1932

Abstract

Public health research that addresses chronic disease has historically underutilized and undervalued qualitative methods. This has limited the field's ability to advance () a more in-depth understanding of the factors and processes that shape health behaviors, () contextualized explanations of interventions’ impacts (e.g., why and how something did or did not work for recipients and systems), and () opportunities for building and testing theories. We introduce frameworks and methodological approaches common to qualitative research, discuss how and when to apply them in order to advance health equity, and highlight relevant strengths and challenges. We provide an overview of data collection, sampling, and analysis for qualitative research, and we describe research questions that can be addressed by applying qualitative methods across the continuum of chronic disease research. Finally, we offer recommendations to promote the strategic application of rigorous qualitative methods, with an emphasis on priority areas to enhance health equity across the evidence generation continuum.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-012420-105104
2022-04-05
2024-03-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/publhealth/43/1/annurev-publhealth-012420-105104.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-012420-105104&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. 1. 
    Abraczinskas M, Zarrett N. 2020. Youth participatory action research for health equity: increasing youth empowerment and decreasing physical activity access inequities in under-resourced programs and schools. Am. J. Community Psychol. 66:232–43
    [Google Scholar]
  2. 2. 
    Backett K. 1992. The construction of health knowledge in middle class families. Health Educ. Res. 7:497–507
    [Google Scholar]
  3. 3. 
    Balakrishnan R, Kaplan B, Negron R, Fei K, Goldfinger JZ, Horowitz CR. 2017. Life after stroke in an urban minority population: a photovoice project. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 14:293
    [Google Scholar]
  4. 4. 
    Banks J. 2012. Storytelling to access social context and advance health equity research. Prev. Med. 55:394–97
    [Google Scholar]
  5. 5. 
    Beebe J. 2001. Rapid Assessment Process: An Introduction Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press
  6. 6. 
    Beebe J. 2014. Rapid Qualitative Inquiry: A Field Guide to Team-Based Assessment Process Lanham, MD: Roman & Littlefield. , 2nd ed..
  7. 7. 
    Bell S 2000. Experiencing illness in/and narrative. Handbook of Medical Sociology C Bird, P Conrad, A Fremont 184–99 Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall
    [Google Scholar]
  8. 8. 
    Bernard HR. 2005. Research Methods in Anthropology: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. , 4th ed..
  9. 9. 
    Bernays S, Paparini S, Namukwaya S, Seeley J 2019. A failed method? Reflections on using audio diaries in Uganda with young people growing up with HIV in the BREATHER trial. Qual. Health Res. 29:719–30
    [Google Scholar]
  10. 10. 
    Bertaux D 1981. Biography and Society: The Life History Approach in the Social Sciences Beverly Hills, CA: Sage
  11. 11. 
    Biehl J. 2013. Vita Oakland, CA: Univ. Calif. Press
  12. 12. 
    Bingley A, McDermott E, Thomas C, Payne S, Seymour J, Clark D 2006. Making sense of dying: a review of narratives written since 1950 by people facing death from cancer and other diseases. Palliat. Med. 20:183
    [Google Scholar]
  13. 13. 
    Bond V, Ngwenya F, Murray E, Ngwenya N, Viljoen L et al. 2019. Value and limitations of broad brush surveys used in community-randomized trials in southern Africa. Qual. Health Res. 29:700–18
    [Google Scholar]
  14. 14. 
    Bonner T, Harvey IS, Sherman L 2017. A qualitative inquiry of lower extremity disease knowledge among African Americans living with type 2 diabetes. Health Promot. Pract. 18:806–13
    [Google Scholar]
  15. 15. 
    Bourgois P. 1998. The moral economies of homeless heroin addicts: confronting ethnography, HIV risk, and everyday violence in San Francisco shooting encampments. Subst. Use Misuse 33:2323–51
    [Google Scholar]
  16. 16. 
    Bowleg L. 2017. Towards a critical health equity research stance: why epistemology and methodology matter more than qualitative methods. Health Educ. Behav. 44:677–84
    [Google Scholar]
  17. 17. 
