1932

Abstract

Despite growing policy commitment and decades of extensive research, nutritional deficiencies remain a key challenge for health systems worldwide. In addition to causing significant personal costs for those affected, indirect effects, such as reduced overall human capital accumulation or losses in labor productivity, can impose substantial obstacles for the achievement of economic development goals. This review provides an overview of the impact of key interventions aiming to improve nutritional intake in order to reach better physical health and cognitive outcomes among children in developing countries. We argue that, although promising interventions exist, malnutrition is a complex problem, likely requiring a stronger focus on multifactorial approaches. Moreover, more research is necessary to maximize compliance and sustainability if interventions are to successfully transform into large-scale policy programs. We further discuss the emerging double burden of malnutrition as a key challenge for policy makers in resource-poor settings.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-resource-110519-093256
2020-10-06
2024-03-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/resource/12/1/annurev-resource-110519-093256.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-resource-110519-093256&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Aboud FE, Singla DR, Nahil MI, Borisova I 2013. Effectiveness of a parenting program in Bangladesh to address early childhood health, growth and development. Soc. Sci. Med. 97:250–58
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Adelman SW, Gilligan DO, Lehrer K 2008. How Effective Are Food for Education Programs? A Critical Assessment of the Evidence from Developing Countries Washington, DC: IFPRI
  3. Adu-Afarwuah S, Lartey A, Brown KH, Zlotkin S, Briend A, Dewey KG 2007. Randomized comparison of 3 types of micronutrient supplements for home fortification of complementary foods in Ghana: effects on growth and motor development. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 86:2412–20
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Afridi F. 2010. Child welfare programs and child nutrition: evidence from a mandated school meal program in India. J. Dev. Econ. 92:152–65
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Afridi F, Barooah B, Somanathan R 2013. School meals and classroom effort: evidence from India IGC Work. Pap., Int. Growth Cent. London: https://www.theigc.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Afridi-Et-Al-2013-Working-Paper1.pdf
  6. Alderman H, Fernald L. 2017. The nexus between nutrition and early childhood development. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 37:447–76
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Allen LH, Peerson JM, Olney DK 2009. Provision of multiple rather than two or fewer micronutrients more effectively improves growth and other outcomes in micronutrient-deficient children and adults. J. Nutr. 139:51022–30
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Aurino E, Gelli A, Adamba C, Osei-Akoto I, Alderman H 2018. Food for thought? Experimental evidence on the learning impacts of a large-scale school feeding program in Ghana Disc. Pap. 1782, Int. Food Policy Res. Inst. Washington, DC: https://www.ifpri.org/publication/food-thought-experimental-evidence-learning-impacts-large-scale-school-feeding-program
  9. Banerjee A, Barnhardt S, Duflo E 2018. Can iron-fortified salt control anemia? Evidence from two experiments in rural Bihar. J. Dev. Econ. 133:127–46
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Banerjee A, Glennerster R, Duflo E 2008. Putting a band-aid on a corpse: incentives for nurses in the Indian public health care system. J. Eur. Econ. Assoc. 6:2–3487–500
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Baumgartner J, Barth-Jaeggi T. 2015. Iron interventions in children from low-income and middle-income populations: benefits and risks. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 18:3289–94
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Berry J, Mehta S, Mukherjee P, Ruebeck H, Shastry GK 2019. Inputs, monitoring, and crowd-out in school-based health interventions: evidence from India's Midday Meals Program Work. Pap. Wellesley Coll., Wellesley, MA: http://academics.wellesley.edu/Economics/gshastry/berry%20et%20al%202019.pdf
  13. Best C, Neufingerl N, van Geel L, van den Briel T, Osendarp S 2010. The nutritional status of school-aged children: Why should we care. ? Food Nutr. Bull. 31:3400–17
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Bhutta ZA, Das JK, Rizvi A, Gaffey MF, Walker N et al. 2013. Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: What can be done and at what cost. ? Lancet 382:452–77
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Black MM. 2003. Micronutrient deficiencies and cognitive functioning. J. Nutr. 133:113927S–31S
