1932

Abstract

The recognition of the obesity epidemic as a national problem began in 1999 with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) publication of a series of annual state-based maps that demonstrated the rapid changes in the prevalence of obesity. Increasing rates of obesity had been noted in earlier CDC studies, but the maps provided evidence of a rapid, nationwide increase. The urgent need to respond to the epidemic led to the identification of state targets and the first generation of interventions for obesity prevention and control. The CDC's role was to provide setting- and intervention-specific guidance on implementing these strategies, and to assess changes in targeted policies and behaviors. The CDC's efforts were augmented by Congressional funding for community initiatives to improve nutrition and increase physical activity. Complementary investments by Kaiser Permanente, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and the Institute of Medicine improved the evidence base and provided policy recommendations that reinforced the need for a multisectoral approach. Legislative, regulatory, and voluntary initiatives enacted by President Obama's administration translated many of the strategies into effective practice. Whether current efforts to address obesity can be sustained will depend on whether they can be translated into greater grass-roots engagement consistent with a social movement.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122415
2015-03-18
2024-03-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/publhealth/36/1/annurev-publhealth-031914-122415.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122415&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. 1. Am. Acad. Pediatrics, Am. Public Health Assoc., Natl. Resour. Cent. Health Saf. Child Care Early Educ 2010. Preventing Childhood Obesity in Early Care and Education Programs Aurora, CO: Natl. Resour. Cent. Health Saf. Child Care Early Educ. (Selected standards from Caring for Our Children: National Health and Safety Performance Standards; Guidelines for Early Care and Education Programs, 3rd edition [Google Scholar]
  2. Barlow SE. 2.  2007. Expert committee recommendations regarding the prevention, assessment, and treatment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity: summary report. Pediatrics 120:Suppl. 4S164–92 [Google Scholar]
  3. Bell EA, Castellanos VH, Pelkman CL, Thorwart ML, Rolls BJ. 3.  1998. Energy density of foods affects energy intake in normal-weight women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 67:412–20 [Google Scholar]
  4. Breck A, Goodman K, Dunn L, Stephens RL, Dawkins N. 100.  et al. 2014. Evaluation design of New York City's regulations on nutrition, physical activity, and screen time in early child care centers. Prev. Chronic Dis. 11130431 [Google Scholar]
  5. 4. CS Mott Child. Hosp., Univ. Mich 2014. National Poll on Children's Health: School Violence, Gun-Related Injuries in Top 10 Child Health Concerns in U.S. Updated August 11, 2014. http://mottnpch.org/reports-surveys/school-violence-gun-related-injuries-top-10-child-health-concerns-us
  6. 17. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) 2006. Physical Education Curriculum Analysis Tool Updated September 16, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/PECAT/
  7. 23. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) 2009. State Indicator Report on Fruits and Vegetables, 2009 Atlanta, GA: CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) http://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/downloads/StateIndicatorReport2009.pdf
  8. 12. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) 2010. Healthier Worksite Initiative Updated February 9, 2010. http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/hwi/index.htm
  9. 25. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) 2010. State Indicator Report on Physical Activity, 2010 Atlanta, GA: CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.)
  10. 9. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) 2011. CDC's Lean Works! A Workplace Obesity Prevention Program Updated November 16, 2011. http://www.cdc.gov/leanworks/
  11. 27. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) 2011. School health guidelines to promote healthy eating and physical activity. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 60:75 [Google Scholar]
  12. 8. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) 2012. Breastfeeding Report Card—United States, 2012 Atlanta, GA: CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/pdf/2012breastfeedingreportcard.pdf
  13. 11. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) 2012. Health Education Curriculum Analysis Tool (HECAT) Updated July 10, 2013. http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/HECAT/index.htm?s_cid=tw_eh443
  14. 20. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) 2012. School Health Policies and Practices Study (SHPPS) Updated May 15, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/shpps/ [Google Scholar]
  15. 21. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) 2012. School Health Profiles Updated September 23, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/profiles/
  16. 28. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) 2013. Addressing Childhood Obesity in the Early Care and Education Setting: Opportunities for Action Atlanta, GA: CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.)
