Agriculture in African Development: Theories and Strategies

Figure 1: Adoption of organic agriculture. (a) Development of certified organic area worldwide from 2000 to 2015. (b) Top ten countries with the largest certified organic areas in 2015. Figures indica...

Figure 2: Production and consumption of organic food by geographic region in 2015. (a) Distribution of certified organic area by region. (b) Distribution of certified organic farmers by region. (c) Di...

Figure 1: Global oil palm harvested area (1961–2017) in million hectares (ha). Based on data from FAO (2019).

Figure 2: Importance of oil palm in comparison to other oil crops in 2017. (a) Percentage contribution of different crops to worldwide vegetable oil quantities produced. Based on data from USDA (2019)...

Figure 3: Biodiversity of rainforest and smallholder oil palm and rubber plantations in Jambi Province, Indonesia. (a) Biodiversity effects of rainforest transformation on smallholder oil palm. Arrows...

Figure 4: Adoption and socioeconomic impact of oil palm in Jambi Province, Indonesia. (a) Adoption of oil palm in a random sample of 700 farm households. Based on data from Euler et al. (2016b) and th...

Figure 1: Annual energy outlook short-term technology LCOE projections. Figure based on data from the EIA from 2010 to 2017 (https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/electricity_generation.php). Abbreviations...

Figure 2: Actual and projected solar photovoltaic (PV) levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), 2009–2017. Figure based on data from the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) from 2010 to 2017 (http...

Figure 3: Renewable power generation and capacity as a share of global power, 2007–2017, in percentages. Adapted with permission from Frankf. Sch. Finance Manag. (2018).

Figure 4: Average bidding tariff for solar photovoltaic (PV) with a utility scale >5 MW. Based on data from IRENA (2018).

Figure 5: Photovoltaic (PV) power potential output in (a) South Africa and (b) Germany. Note that the legends differ and are in fact nonoverlapping. Panel a adapted with permission under the terms of ...

Figure 6: Africa wind power density potential. Data and map from Global Wind Atlas (https://globalwindatlas.info/en/area/South%20Africa?print=true). Adapted with permission under the terms of the Crea...

Figure 7: Projected variable renewable energy percentage share (wind and solar) in South Africa from three recent analyses. Adapted from Merven et al. (2018).

Figure 1 : Development of the global area using genetically modified crops (1995–2008). Source: James (2008).

Figure 2 : Relationship between insecticide use and cotton crop losses with and without Bt in India. Source: Qaim & Zilberman (2003).

Figure 3 : Household income effects of Bt cotton compared with conventional cotton in India. The results are based on simulations with a social accounting matrix and multiplier model for a typical c...

Figure 4 : Insecticide reductions through Bt cotton by toxicity class. Results are based on within-farm comparisons obtained from surveys in different cotton-growing regions of India and Argentina. ...