    Braun V, Clarke V. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual. Res. Psychol. 3:77–101
    [Google Scholar]
  18. 18. 
    Braun V, Clarke V. 2013. Successful Qualitative Research: A Practical Guide for Beginners London: Sage
  19. 19. 
    Braveman P, Gottlieb L. 2014. The social determinants of health: It's time to consider the causes of the causes. Public Health Rep 129:Suppl. 219–31
    [Google Scholar]
  20. 20. 
    Brown JC, Carson TL, Thompson HJ, Agurs-Collins T 2021. The triple health threat of diabetes, obesity, and cancer: epidemiology, disparities, mechanisms, and interventions. Obesity 29:954–59
    [Google Scholar]
  21. 21. 
    Bunger AC, Powell BJ, Robertson HA, MacDowell H, Birken SA, Shea C. 2017. Tracking implementation strategies: a description of a practical approach and early findings. Health Res. Policy Syst. 15:15
    [Google Scholar]
  22. 22. 
    Bury M. 1982. Chronic illness as biographical disruption. Sociol. Health Illn. 4:167–74
    [Google Scholar]
  23. 23. 
    CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) 2021. About chronic diseases. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion updated April 28. https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/about/index.htm
    [Google Scholar]
  24. 24. 
    Chang H, Hawley NL, Kalyesubula R, Siddharthan T, Checkley W et al. 2019. Challenges to hypertension and diabetes management in rural Uganda: a qualitative study with patients, village health team members, and health care professionals. Int. J. Equity Health 18:38
    [Google Scholar]
  25. 25. 
    Charmaz K. 1983. Loss of self: a fundamental form of suffering in the chronically ill. Sociol. Health Illn. 5:168–95
    [Google Scholar]
  26. 26. 
    Churchwell K, Elkind MSV, Benjamin RM, Carson AP, Chang EK et al. 2020. Call to action: structural racism as a fundamental driver of health disparities: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation 142:e454–68
    [Google Scholar]
  27. 27. 
    Cockerham WC, Hamby BW, Oates GR. 2017. The social determinants of chronic disease. Am. J. Prev. Med. 52:S5–12
    [Google Scholar]
  28. 28. 
    Cohen DJ, Crabtree BF, Etz RS, Balasubramanian BA, Donahue KE et al. 2008. Fidelity versus flexibility: translating evidence-based research into practice. Am. J. Prev. Med. 35:S381–89
    [Google Scholar]
  29. 29. 
    Creswell JW, Poth CN. 2016. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches London: Sage
  30. 30. 
    Cromeens MG, Thoyre S, Carey ET, Knafl K, Robinson WR 2021. Inquiry into women's pathways to diagnosis of endometriosis: a qualitative study protocol. J. Adv. Nurs. 77:1017–26
    [Google Scholar]
  31. 31. 
    Davis K, Minckas N, Bond V, Clark CJ, Colbourn T et al. 2019. Beyond interviews and focus groups: a framework for integrating innovative qualitative methods into randomised controlled trials of complex public health interventions. Trials 20:329
    [Google Scholar]
  32. 32. 
    Dixon-Woods M. 2003. What can ethnography do for quality and safety in health care?. Qual. Saf. Health Care 12:326–27
    [Google Scholar]
  33. 33. 
    Durham J, Fa'avale N, Fa'avale A, Ziesman C, Malama E et al. 2019. The impact and importance of place on health for young people of Pasifika descent in Queensland, Australia: a qualitative study towards developing meaningful health equity indicators. Int. J. Equity Health 18:81
    [Google Scholar]
  34. 34. 
    Eades A, Hackett ML, Liu H, Brown A, Coffin J, Cass A. 2020. Qualitative study of psychosocial factors impacting on Aboriginal women's management of chronic disease. Int. J. Equity Health 19:8
    [Google Scholar]
  35. 35. 
    Falb KL, Tanner S, Ward L, Erksine D, Noble E et al. 2016. Creating opportunities through mentorship, parental involvement, and safe spaces (COMPASS) program: multi-country study protocol to protect girls from violence in humanitarian settings. BMC Public Health 16:231
    [Google Scholar]
  36. 36. 