  17. 6. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) 2013. Breastfeeding: mPINC Results Tables Updated October 10, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/mpinc/results-tables.htm
  18. 7. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) 2013. Breastfeeding Report Card 2013 Atlanta, GA: CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/pdf/2013breastfeedingreportcard.pdf
  19. 24. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) 2013. Communities Putting Prevention to Work: Community Overview Updated October 25, 2013. http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dch/programs/CommunitiesPuttingPreventiontoWork/communities/index.htm
  20. 5. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev) 2014. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Updated September 29, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/brfss/
  21. 26. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) 2014. Community Transformation Grants (CTG) Updated July 17, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dch/programs/communitytransformation/index.htm [Google Scholar]
  22. 10. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) 2014. Health and Sustainability Guidelines for Federal Concessions and Vending Operations Updated June 26, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/guidelines/food-service-guidelines.htm
  23. 13. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) 2014. Infant Feeding Practices Study II and Its Six Year Follow Up Updated August 26, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/infant_feeding.htm
  24. 14. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care (mPINC) Survey 2013. Updated May 7, 2013. http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/mpinc/index.htm [Google Scholar]
  25. 15. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) 2014. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Updated October 28, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/NCHS/NHANES.htm
  26. 30. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) 2014. Overweight and Obesity: Adult Obesity Facts Updated September 9, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html
  27. 16. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) 2014. Pediatric and Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System Updated October 9, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/pednss/site_map.htm
  28. 18. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) 2014. Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) Updated October 21, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dch/programs/reach/about.htm [Google Scholar]
  29. 19. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) 2014. School Health Index: Self-Assessment and Planning Guide 2014 Updated September 3, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/shi/
  30. 31. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) 2014. The Prevention and Public Health Fund Atlanta, GA: CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) http://www.cdc.gov/fmo/topic/budgetInformation/appropriations_budget_form_pdf/The-Prevention-and-Public-Health-Fund.pdf
  31. 22. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) 2014. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) Updated July 9, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/yrbs/index.htm [Google Scholar]
  32. 32. Converg. Partnersh 2010. Healthy People Healthy Places. http://www.convergencepartnership.org/site/c.fhLOK6PELmF/b.3917533/k.F45E/Whats_New.htm
  33. de Ruyter JC, Olthof MR, Seidell JC, Katan MB. 33.  2012. A trial of sugar-free or sugar-sweetened beverages and body weight in children. N. Engl. J. Med. 367:1397–406 [Google Scholar]
  34. Dietz WH. Gortmaker SL. 34.  Jr, 1985. Do we fatten our children at the television set? Obesity and television viewing in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 75:807–12 [Google Scholar]
  35. DiMeglio DP, Mattes RD. 35.  2000. Liquid versus solid carbohydrate: effects on food intake and body weight. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 24:794–800 [Google Scholar]
  36. Epstein LH, Valoski AM, Vara LS, McCurley J, Wisniewski L. 36.  et al. 1995. Effects of decreasing sedentary behavior and increasing activity on weight change in obese children. Health Psychol. 14:109–15 [Google Scholar]
  37. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kuczmarski RJ, Johnson CL. 37.  1998. Overweight and obesity in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1960–1994. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 22:39–47 [Google Scholar]
  38. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL. 38.  2002. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2000. JAMA 288:1723–27 [Google Scholar]
  39. Gabor V, Mantinan K, Rudolph K, Morgan R, Longjohn M. 39.  2010. Challenges and Opportunities Related to Implementation of Child Care Nutrition and Physical Activity Policies in Delaware; Findings from Focus Groups with Child Care Providers and Parents Washington, DC: Altarum Inst.
  40. Gee S, Chin D, Ackerson L, Woo D, Howell A. 40.  2013. Prevalence of childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity from 2003 to 2010 in an integrated health care delivery system. J. Obes. 2013:417907 [Google Scholar]
  41. 41. Gen. Services Adm Health and Sustainability Guidelines for Federal Concessions and Vending Operations. http://www.gsa.gov/graphics/pbs/Guidelines_for_Federal_Concessions_and_Vending_Operations.pdf
  42. Gillman MW, Rifas-Shiman SL, Camargo CA Jr, Berkey CS, Frazier AL. 42.  et al. 2001. Risk of overweight among adolescents who were breastfed as infants. JAMA 285:2461–67 [Google Scholar]