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Black RE, Victora CG, Walker SP, Bhutta ZA, Christian P et al. 2013. Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet 382:427–51
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Bommer C, Heesemann E, Sagalova V, Manne-Goehler J, Atun R et al. 2017. The global economic burden of diabetes in adults aged 20–79 years: a cost-of-illness study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 5:423–30
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Bommer C, Sagalova V, Heesemann E, Manne-Goelhler J, Atun R et al. 2018. Global economic burden of diabetes in adults: projections from 2015 to 2030. Diabetes Care 41:963–70
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Bommer C, Vollmer S, Subramanian SV 2019. How socioeconomic status moderates the stunting-age relationship in low-income and middle-income countries. BMJ Glob. Health 4:e001175
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Bouis HE, Saltzmann A. 2017. Improving nutrition through biofortification: a review of evidence from HarvestPlus, 2003 through 2016. Glob. Food Secur. 12:49–58
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Bourassa MW, Osendarp SJM, Adu-Afarwuah S, Ahmed S, Ajello C et al. 2019. Review of the evidence regarding the use of antenatal multiple micronutrient supplementation in low- and middle-income countries. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1444:6–21
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Brown KH. 2003. Diarrhea and malnutrition. J. Nutr. 133:328S–32S
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Brown KH, Peerson JM, Baker SK, Hess SY 2009. Preventive zinc supplementation among infants, preschoolers, and older prepubertal children. Food Nutr. Bull. 30:S12–40
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Bryan J, Osendarp S, Hughes D, Calvaresi E, Baghurst K, van Klinken JW 2004. Nutrients for cognitive development in school-aged children. Nutr. Rev. 62:8295–306
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Budge S, Parker AH, Hutchings PT, Garbutt C 2019. Environmental enteric dysfunction and child stunting. Nutr. Rev. 77:4240–53
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Buppasiri P, Lumbiganon P, Thinkhamrop J, Ngamjarus C, Laopaiboon M, Medley N 2015. Calcium supplementation (other than for preventing or treating hypertension) for improving pregnancy and infant outcomes. Cochrane DB Syst. Rev. 2:CD007079
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Charles CV, Dewey CE, Hall A, Hak C, Channary S, Summerlee AJS 2015. A randomized control trial using a fish-shaped iron ingot for the amelioration of iron deficiency anemia in rural Cambodian women. Trop. Med. Surg. 3:31000195
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Crane RJ, Jones KDJ, Berkley JA 2015. Environmental enteric dysfunction: an overview. Food Nutr. Bull. 36:S76–87
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Cutler D, Miller G. 2005. The role of public health improvements in health advances: the twentieth-century United States. Demography 42:11–22
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Das JK, Hoodbhoy Z, Salam RA, Bhutta AZ, Valenzuela-Rubio NG et al. 2018. Lipid-based nutrient supplements for maternal, birth, and infant developmental outcomes. Cochrane DB Syst. Rev. 8:CD012610
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Demaio AR, Branca F. 2017. Decade of action on nutrition: our window to act on the double burden of malnutrition. BMJ Glob. Health 3:e000492
    [Google Scholar]
  32. De-Regil LM, Jefferds MED, Sylvetsky AC, Dowswell T 2011. Intermittent iron supplementation for improving nutrition and development in children under 12 years of age. Cochrane DB Syst. Rev. 12:CD009085
    [Google Scholar]
  33. De-Regil LM, Palacios C, Lombardo LK, Peña-Rosas JP 2016. Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy. Cochrane DB Syst. Rev. 1: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008873.pub3
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  34. De-Regil LM, Peña‐Rosas JP, Fernández‐Gaxiola AC, Rayco‐Solon P 2015. Effects and safety of periconceptional oral folate supplementation for preventing birth defects. Cochrane DB Syst. Rev. 12: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007950.pub3
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  35. Devakumar D, Fall CHD, Sachdev HS, Margetts BM, Osmond C et al. 2016. Maternal antenatal multiple micronutrient supplementation for long-term health benefits in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med 14:190
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Ebert C, Heesemann E, Vollmer S 2020. Encouraging parents to invest: a randomized trial with two simple interventions in early childhood Discuss. Pap. 276, CRC-PEG, Georg-August-Univ. Göttingen, Ger.
