1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Sociology
  4. Volume 44, 2018
  5. Article

Annual Review of Sociology

Volume 44, 2018

The Reversal of the Gender Gap in Education and Its Consequences for Family Life

Abstract

Although men tended to receive more education than women in the past, the gender gap in education has reversed in recent decades in most Western and many non-Western countries. We review the literature about the implications for union formation, assortative mating, the division of paid and unpaid work, and union stability in Western countries. The bulk of the evidence points to a narrowing of gender differences in mate preferences and declining aversion to female status-dominant relationships. Couples in which wives have more education than their husbands now outnumber those in which husbands have more. Although such marriages were more unstable in the past, existing studies indicate that this is no longer true. In addition, recent studies show less evidence of gender display in housework when wives have higher status than their husbands. Despite these shifts, other research documents the continuing influence of the breadwinner-homemaker model of marriage.

Keyword(s): assortative mating, divorce, education, family, gender, marriage
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-soc-073117-041215
2018-07-30
2024-04-18
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/soc/44/1/annurev-soc-073117-041215.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-soc-073117-041215&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Aassve A, Fuochi G, Mencarini L 2014. Desperate housework: relative resources, time availability, economic dependency, and gender ideology across Europe. J. Fam. Issues 35:81000–22
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Abramitzky R, Delavande A, Vasconcelos L 2011. Marrying up: the role of sex ratio in assortative matching. Am. Econ. J. Appl. Econ. 3:3124–57
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Akers DS 1967. On measuring the marriage squeeze. Demography 4:2907–24
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Altintas E, Sullivan O 2016. Fifty years of change updated: cross-national gender convergence in housework. Demogr. Res. 35:455–70
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Angrist J 2002. How do sex ratios affect marriage and labor? Evidence from America's second generation. Q. J. Econ. 117:3997–1038
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Anxo D, Mencarini L, Pailhé A, Solaz A, Tanturri ML, Flood L 2011. Gender differences in time use over the life course in France, Italy, Sweden, and the US. Fem. Econ. 17:3159–95
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Attané I 2006. The demographic impact of a female deficit in China, 2000–2050. Popul. Dev. Rev. 32:4755–70
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Autor DH, Dorn D, Hanson GH 2017. When work disappears: manufacturing decline and the falling marriage-market value of men NBER Work. Pap. 23173
  9. Bailey M, Binder A, Lam D 2017. Do husbands want to be shorter than their wives? The hazards of inferring preferences from marriage market outcomes Presented at Annu. Meet. Popul. Assoc. Am., Chicago, April 24–29
  10. Beck B 2011. Closing the gap. The Economist Nov. 26. http://www.economist.com/node/21539928
  11. Bertrand M, Cortes P, Olivetti C, Pan J 2016. Social norms, labor market opportunities, and the marriage market penalty for skilled women NBER Work. Pap. 22015
  12. Bertrand M, Kamenica E, Pan J 2015. Gender identity and relative income within households. Q. J. Econ. 130:2571–614
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Besen-Cassino Y, Cassino D 2014. Division of house chores and the curious case of cooking: the effects of earning inequality on house chores among dual-earner couples. AboutGender Int. J. Gend. Stud. 3:625–53
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Bianchi SM, Sayer LC, Milkie MA, Robinson JP 2012. Housework: Who did, does or will do it, and how much does it matter. Soc. Forces 91:155–63
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Birger J 2015. Date-Onomics: How Dating Became a Lopsided Numbers Game New York: Workman
  16. Bittman M, England P, Sayer L, Folbre N, Matheson G 2003. When does gender trump money? Bargaining and time in household work. Am. J. Sociol. 109:1186–214
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Blair-Loy M 2001. Cultural constructions of family schemas: the case of women finance executives. Gender Soc 15:5687–709
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Blossfeld H-P 2009. Educational assortative marriage in comparative perspective. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 35:513–30
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Brinton MC, Lee D-J 2016. Gender-role ideology, labor market institutions, and post-industrial fertility. Popul. Dev. Rev. 42:3405–33