  43. Green LW. 43.  2006. Public health asks of systems science: to advance our evidence-based practice, can you help us get more practice-based evidence?. Am. J. Public Health 96:406–9 [Google Scholar]
  44. Grummer-Strawn L, Reinold C, Krebs NF. 44.  2010. Use of World Health Organization and CDC Growth Charts for Children Aged 0–59 Months in the United States. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. Recomm. Rep. 59:RR-91–15 [Google Scholar]
  45. Hanleybrown F, Kania J, Kramer M. 45.  2012. Channeling change: making collective impact work. Stanford Soc. Innov. Rev Jan 26. http://www.ssireview.org/blog/entry/channeling_change_making_collective_impact_work (Blog)
  46. Hediger ML, Overpeck MD, Kuczmarski RJ, Ruan WJ. 48.  2001. Association between infant breastfeeding and overweight in young children. JAMA 285:2453–60 [Google Scholar]
  47. Himes JH, Dietz WH. 49.  1994. Guidelines for overweight in adolescent preventive services: recommendations from an expert committee. The Expert Committee on Clinical Guidelines for Overweight in Adolescent Preventive Services. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 59:307–16 [Google Scholar]
  48. Houchins JA, Burgess JR, Campbell WW, Daniel JR, Ferruzzi MG. 50.  et al. 2012. Beverage versus solid fruits and vegetables: effects on energy intake and body weight. Obesity 20:1844–50 [Google Scholar]
  49. Huhman M, Berkowitz JM, Wong FL, Prosper E, Gray M. 51.  et al. 2008. The VERB campaign's strategy for reaching African-American, Hispanic, Asian, and American Indian children and parents. Am. J. Prev. Med. 34:Suppl.S194–209 [Google Scholar]
  50. Huhman M, Potter LD, Wong FL, Banspach SW, Duke JC, Heitzler CD. 52.  2005. Effects of a mass media campaign to increase physical activity among children: year-1 results of the VERB campaign. Pediatrics 116:e277–84 [Google Scholar]
  51. Huhman ME, Potter LD, Duke JC, Judkins DR, Heitzler CD, Wong FL. 53.  2007. Evaluation of a national physical activity intervention for children: VERB campaign, 2002–2004. Am. J. Prev. Med. 32:38–43 [Google Scholar]
  52. 54. Inst. Med 2010. Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention: a Framework to Inform Decision Making. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
  53. 55. Inst. Med 2011. Early Childhood Obesity Prevention Policies. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
  54. 56. Inst. Med 2012. Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
  55. 57. Inst. Med 2013. Educating the Student Body: Taking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
  56. 58. Inst. Med 2013. Evaluating Obesity Prevention Efforts: a Plan for Measuring Progress Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
  57. 59. Inst. Med., Natl. Res. Counc 2009. Local Government Actions to Prevent Childhood Obesity Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
  58. Jacknowitz A, Tiehen L. 60.  2010. WIC Participation Patterns: an Investigation of Delayed Entry and Early Exit. Washington, DC: US Dept. Agric. (Econ. Res. Rep. No. 109)
  59. 61. Kaiser Permanente 2014. Community Health Initiatives: Healthy Eating Active Living (HEAL) Grants and Partnerships http://share.kaiserpermanente.org/article/healthy-eating-active-living-heal-grants-partnerships/ [Google Scholar]
  60. Kettel Khan L, Sobush K, Keener D, Goodman K, Lowry A. 62.  et al. 2009. Recommended community strategies and measurements to prevent obesity in the United States. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. Recomm. Rep. 58:RR071–26 [Google Scholar]
  61. Kit BK, Fakhouri TH, Park S, Nielsen SJ, Ogden CL. 63.  2013. Trends in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among youth and adults in the United States: 1999–2010. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 98:180–88 [Google Scholar]
  62. Koplan JP, Dietz WH. 64.  1999. Caloric imbalance and public health policy. JAMA 282:1579–81 [Google Scholar]
  63. Koplan JP, Liverman CT, Kraak VI. 65.  2005. Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
  64. Koplan JP, Liverman CT, Kraak VI, Wisham CT. 66.  2007. Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up? Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
  65. Lessard L, Lesesne C, Kakietek J, Breck A, Jernigan J. 101.  et al. 2014. Measurement of compliance with New York City's regulations on beverages, physical activity, and screen time in early child care centers. Prev Chronic Dis. 11:130433 [Google Scholar]
  66. 46. Let's Move! Child Care 2014. Resources for Trainers http://www.healthykidshealthyfuture.org/home/resources/trainers.html
  67. 47. Let's Move Child Care 2014. Strategies for Change http://healthykidshealthyfuture.org/home/collaborate/obesity-prevention-strategies.html
  68. Lundahl A, Kidwell KM, Nelson TD. 67.  2014. Parental underestimates of child weight: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 133:e689–703 [Google Scholar]
  69. May AL, Pan L, Sherry B, Blanck HM, Galuska D. 68.  et al. 2013. Vital signs: obesity among low-income, preschool-aged children—United States, 2008–2011. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 62:1–6 [Google Scholar]
  70. Mokdad AH, Serdula MK, Dietz WH, Bowman BA, Marks JS, Koplan JP. 70.  1999. The spread of the obesity epidemic in the United States, 1991–1998. JAMA 282:1519–22 [Google Scholar]
  71. 71. Natl. Assoc. State Boards Educ 2000. Fit, Healthy, and Ready to Learn. Arlington, VA: Natl. Assoc. State Boards Educ (Also available at http://www.nasbe.org/project/center-for-safe-and-healthy-schools/fhrtl/)
  72. 74. Natl. Heart Lung Blood Inst 1998. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. Bethesda, MD: Natl. Heart Lung Blood Inst.