  37. Eilander A, Gera T, Sachdev HS, Transler C, van der Knaap HCM et al. 2010. Multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving cognitive performance in children: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 91:1115–30
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Engle PL, Black MM, Behrman JR, Cabral de Mello M, Gertler PJ et al. 2007. Strategies to avoid the loss of developmental potential in more than 200 million children in the developing world. Lancet 369:229–42
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Engle-Stone R, Kumordzie SM, Meinzen-Dick L, Vosti SA 2019. Replacing iron-folic acid with multiple micronutrient supplements among pregnant women in Bangladesh and Burkina Faso: costs, impacts, and cost-effectiveness. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1444:35–51
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Freeman MC, Garna JV, Sclar GD, Boisson S, Medlicott K et al. 2017. The impact of sanitation on infectious disease and nutritional status: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Hyg. Envir. Health 220:928–49
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Georgieff MK, Krebs NF, Cusick SE 2019. The benefits and risks of iron supplementation in pregnancy and childhood. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 39:121–46
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Gera T, Sachdev HS, Boy E 2012. Effect of iron-fortified foods on hematologic and biological outcomes: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 96:2309–24
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Gernand AD. 2019. The upper level: examining the risk of excess micronutrient intake in pregnancy from antenatal supplements. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1444:22–34
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Girard AW, Olude O. 2012. Nutrition education and counselling provided during pregnancy: effects on maternal, neonatal and child health outcomes. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. 26:Suppl. 1191–204
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Gogia S, Sachdev HS. 2012. Zinc supplementation for mental and motor development in children. Cochrane DB Syst. Rev. 12: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007991.pub2
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  46. Grantham-McGregor SM, Fernald LCH, Kagawa RMC, Walker S 2014. Effects of integrated child development and nutrition interventions on child development and nutritional status. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1308:111–32
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Grantham-McGregor SM, Powell CA, Walker SP, Himes JH 1991. Nutritional supplementation, psychosocial stimulation, and mental development of stunted children: the Jamaican Study. Lancet 338:1–5
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Hoddinott J. 2018. The investment case for folic acid fortification in developing countries. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1414:72–81
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Horta BL, Loret de Mola C, Victora CG 2015. Breastfeeding and intelligence: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Acta Paediatr 104:14–19
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Humphrey JH, Mbuya MNN, Ntozini R, Moulton LH, Stoltzfus RJ 2019. Independent and combined effects of improved water, sanitation, and hygiene, and improved complementary feeding, on child stunting and anaemia in rural Zimbabwe: a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet Glob. Health 7:e132–47
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Huo J. 2017. Ying Yang Bao: improving complementary feeding for Chinese infants in poor regions. Complementary Feeding: Building the Foundations for a Healthy Life 87 RB Black, M Makrides, KK Ong 131–38 Vevey, Switz.: Nestlé Nutr. Inst https://www.nestlenutrition-institute.org/docs/default-source/south-asia-documents-library/publications/free/nni87.pdf?sfvrsn=6
    [Google Scholar]
  52. IEG (Indep. Eval. Group) 2015. Impacts of interventions during early childhood on later outcomes: a systematic review Rep., World Bank Washington, DC: http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/handle/123456789/3581
  53. Imdad A, Mayo-Wilson E, Herzer K, Bhutta ZA 2017. Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years of age. Cochrane DB Syst. Rev. 3: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008524.pub3
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  54. Jomaa LH, McDonnell E, Probart C 2011. School feeding programs in developing countries: impacts on children's health and educational outcomes. Nutr. Rev. 69:283–98
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Kar BR, Rao SL, Chandramouli BA 2008. Cognitive development in children with chronic protein energy malnutrition. Behav. Brain Funct. 4:31
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Krämer M, Kumar S, Vollmer S 2018. Improving children health and cognition: evidence from school-based nutrition intervention in India Discuss. Pap. 247, Courant Res. Cent. Poverty Equity Growth Göttingen: https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/179794/1/CRC-PEG_DP_247neu.pdf