    Falbe J, Friedman LE, Sokal-Gutierrez K, Thompson HR, Tantoco NK, Madsen KA. 2017.. “ She gave me the confidence to open up”: bridging communication by promotoras in a childhood obesity intervention for Latino families. Health Educ. Behav. 44:728–37
    [Google Scholar]
  37. 37. 
    Finlayson KW, Dixon A. 2008. Qualitative meta-synthesis: a guide for the novice. Nurse Res 15:59–71
    [Google Scholar]
  38. 38. 
    Finley EP, Huynh AK, Farmer MM, Bean-Mayberry B, Moin T et al. 2018. Periodic reflections: a method of guided discussions for documenting implementation phenomena. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 18:153
    [Google Scholar]
  39. 39. 
    Flick U. 2004. Triangulation in qualitative research. A Companion to Qualitative Research, ed. U Flick, E vonKardorff, I Steinke 178–83 London: Sage
    [Google Scholar]
  40. 40. 
    Ford CL, Airhihenbuwa CO. 2010. Critical race theory, race equity, and public health: toward antiracism praxis. Am. J. Public Health 100:Suppl. 1S30–35
    [Google Scholar]
  41. 41. 
    Ford CL, Airhihenbuwa CO. 2010. The public health critical race methodology: praxis for antiracism research. Soc. Sci. Med. 71:1390–98
    [Google Scholar]
  42. 42. 
    Frank A. 1997. Illness as moral occasion: restoring agency to ill people. Health 1:131–48
    [Google Scholar]
  43. 43. 
    Fried J, Harris B, Eyles J, Moshabela M 2015. Acceptable care? Illness constructions, healthworlds, and accessible chronic treatment in South Africa. Qual. Health Res. 25:622–35
    [Google Scholar]
  44. 44. 
    Frohlich KL, Abel T. 2014. Environmental justice and health practices: understanding how health inequities arise at the local level. Sociol. Health Illn. 36:199–212
    [Google Scholar]
  45. 45. 
    Gastaldo D, Magalhães L, Carrasco C, Davy C. 2012. Body-map storytelling as research: methodological considerations for telling the stories of undocumented workers through body mapping KT Pathw., Michael Smith Found Health Res. Vancouver, Can: https://ktpathways.ca/system/files/resources/2019-02/Body-map_storytelling_as_reseach_HQ.pdf
  46. 46. 
    Gertner AK, Franklin J, Roth I, Cruden GH, Haley AD et al. 2021. A scoping review of the use of ethnographic approaches in implementation research and recommendations for reporting. Implement. Res. Pract. https://doi.org/10.1177/2633489521992743
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  47. 47. 
    Ginsburg F, Rapp R. 2013. Entangled ethnography: imagining a future for young adults with learning disabilities. Soc. Sci. Med. 99:187–93
    [Google Scholar]
  48. 48. 
    Giovenco DP, Spillane TE, Merizier JM. 2019. Neighborhood differences in alternative tobacco product availability and advertising in New York City: implications for health disparities. Nicotine Tob. Res. 21:896–902
    [Google Scholar]
  49. 49. 
    Goldman R, Hunt MK, Allen JD, Hauser S, Emmons K et al. 2003. The life history interview method: applications to intervention development. Health Educ. Behav. 30:564–81
    [Google Scholar]
  50. 50. 
    Goodman RM, Steckler A, Hoover S, Schwartz R. 1993. A critique of contemporary community health promotion approaches: based on a qualitative review of six programs in Maine. Am. J. Health Promot. 7:208–20
    [Google Scholar]
  51. 51. 
    Goodridge D, Bandara T, Marciniuk D, Hutchinson S, Crossman L et al. 2019. Promoting chronic disease management in persons with complex social needs: a qualitative descriptive study. Chron. Respir. Dis. 16:1479973119832025
    [Google Scholar]
  52. 52. 
    Grbich C. 2012. Qualitative Data Analysis: An Introduction London: Sage:
  53. 53. 
    Griffith DM, Shelton RC, Kegler M. 2017. Advancing the science of qualitative research to promote health equity. Health Educ. Behav. 44:673–76
    [Google Scholar]
  54. 54. 
