological characteristics. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 3:339–69 [Google Scholar]
  111. Rich F. 2011. Wallflowers at the revolution. New York Times Feb. 5. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/opinion/06rich.html
  112. Ritter RS, Preston JL, Hernandez I. 2014. Happy Tweets: Christians are happier, more socially connected, and less analytical than atheists on Twitter. Soc. Psychol. Personal. Sci. 5:243–49 [Google Scholar]
  113. Rogers EM. 1962. Diffusion of Innovations New York: Free Press
  114. Rosnow RL. 1980. Psychology of rumor reconsidered. Psychol. Bull. 87:3578–91 [Google Scholar]
  115. Scherer K. 1997. College life on-line. Healthy and unhealthy Internet use. J. Coll. Stud. Dev. 38:655–65 [Google Scholar]
  116. Sears DO. 1986. College sophomores in the lab: influences of a narrow data base on social psychology's view of human nature. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 51:515–30 [Google Scholar]
  117. Skitka LJ, Sargis EG. 2006. The Internet as psychological laboratory. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 57:529–55 [Google Scholar]
  118. Smith PK, Mahdavi J, Carvalho M, Fisher S, Russell S, Tippett N. 2008. Cyberbullying: its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 49:4376–85 [Google Scholar]
  119. Sourander A, Klomek AB, Ikonen M, Lindroos J, Luntamo T. et al. 2010. Psychosocial risk factors associated with cyberbullying among adolescents: a population-based study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 67:7720–28 [Google Scholar]
  120. Stillwell DJ, Kosinski M. 2012. myPersonality project: use of online social networks for large-scale social research. 1st ACM Workshop Mobile Syst. Comput. Soc. Sci. (MobiSys), Univ. Cambridge, UK [Google Scholar]
  121. Tanaka Y, Sakamoto Y, Matsuka T. 2012. Transmission of rumor and criticism in Twitter after the Great Japan Earthquake. Annu. Meet. Cogn. Sci. Soc.2387–92
  122. Tausczik YR, Chung CK, Pennebaker JW. 2014. Tracking secret-keeping in emails. Manuscript under review
  123. Thurman N, Schifferes S. 2012. The future of personalization at news websites. J. Stud. 13:5–6775–90 [Google Scholar]
  124. Tokunaga RS. 2010. Following you home from school: a critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Comput. Hum. Behav. 26:3277–87 [Google Scholar]
  125. Tufekci Z, Wilson C. 2012. Social media and the decision to participate in political protest: observations from Tahrir Square. J. Commun. 62:2363–79 [Google Scholar]
  126. Turkle S. 2012. Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other New York: Basic Books
  127. Valenzuela S, Arriagada A, Scherman A. 2012. The social media basis of youth protest behavior: the case of Chile. J. Commun. 62:2299–314 [Google Scholar]
  128. Vambheim SM, Wangberg SC, Johnsen JK, Wynn R. 2013. Language use in an Internet support group for smoking cessation: development of sense of community. Inform. Health Soc. Care 38:167–78 [Google Scholar]
  129. Van Dijk J, Hacker K. 2013. The digital divide as a complex and dynamic phenomenon. Inf. Soc. 19:4315–26 [Google Scholar]
  130. Waggoner AS, Smith ER, Collins EC. 2009. Person perception by active versus passive perceivers. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 45:1028–31 [Google Scholar]
  131. Weinberg JD, Freese J, McElhattan D. 2014. Comparing data characteristics and results of an online factorial survey between a population-based and a crowdsource-recruited sample. Sociol. Sci. 1:292–310 [Google Scholar]
  132. Weisbuch M, Ivcevic Z, Ambady N. 2009. On being liked on the web and in the “real world”: consistency in first impressions across personal webpages and spontaneous behavior. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 45:573–76 [Google Scholar]
  133. Wilson RE, Gosling SD, Graham LT. 2012. A review of Facebook research in the social sciences. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 7:203–20 [Google Scholar]
  134. Wolf M, Theis F, Kordy H. 2013. Language use in eating disorder blogs: psychological implications of social online activity. J. Lang. Soc. Psychol. 32:212–26 [Google Scholar]
  135. Wrzus C, Brandmaier AM, von Oertzen T, Müller V, Wagner GG, Riediger M. 2012. A new approach for assessing sleep duration and postures from ambulatory accelerometry. PLOS ONE 7:e48089 [Google Scholar]
  136. Yarkoni T. 2010. Personality in 100,000 words: a large-scale analysis of personality and word use among bloggers. J. Res. Personal. 44:363–73 [Google Scholar]
  137. Yarkoni T. 2012. Psychoinformatics: new horizons at the interface of the psychological and computing sciences. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 21:391–97 [Google Scholar]
  138. Yarkoni T, Poldrack RA, Nichols TE, Van Essen DC, Wager TD. 2011. Large-scale automated synthesis of human functional neuroimaging data. Nat. Methods 8:665–70 [Google Scholar]
  139. York JC. 2011. Not Twitter, not WikiLeaks: a human revolution [Web log post]. http://jilliancyork.com/2011/01/14/not-twitter-not-wikileaks-a-human-revolution/
  140. Young KS. 1998. Internet addiction: the emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPsychol. Behav. 1:3237–44 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015321
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015321
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error