  57. Krämer M, Kupka R, Subramanian SV, Vollmer S 2016. Association between household unavailability of iodized salt and child growth: evidence from 89 demographic and health surveys. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 104:41093–100
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Kramer MS, Aboud F, Mironova E, Vanilovich I, Platt RW et al. 2008. Breastfeeding and child cognitive development: new evidence from a large randomized trial. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 65:5578–84
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Kramer MS, Kakuma R. 2012. Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Cochrane DB Syst. Rev. 8: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003517.pub2
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  60. Krasevec J, An X, Kumapley R, Bégin F, Frongillo EA 2017. Diet quality and risk of stunting among infants and young children in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Matern. Child Nutr. 13:S2e12430
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Kristjansson E, Francis D, Liberato S, Greenhalgh T, Welch V et al. 2016. Supplementary feeding for improving the health of disadvantaged infants and children: What works and why? Syst. Rev. Summ 5: Int. Init. Impact Eval. London: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0b3a/e8d20dcd8de9db5e85d6a831c754d414e41a.pdf
  62. Larson LM, Phiri KS, Pasricha SR 2017. Iron and cognitive development: What is the evidence. ? Ann. Nutr. Metab. 71:Suppl. 325–38
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Larson LM, Yousafzai AK. 2017. A meta‐analysis of nutrition interventions on mental development of children under‐two in low‐and middle‐income countries. Matern. Child Nutr. 13:1e12229
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Lassi ZS, Salam RA, Haider BA, Bhutta ZA 2013. Folic acid supplementation during pregnancy for maternal health and pregnancy outcomes. Cochrane DB Syst. Rev. 3: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006896.pub2
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  65. Liu E, Pimpin L, Shulkin M, Kranz S, Duggan CP et al. 2018. Effect of zinc supplementation on growth outcomes in children under 5 years of age. Nutrients 10:3377
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Lozano R, Fullman N, Abate D, Abay SM, Abbafati C et al. 2018. Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 392:2091–138
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Luby SP, Rahman M, Arnold BF, Unicomb L, Ashraf S et al. 2018. Effects of water quality, sanitation, handwashing, and nutritional interventions on diarrhoea and child growth in rural Bangladesh: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet Glob. Health 6:e302–15
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Maluccio JA, Hoddinott J, Behrman JR, Martorell R, Quisumbing AR, Stein AD 2009. The impact of improving nutrition during early childhood on education among Guatemalan adults. Econ. J. 119:734–63
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Modupe O, Krishnaswamy K, Diosady LL 2019. Technology for triple fortification of salt with folic acid, iron, and iodine. J. Food Sci. 84:92499–506
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Nandi A, Ashok A, Kinra S, Behrman JR, Laxminarayan R 2016. Early childhood nutrition is positively associated with adolescent educational outcomes: evidence from the Andhra Pradesh Child and Parents Study (APCAPS). J. Nutr. 146:4806–13
    [Google Scholar]
  71. NEOVITA Study Group 2016. Timing of initiation, patterns of breastfeeding, and infant survival: prospective analysis of pooled data from three randomised trials. Lancet Glob. Health 4:e266–75
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Nores M, Barnett WS. 2010. Benefits of early childhood interventions across the world: (under) investing in the very young. Econ. Educ. Rev. 29:2271–82
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Null C, Stewart CP, Pickering AJ, Dentz HN, Arnold BF et al. 2018. Effects of water quality, sanitation, handwashing, and nutritional interventions on diarrhoea and child growth in rural Kenya: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet Glob. Health 6:e316–29
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Oelofse A, Van Raaij JMA, Benade AJS, Dhansay MA, Tolboom JJM, Hautvast JGAJ 2003. The effect of a micronutrient-fortified complementary food on micronutrient status, growth and development of 6-to 12-month-old disadvantaged urban South African infants. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 54:5399–407
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Olufunlayo TF, Roberts AA, MacArthur C, Thomas N, Odeyemi KA et al. 2019. Improving exclusive breastfeeding in low and middle‐income countries: a systematic review. Matern. Child Nutr. 15:3e12788
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Osendarp SJM, Martinez H, Garrett GS, Neufeld LM, De-Regil LM et al. 2018. Large-scale food fortification and biofortification in low- and middle-income countries: a review of programs, trends, challenges, and evidence gaps. Food Nutr. Bull. 39:2315–31