    Guba EG, Lincoln YS 1994. Competing paradigms in qualitative research. Handbook of Qualitative Research NK Denzin, YS Lincoln 105–17 London: Sage
    [Google Scholar]
  55. 55. 
    Gubrium AC, Fiddian-Green A, Jernigan K, Krause EL. 2016. Bodies as evidence: mapping new terrain for teen pregnancy and parenting. Glob. Public Health 11:618–35
    [Google Scholar]
  56. 56. 
    Hailemariam M, Fekadu A, Prince M, Hanlon C 2017. Engaging and staying engaged: a phenomenological study of barriers to equitable access to mental healthcare for people with severe mental disorders in a rural African setting. Int. J. Equity Health 16:156
    [Google Scholar]
  57. 57. 
    Hajat C, Stein E. 2018. The global burden of multiple chronic conditions: a narrative review. Prev. Med. Rep. 12:284–93
    [Google Scholar]
  58. 58. 
    Hamilton AB, Finley EP. 2019. Qualitative methods in implementation research: an introduction. Psychiatry Res 280:112516
    [Google Scholar]
  59. 59. 
    Hanson S, Gilbert D, Landy R, Okoli G, Guell C. 2019. Cancer risk in socially marginalised women: an exploratory study. Soc. Sci. Med. 220:150–58
    [Google Scholar]
  60. 60. 
    Harden A, Thomas J, Cargo M, Harris J, Pantoja T et al. 2018. Cochrane Qualitative and Implementation Methods Group guidance series–paper 5: methods for integrating qualitative and implementation evidence within intervention effectiveness reviews. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 97:70–78
    [Google Scholar]
  61. 61. 
    Harley AE, Buckworth J, Katz ML, Willis SK, Odoms-Young A, Heaney CA. 2009. Developing long-term physical activity participation: a grounded theory study with African American women. Health Educ. Behav. 36:97–112
    [Google Scholar]
  62. 62. 
    Harris P, Friel S, Wilson A 2015.. “ Including health in systems responsible for urban planning”: a realist policy analysis research programme. BMJ Open 5:e008822
    [Google Scholar]
  63. 63. 
    Hebert-Beirne J, Felner JK, Castañeda Y, Cohen S. 2017. Enhancing themes and strengths assessment: leveraging academic-led qualitative inquiry in community health assessment to uncover roots of community health inequities. J. Public Health Manag. Pract. 23:370–79
    [Google Scholar]
  64. 64. 
    Hebert-Beirne J, Hernandez SG, Felner J, Schwiesow J, Mayer A et al. 2018. Using community-driven, participatory qualitative inquiry to discern nuanced community health needs and assets of Chicago's La Villita, a Mexican immigrant neighborhood. J. Community Health 43:775–86
    [Google Scholar]
  65. 65. 
    Hennink M, Hutter I, Bailey A. 2011. Qualitative Research Methods London: Sage
  66. 66. 
    Hennink M, Kaiser BN. 2022. Sample sizes for saturation in qualitative research: a systematic review of empirical tests. Soc. Sci. Med. 292:114523
    [Google Scholar]
  67. 67. 
    Hirsch JS, Philbin MM. 2016. The heroines of their own stories: insights from the use of life history drawings in research with a transnational migrant community. Glob. Public Health 11:762–82
    [Google Scholar]
  68. 68. 
    Hudon C, Loignon C, Grabovschi C, Bush P, Lambert M et al. 2016. Medical education for equity in health: a participatory action research involving persons living in poverty and healthcare professionals. BMC Med. Educ. 16:106
    [Google Scholar]
  69. 69. 
    Hunleth JM, Gallo R, Steinmetz EK, James AS. 2019. Complicating “the good result”: narratives of colorectal cancer screening when cancer is not found. J. Psychosoc. Oncol. 37:509–25
    [Google Scholar]
  70. 70. 
    Ilott I, Gerrish K, Eltringham SA, Taylor C, Pownall S 2016. Exploring factors that influence the spread and sustainability of a dysphagia innovation: an instrumental case study. BMC Health Serv. Res. 16:406
    [Google Scholar]
  71. 71. 