  73. 72. Natl. Res. Counc 2007. Adequacy of Evidence for Physical Activity Guidelines Development: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
  74. 73. New York City Dep. Health Mental Hyg 2006. Article 47: Child Care Services. http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/about/healthcode/health-code-article47.pdf
  75. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. 75.  2014. Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011–2012. JAMA 311:806–14 [Google Scholar]
  76. Ogden CL, Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Johnson CL. 76.  2002. Prevalence and trends in overweight among US children and adolescents, 1999–2000. JAMA 288:1728–32 [Google Scholar]
  77. Ogden CL, Kuczmarski RJ, Flegal KM, Mei Z, Guo S. 77.  et al. 2002. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000 growth charts for the United States: improvements to the 1977 National Center for Health Statistics version. Pediatrics 109:45–60 [Google Scholar]
  78. Pate RR, Pratt M, Blair SN, Haskell WL, Macera CA. 78.  et al. 1995. Physical activity and public health. A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA 273:402–7 [Google Scholar]
  79. Post RE, Mainous AG 3rd, Gregorie SH, Knoll ME, Diaz VA, Saxena SK. 81.  2011. The influence of physician acknowledgment of patients' weight status on patient perceptions of overweight and obesity in the United States. Arch. Intern. Med. 171:316–21 [Google Scholar]
  80. Powell LM, Nguyen BT. 82.  2013. Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption among children and adolescents: effect on energy, beverage, and nutrient intake. JAMA Pediatr. 167:14–20 [Google Scholar]
  81. Powell LM, Nguyen BT, Han E. 83.  2012. Energy intake from restaurants: demographics and socioeconomics, 2003–2008. Am. J. Prev. Med. 43:498–504 [Google Scholar]
  82. 80. Robert Wood Johnson Found 2014. Healthy Food Access Portal http://healthyfoodaccess.org/find-money/hffi/federal
  83. 84. Robert Wood Johnson Found 2014. Major food, beverage companies remove 6.4 trillion calories from U.S. marketplace January 9. http://www.rwjf.org/en/about-rwjf/newsroom/newsroom-content/2014/01/major-food–beverage-companies-remove-6-4-trillion-calories–fro.html
  84. 85. Robert Wood Johnson Found 2014. Signs of progress on childhood obesity March 3. http://www.rwjf.org/en/research-publications/find-rwjf-research/2013/09/signs-of-progress.html
  85. Robinson TN. 87.  1999. Reducing children's television viewing to prevent obesity: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 282:1561–67 [Google Scholar]
  86. Robinson TN. 88.  2010. Save the world, prevent obesity: piggybacking on existing social and ideological movements. Obesity 18:Suppl. 1S17–22 [Google Scholar]
  87. Shealy KR, Li R, Benton-Davis S, Grummer-Strawn LM. 89.  2005. The CDC Guide to Breastfeeding Interventions Atlanta: US Dep. Health Hum. Serv., Cent. Dis. Control Prev.
  88. Strong WB, Malina RM, Blimkie CJ, Daniels SR, Dishman RK. 90.  et al. 2005. Evidence based physical activity for school-age youth. J. Pediatr. 146:732–37 [Google Scholar]
  89. 91. Task Force Commun. Prev. Serv 2002. Recommendations to increase physical activity in communities. Am. J. Prev. Med. 22:Suppl67–72 [Google Scholar]
  90. 92. US Dep. Health Hum. Serv 2000. Reducing Tobacco Use: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: US Dep. Health Hum. Serv., CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.)
  91. 93. US Dep. Health Hum. Serv 2001. The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity. Rockville, MD: Off. Surg. Gen.
  92. 94. US Dep. Health Hum. Serv 2008. 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Washington, DC: US Dep. Health Hum. Serv.
  93. 79. US Dep. Health Hum. Serv 2012. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans Midcourse Report: Strategies to Increase Physical Activity Among Youth. Washington, DC: US Dep. Health Hum. Serv.
  94. von Kries R, Koletzko B, Sauerwald T, von Mutius E, Barnert D. 95.  et al. 1999. Breast feeding and obesity: cross sectional study. BMJ 319:147–50 [Google Scholar]
  95. Wang YC, Bleich SN, Gortmaker SL. 96.  2008. Increasing caloric contribution from sugar-sweetened beverages and 100% fruit juices among US children and adolescents, 1988–2004. Pediatrics 121:e1604–14 [Google Scholar]
  96. 97. White House Task Force Child. Obes 2010. Solving the Problem of Childhood Obesity Within a Generation: White House Task Force on Childhood Obesity Report to The President. Washington, DC: Exec. Off. Pres US.
  97. Wong FL, Greenwell M, Gates S, Berkowitz JM. 98.  2008. It's what you do! Reflections on the VERB campaign. Am. J. Prev. Med. 34:SupplS175–82 [Google Scholar]
  98. 99. World Health Organ 2006. WHO Child Growth Standards Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organ (Also available at http://www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/Technical_report.pdf?ua=1)
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122415
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122415
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error