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Ota E, Hori H, Mori R, Tobe-Gai R, Farrar D 2015b. Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake. Cochrane DB Syst. Rev. 6: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000032.pub3
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  78. Ota E, Mori R, Middleton P, Tobe-Gai R, Mahomed K et al. 2015a. Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcome. Cochrane DB Syst. Rev. 2: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000230.pub5
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  79. Panjwani A, Heidkamp R. 2017. Complementary feeding interventions have a small but significant impact on linear and ponderal growth of children in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Nutr. 147:Suppl.2169S–78S
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Pasricha S-R, Hayes E, Kalumba K, Biggs B-A 2013. Effect of daily iron supplementation on health in children aged 4–23 months: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Glob. Health 1:e77–86
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Peña-Rosas JP, De-Regil LM, Garcia-Casal MN, Dowswell T 2015a. Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy. Cochrane DB Syst. Rev. 7: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004736.pub5
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  82. Peña-Rosas JP, De-Regil LM, Gomez Malave H, Flores-Urrutia MC, Dowswell T 2015b. Intermittent oral iron supplementation during pregnancy. Cochrane DB Syst. Rev. 10: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009997.pub2
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  83. Perignon M, Fiorentino M, Kuong K, Dijkhuizen MA, Burja K et al. 2016. Impact of multi-micronutrient fortified rice on hemoglobin, iron and vitamin A status of Cambodian schoolchildren: a double-blind cluster-randomized controlled trial. Nutrients 8:29
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Phuka JC, Gladstone M, Maleta K, Thakwalakwa C, Cheung YB et al. 2012. Developmental outcomes among 18‐month‐old Malawians after a year of complementary feeding with lipid‐based nutrient supplements or corn‐soy flour. Matern. Child Nutr. 8:2239–48
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Prado EL, Alcock KJ, Muadz H, Ullman MT, Shankar AH 2012. Maternal multiple micronutrient supplements and child cognition: a randomized trial in Indonesia. Pediatrics 130:3e536–46
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Prado EL, Sebayang SK, Apriatni M, Adawiyah SR, Hidayati N et al. 2017. Maternal multiple micronutrient supplementation and other biomedical and socioenvironmental influences on children's cognition at age 9–12 years in Indonesia: follow-up of the SUMMIT randomised trial. Lancet Glob. Health 5:2e217–28
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Prasad AS. 2013. Discovery of human zinc deficiency: its impact on human health and disease. Adv. Nutr. 4:2176–90
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Prendergast AJ, Humphrey JH. 2014. The stunting syndrome in developing countries. Paediatr. Int. Child Health 34:4250–65
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Prost A, Colbourn T, Seward N, Azad K, Coomarasamy A et al. 2013. Women's groups practising participatory learning and action to improve maternal and newborn health in low-resource settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 381:1736–46
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Qaim M, Stein AJ, Meenakshi JV 2007. Economics of biofortification. Agric. Econ. 37:119–33
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Ramakrishnan U, Goldenberg T, Allen LH 2011. Do multiple micronutrient interventions improve child health, growth, and development. ? J. Nutr. 141:112066–75
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Ruel MT, Alderman H, Matern. Child Nutr. Study Group 2013. Nutrition-sensitive interventions and programmes: How can they help to accelerate progress in improving maternal and child nutrition?. Lancet 382:536–51
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Sachdev HP, Gera T, Nestel P 2005. Effect of iron supplementation on mental and motor development in children: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Public Health Nutr 8:2117–32
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Saint SE, Frick JE. 2015. Prenatal supplementation and its effects on early childhood cognitive outcome. Dietary Supplements in Health Promotion TC Wallace 75–104 Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Salam RA, MacPhail C, Das JK, Bhutta ZA 2013. Effectiveness of micronutrient powders (MNP) in women and children. BMC Public Health 13:Suppl. 3S22
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Schroeder DG, Martorell R, Rivera JA, Ruel MT, Habicht J-P 1995. Age differences in the impact of nutritional supplementation on growth. J. Nutr. 125:1051S–59S
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Singh A, Park A, Dercon S 2014. School meals as a safety net: an evaluation of the Midday Meal Scheme in India. Econ. Dev. Cult. Change 62:2275–306