    Jeffries N, Zaslavsky AM, Diez Roux AV, Creswell JW, Palmer RC et al. 2019. Methodological approaches to understanding causes of health disparities. Am. J. Public Health 109:S28–33
    [Google Scholar]
  72. 72. 
    Jih J, La Chica T, Antonio LM, Villero OO, Roque MN et al. 2018. Application of photovoice with focus groups to explore dietary behaviors of older Filipino adults with cardiovascular disease. J. Health Dispar. Res. Pract. 11:133–49
    [Google Scholar]
  73. 73. 
    Johannes B, Graaf D, Blatt B, George D, Gonzalo JD 2018. A multi-site exploration of barriers faced by vulnerable patient populations: a qualitative analysis exploring the needs of patients for targeted interventions in new models of care delivery. Prim. Health Care Res. Dev. 20:e61
    [Google Scholar]
  74. 74. 
    Johnson RB. 1997. Examining the validity structure of qualitative research. Education 118:282
    [Google Scholar]
  75. 75. 
    Kapilashrami A, Marsden S. 2018. Examining intersectional inequalities in access to health (enabling) resources in disadvantaged communities in Scotland: advancing the participatory paradigm. Int. J. Equity Health 17:83
    [Google Scholar]
  76. 76. 
    Kegler MC, Raskind IG, Comeau DL, Griffith DM, Cooper HL, Shelton RC 2019. Study design and use of inquiry frameworks in qualitative research published in health education & behavior. Health Educ. Behav. 46:24–31
    [Google Scholar]
  77. 77. 
    Krueger RA, Casey MA, Donner J, Kirsch S, Maack JN. 2001. Social analysis: selected tools and techniques Soc. Dev. Pap. 36 World Bank Washington, DC:
  78. 78. 
    Lee J. 2013. The pill hustle: risky pain management for a gunshot victim. Soc. Sci. Med. 99:162–68
    [Google Scholar]
  79. 79. 
    LeMasters K, Atkins K, Oloonabadi SA, Munn T, Eng E, Lightfoot AF. 2021. How can we PrEP? Exploring black MSM's experiences with pre-exposure prophylaxis through photovoice. AIDS Educ. Prev. 33:16–32
    [Google Scholar]
  80. 80. 
    Linardakis M, Papadaki A, Smpokos E, Micheli K, Vozikaki M, Philalithis A. 2015. Association of behavioral risk factors for chronic diseases with physical and mental health in European adults aged 50 years or older, 2004–2005. Prev. Chronic Dis. 12:E149
    [Google Scholar]
  81. 81. 
    Link BG, Phelan J. 1995. Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease. J. Health Soc. Behav. 35:Extra Issue80–94
    [Google Scholar]
  82. 82. 
    Lundell S, Modig M, Holmner Å, Wadell K. 2020. Perceptions of home telemonitoring use among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: qualitative study. JMIR mHealth uHealth 8:e16343
    [Google Scholar]
  83. 83. 
    Lys C, Gesink D, Strike C, Larkin J. 2019. Social ecological factors of sexual subjectivity and contraceptive use and access among young women in the Northwest Territories, Canada. J. Sex Res. 56:999–1008
    [Google Scholar]
  84. 84. 
    Malterud K, Siersma VD, Guassora AD. 2016. Sample size in qualitative interview studies: guided by information power. Qual. Health Res. 26:1753–60
    [Google Scholar]
  85. 85. 
    Mannell J, Davis K, Akter K, Jennings H, Morrison J et al. 2021. Visual participatory analysis: a qualitative method for engaging participants in interpreting the results of randomized controlled trials of health interventions. J. Mixed Methods Res. 15:18–36
    [Google Scholar]
  86. 86. 
    Marengoni A, Angleman S, Melis R, Mangialasche F, Karp A et al. 2011. Aging with multimorbidity: a systematic review of the literature. Ageing Res. Rev. 10:430–39
    [Google Scholar]
  87. 87. 
    Matthews A, Jones N, Thomas A, van den Berg P, Foster C. 2017. An education programme influencing health professionals to recommend exercise to their type 2 diabetes patients—understanding the processes: a case study from Oxfordshire, UK. BMC Health Serv. Res. 17:130
    [Google Scholar]
  88. 88. 
    Maxwell JA. 2005. Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. , 3rd ed..
  89. 89. 
    McGough S, Wynaden D, Wright M 2018. Experience of providing cultural safety in mental health to Aboriginal patients: a grounded theory study. Int. J. Ment. Health Nurs. 27:204–13
    [Google Scholar]
  90. 90. 
    McLeroy KR, Bibeau D, Steckler A, Glanz K 1988. An ecological perspective on health promotion programs. Health Educ. Q. 15:351–77
    [Google Scholar]
  91. 91. 
    McLeroy KR, Steckler AB, Simons-Morton B, Goodman RM, Gottlieb N, Burdine JN. 1993. Social science theory in health education: time for a new model?. Health Educ. Res. 8:305–12
    [Google Scholar]
  92. 92. 
    Mendoza S, Rivera AS, Hansen HB. 2019. Re-racialization of addiction and the redistribution of blame in the white opioid epidemic. Med. Anthropol. Q. 33:242–62
    [Google Scholar]
  93. 93. 
    Miech R, Pampel F, Kim J, Rogers RG 2011. The enduring association between education and mortality: the role of widening and narrowing disparities. Am. Sociol. Rev. 76:913–34
    [Google Scholar]
  94. 94. 
    Miles MB, Huberman AM. 1994. Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. , 2nd ed..
  95. 95. 
    Miles MB, Huberman AM, Saldana J. 2014. Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. , 3rd ed..
  96. 96. 
    Mitchell CM, Sommer M. 2016. Participatory visual methodologies in global public health. Glob. Public Health 11:521–27
    [Google Scholar]
  97. 97. 
    Moise RK, Jonas E, Campa EM, Clisbee M, Lopes G, Kobetz E 2021. Bayo lapawol (let their voices be heard): Haitian women's barriers to and facilitators of cervical cancer prevention and control. Health Educ. Behav. 48:873–84
    [Google Scholar]
  98. 98. 
    Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL. 2004. Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000. JAMA 291:1238–45
    [Google Scholar]
  99. 99. 
    Morgan DL. 1996. Focus groups. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 22:129–52
    [Google Scholar]
  100. 100. 
    Mwangome MN, Geubbels E, Klatser P, Dieleman M. 2016.. “ I don't have options but to persevere.” Experiences and practices of care for HIV and diabetes in rural Tanzania: a qualitative study of patients and family caregivers. Int. J. Equity Health 15:56
    [Google Scholar]
  101. 101. 
    Natl. Cancer Inst. Div. Cancer Control Popul. Sci 2020. Qualitative methods in implementation science White Pap., US Dep. Health Hum. Serv. Washington, DC: https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-09/nci-dccps-implementationscience-whitepaper.pdf
  102. 102. 
    Nelson J. 2017. Using conceptual depth criteria: addressing the challenge of reaching saturation in qualitative research. Qual. Res 17:554–70
    [Google Scholar]
  103. 103. 
    O'Brien BC, Harris IB, Beckman TJ, Reed DA, Cook DA 2014. Standards for reporting qualitative research: a synthesis of recommendations. Acad. Med. 89:1245–51
    [Google Scholar]
  104. 104. 
    Padgett DK. 2012. Qualitative and Mixed Methods in Public Health Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
  105. 105. 
    Palinkas LA. 2014. Qualitative and mixed methods in mental health services and implementation research. J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol. 43:851–61
    [Google Scholar]
  106. 106. 
    Palinkas LA, Horwitz SM, Green CA, Wisdom JP, Duan N, Hoagwood K 2015. Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Adm. Policy Ment. Health 42:533–44
    [Google Scholar]
  107. 107. 
    Palinkas LA, Mendon SJ, Hamilton AB. 2019. Innovations in mixed methods evaluations. Annu. Rev. Public Health 40:423–42
    [Google Scholar]
  108. 108. 