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Stevens GA, Bennet JE, Hennocq Q, Lu Y, De-Regil LM et al. 2015. Trends and mortality effects of vitamin A deficiency in children in 138 low-income and middle-income countries between 1991 and 2013: a pooled analysis of population-based surveys. Lancet Glob. Health 3:9e528–36
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Strobbe S, Van der Straeten D 2017. Folate biofortification in food crops. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 44:202–11
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Subramanian SV, Mejía-Guevara I, Krishna A 2016. Rethinking policy perspectives on childhood stunting: time to formulate a structural and multifactorial strategy. Matern. Child Nutr. 12:Suppl. 1219–36
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Subramanyam M, Ebert C, Bommer C, Bogler L, Kumar A et al. 2017. Impact of the Gram Varta programme on health, nutrition and women's empowerment in India Grantee Final Rep., Int. Init. Impact Eval New Delhi: https://www.3ieimpact.org/sites/default/files/2018-08/Grantee%20Final%20Report%20CPW.01.pdf
  102. Taylor RM, Fealy SM, Bisquera A, Smith R, Collins CE et al. 2017. Effects of nutritional interventions during pregnancy on infant and child cognitive outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 9:111265
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Thapa BR. 2005. Health factors in colostrum. Indian J. Pediatr. 72:7579–81
    [Google Scholar]
  104. UN Gen. Assem. Resolut. 70/1 2015. Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Sept. 25. UN Doc. A/RES/70/1. https://www.unfpa.org/resources/transforming-our-world-2030-agenda-sustainable-development
  105. Vermeersch C, Kremer M. 2005. School meals, educational achievement, and school competition: evidence from a randomized evaluation Policy Res. Work. Pap. 3523 World Bank Washington, DC: https://ideas.repec.org/p/wbk/wbrwps/3523.html
  106. Victora CG, de Onis M, Hallal PC, Blössner M, Shrimpton R 2010. Worldwide timing of growth faltering: revisiting implications for interventions. Pediatrics 125:e473–80
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Walfisch A, Sermer C, Cressman A, Koren G 2013. Breast milk and cognitive development—the role of confounders: a systematic review. BMJ Open 3:8e003259
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Walker SP, Chang SM, Powell CA, Grantham-McGregor SM 2005. Effects of early childhood psychosocial stimulation and nutritional supplementation on cognition and education in growth-stunted Jamaican children: prospective cohort study. Lancet 366:1804–7
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Walker SP, Chang SM, Vera-Hernández M, Grantham-McGregor SM 2011. Early childhood stimulation benefits adult competence and reduces violent behavior. Pediatrics 127:5849–57
    [Google Scholar]
  110. WHO (World Health Organ.) 2011. Exclusive breastfeeding for six months best for babies everywhere Statement, Jan. 15, WHO Geneva: https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2011/breastfeeding_20110115/en/
  111. WHO (World Health Organ.) 2016. WHO Recommendations on Antenatal Care for a Positive Pregnancy Experience Geneva: WHO https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/maternal_perinatal_health/anc-positive-pregnancy-experience/en/
  112. WHO (World Health Organ.) 2018. Global Nutrition Policy Review 2016–2017: Country Progress in Creating Enabling Policy Environments for Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition Geneva: WHO https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/policies/global_nut_policyreview_2016-2017/en/
  113. Yakoob MY, Theodoratou E, Jabeen A, Imdad A, Eisele TP et al. 2011. Preventive zinc supplementation in developing countries: impact on mortality and morbidity due to diarrhea, pneumonia and malaria. BMC Public Health 11:Suppl. 3S23
    [Google Scholar]
  114. Zhou SJ, Anderson AJ, Gibson RA, Makrides M 2013. Effect of iodine supplementation in pregnancy on child development and other clinical outcomes: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 98:51241–54
    [Google Scholar]
  115. Zimmermann MB. 2008. Iodine deficiency in pregnancy and the effects of maternal iodine supplementation on the offspring: a review. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 89:2668S–72S
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Zimmermann MB, Connolly K, Bozo M, Bridson J, Rohner F, Grimci L 2006. Iodine supplementation improves cognition in iodine-deficient schoolchildren in Albania: a randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 83:1108–14
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Zimmermann MB, Jooste PL, Pandav CS 2008. Iodine-deficiency disorders. Lancet 372:1251–62
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Zobel EH, Hansen TW, Rossing P, von Scholten BJ 2016. Global changes in food supply and the obesity epidemic. Curr. Obes. Rep. 5:4449–55
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-resource-110519-093256
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-resource-110519-093256
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error