    Palinkas LA, Whiteside L, Nehra D, Engstrom A, Taylor M et al. 2020. Rapid ethnographic assessment of the COVID-19 pandemic April 2020 “surge” and its impact on service delivery in an Acute Care Medical Emergency Department and Trauma Center. BMJ Open 10:e041772
    [Google Scholar]
  109. 109. 
    Palinkas LA, Zatzick D. 2019. Rapid assessment procedure informed clinical ethnography (RAPICE) in pragmatic clinical trials of mental health services implementation: methods and applied case study. Adm. Policy Ment. Health 46:255–70
    [Google Scholar]
  110. 110. 
    Patton M. 2015. Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. , 4th ed..
  111. 111. 
    Paul CL, Ross S, Bryant J, Hill W, Bonevski B, Keevy N. 2010. The social context of smoking: a qualitative study comparing smokers of high versus low socioeconomic position. BMC Public Health 10:211
    [Google Scholar]
  112. 112. 
    Phelan JC, Link BG, Tehranifar P. 2010. Social conditions as fundamental causes of health inequalities: theory, evidence, and policy implications. J. Health Soc. Behav. 51:Suppl.S28–40
    [Google Scholar]
  113. 113. 
    Philbin MM, Flake M, Hatzenbuehler ML, Hirsch JS. 2018. State-level immigration and immigrant-focused policies as drivers of Latino health disparities in the United States. Soc. Sci. Med. 199:29–38
    [Google Scholar]
  114. 114. 
    Pope C, Mays N 2006. Qualitative methods in health research. Qualitative Research in Health Care C Pope, N Mays 1–11 Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell
    [Google Scholar]
  115. 115. 
    Rabin BA, McCreight M, Battaglia C, Ayele R, Burke RE et al. 2018. Systematic, multimethod assessment of adaptations across four diverse health systems interventions. Front. Public Health 6:102
    [Google Scholar]
  116. 116. 
    Ramanadhan S, Revette A, Lee RM, Aveling EL. 2021. Pragmatic approaches to analyzing qualitative data for implementation science: an introduction. Implement. Sci. Commun. 2:70
    [Google Scholar]
  117. 117. 
    Raskind IG, Shelton RC, Comeau DL, Cooper HL, Griffith DM, Kegler MC 2019. A review of qualitative data analysis practices in health education and health behavior research. Health Educ. Behav. 46:32–39
    [Google Scholar]
  118. 118. 
    Rice WS, Fletcher FE, Akingbade B, Kan M, Whitfield S et al. 2020. Quality of care for Black and Latina women living with HIV in the U.S.: a qualitative study. Int. J. Equity Health 19:115
    [Google Scholar]
  119. 119. 
    Robards F, Kang M, Steinbeck K, Hawke C, Jan S et al. 2019. Health care equity and access for marginalised young people: a longitudinal qualitative study exploring health system navigation in Australia. Int. J. Equity Health 18:41
    [Google Scholar]
  120. 120. 
    Rooddehghan Z, ParsaYekta Z, Nasrabadi AN. 2019. Equity in nursing care: a grounded theory study. Nurs. Ethics 26:598–610
    [Google Scholar]
  121. 121. 
    Ryan GW, Bernard HR. 2003. Techniques to identify themes. Field Methods 15:85–109
    [Google Scholar]
  122. 122. 
    Saldana J, Omasta M. 2018. Qualitative Research: Analyzing Life Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
  123. 123. 
    Scheper-Hughes N 2004. The last commodity: post-human ethics and the global traffic in “fresh” organs. Global Assemblages A Ong, S Collier 145–67 London: Basil Blackwell
    [Google Scholar]
  124. 124. 
    Scheper-Hughes N 2006. Death squads and democracy in northeast Brazil. Law and Disorder in the Postcolony J Comaroff, J Comaroff 150–87 Chicago: Chicago Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  125. 125. 
    Scheper-Hughes N. 2016. Parts unknown. Ethnography 5:29–73
    [Google Scholar]
  126. 126. 
    Scott A, O'Cathain A, Goyder E. 2019. Socioeconomic disparities in access to intensive insulin regimens for adults with type 1 diabetes: a qualitative study of patient and healthcare professional perspectives. Int. J. Equity Health 18:150
    [Google Scholar]
  127. 127. 
    Shelton RC, Adsul P, Oh A 2021. Recommendations for addressing structural racism in implementation science: a call to the field. Ethn. Dis. 31:357–64
    [Google Scholar]
  128. 128. 
    Shelton RC, Griffith DM, Kegler MC 2017. The promise of qualitative research to inform theory to address health equity. Health Educ. Behav. 44:815–19
    [Google Scholar]
  129. 129. 
    Siddiqui S, Cruz I 2019. A cancer patient journey: complete review during acute treatment phase. Health Equity 3:403–8
    [Google Scholar]
  130. 130. 
    Simon A. 2018. Health equity through spatial justice: a critical phenomenology of urban trail makers. PhD Thesis Duquesne Univ. Pittsburgh, PA:
    [Google Scholar]
  131. 131. 
    Sims-Gould J, Clarke LH, Ashe MC, Naslund J, Liu-Ambrose T 2010. Renewal, strength and commitment to self and others: older women's reflections of the benefits of exercise using photovoice. Qual. Res. Sport Exerc. 2:250–66
    [Google Scholar]
  132. 132. 
    Snell-Rood C, Jaramillo ET, Hamilton AB, Raskin SE, Nicosia FM, Willging C. 2021. Advancing health equity through a theoretically critical implementation science. Transl. Behav. Med. 11:1617–25
    [Google Scholar]
  133. 133. 
    Sprague C, Brown SM, Simon S, McMahan LD, Kassiel I, Konkle-Parker D. 2020. Towards ending the US HIV epidemic by 2030: understanding social determinants of health and HIV in Mississippi. Glob. Public Health 15:31–51
    [Google Scholar]
  134. 134. 
    Sprague C, Scanlon ML, Pantalone DW. 2017. Qualitative research methods to advance research on health inequities among previously incarcerated women living with HIV in Alabama. Health Educ. Behav. 44:716–27
    [Google Scholar]
  135. 135. 
    Strauss A, Corbin JM. 1998. Basics of Qualitative Research Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
  136. 136. 
    Tanner AE, Philbin MM, Duval A, Ellen J, Kapogiannis B et al. 2014. “Youth friendly” clinics: considerations for linking and engaging HIV-infected adolescents into care. AIDS Care 26:199–205
    [Google Scholar]
  137. 137. 
    Tracy SJ. 2010. Qualitative quality: eight “big-tent” criteria for excellent qualitative research. Qual. Inq 16:837–51
    [Google Scholar]
  138. 138. 
    Trickett EJ, Beehler S, Deutsch C, Green LW, Hawe P et al. 2011. Advancing the science of community-level interventions. Am. J. Public Health 101:1410–19
    [Google Scholar]
  139. 139. 
    Wallace B, Varcoe C, Holmes C, Moosa-Mitha M, Moor G et al. 2021. Towards health equity for people experiencing chronic pain and social marginalization. Int. J. Equity Health 20:53
    [Google Scholar]
  140. 140. 
    Wang C, Burris MA 1997. Photovoice: concept, methodology, and use for participatory needs assessment. Health Educ. Behav. 24:369–87
    [Google Scholar]
  141. 141. 
    Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA et al. 2016. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 388:1459–544
    [Google Scholar]
  142. 142. 
    Waring J, Jones L 2016. Maintaining the link between methodology and method in ethnographic health research. BMJ Qual. Saf. 25:556–57
    [Google Scholar]
  143. 143. 
    Williams DR, Leavell J. 2012. The social context of cardiovascular disease: challenges and opportunities for the Jackson Heart Study. Ethn. Dis. 22:S1–15
    [Google Scholar]
  144. 144. 
    Williams DR, Wyatt R. 2015. Racial bias in health care and health: challenges and opportunities. JAMA 314:555–56
    [Google Scholar]
  145. 145. 
    WHO (World Health Organ.) 2002. The world health report: reducing risks, promoting healthy life Rep., World Health Organ. Geneva, Switz: https://www.who.int/whr/2002/en/whr02_en.pdf?ua=1
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-012420-105104
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-012420-105104
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error