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Buchmann C, DiPrete TA, McDaniel A 2008. Gender inequalities in education. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 34:319–337
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Budig MJ, Lim M 2016. Cohort differences and the marriage premium: emergence of gender-neutral household specialization effects. J. Marriage Fam. 78:51352–70
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Bursztyn L, Fujiwara T, Pallais A 2017. “Acting wife”: marriage market incentives and labor market investments NBER Work. Pap 23043
  23. Buss DM, Shackelford TK, Kirkpatrick LA, Larsen RJ 2001. A half century of mate preferences: the cultural evolution of values. J. Marriage Fam. 63:2491–503
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Carlson DL, Hanson S, Fitzroy A 2016.a The division of child care, sexual intimacy, and relationship quality in couples. Gend. Soc. 30:3442–66
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Carlson DL, Miller AJ, Sassler S, Hanson S 2016.b The gendered division of housework and couples’ sexual relationships: a reexaminiation. J. Marriage Fam. 78:4975–95
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Cha Y 2010. Reinforcing separate spheres: the effect of spousal overwork on men's and women's employment in dual-earner households. Am. Sociol. Rev. 75:2303–29
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Cha Y, Weeden KA 2014. Overwork and the slow convergence in the gender gap in wages. Am. Sociol. Rev. 79:3457–84
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Charles M, Bradley K 2002. Equal but separate? A cross-national study of sex segregation in higher education. Am. Sociol. Rev. 67:4573–99
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Chenevert R 2012. Changing levels of spousal education and labor force supply Work. Pap. SIPP-WP-263 U.S. Census Bur. Suitland, MD:
  30. Cherlin AJ 2016. A happy ending to a half-century of family change. Popul. Dev. Rev. 42:1121–29
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Chesley N 2011. Stay-at-home fathers and breadwinning mothers: gender, couple dynamics, and social change. Gend. Soc. 25:5642–64
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Chudnovskaya M, Kashyap R 2017. Is the end of educational hypergamy the end of hypergamy? Evidence from Sweden Work. Pap. 2017:25, Dep. Sociol., Univ. Stockholm
  33. Cooke LP 2006. “Doing gender” in context: household bargaining and the risk of divorce in Germany and the United States. Am. J. Sociol. 112:2442–72
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Cooke LP, Erola J, Evertsson M, Mencarini L, Mignot J 2013. Labor and love: wives’ employment and divorce risk in its socio-political context. Soc. Politics 20:4482–509
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Cotter D, Hermsen JM, Vanneman R 2011. The end of the gender revolution? Gender role attitudes from 1977 to 2008. Am. J. Sociol. 117:1259–89
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Crompton R, Lyonette C 2008. Who does the housework? The division of labour within the home. British Social Attitudes. The 24th Report A Park, J Curtice, K Thomson, M Philips, M Johnson 53–80 London: Sage
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Das Gupta M 2006. Cultural versus biological factors in explaining Asia's “Missing Women”: response to Oster. Popul. Dev. Rev. 32:2328–32
     [Google Scholar]
  38. De Hauw Y, André G, Van Bavel J 2017. The reversed gender gap in education and assortative mating in Europe. Eur. J. Popul. 33:4445–74
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Deutsch FM 2007. Undoing gender. Gend. Soc. 21:1106–27
     [Google Scholar]
  40. DiPrete TA, Buchmann C 2006. Gender-specific trends in the value of education and the emerging gender gap in college completion. Demography 43:11–24
     [Google Scholar]
  41. DiPrete TA, Buchmann C 2013. The Rise of Women. The Growing Gender Gap in Education and What It Means for American Schools New York: Russell Sage Found.
  42. Dotti Sani GM 2015. Within-couple inequality in earnings and the relative motherhood penalty. A cross-national study of European countries. Eur. Sociol. Rev. 31:6667–82
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Dribe M, Nystedt P 2013. Educational homogamy and gender-specific earnings: Sweden, 1990–2009. Demography 50:41197–1216
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Dribe M, Nystedt P 2017. Age homogamy, gender, and earnings: Sweden 1990–2009. Soc. Forces 96:1239–64
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Dykstra PA, Poortman A-R 2010. Economic resources and remaining single: trends over time. Eur. Sociol. Rev. 26:3277–90
     [Google Scholar]
  46. England P 2010. The gender revolution: uneven and stalled. Gend. Soc. 24:2149–66
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Esteve A, Cortina C, Cabré A 2009. Long term trends in marital age homogamy patterns: Spain, 1922–2006. Population 64:1173–202
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Esteve A, García-Román J, Permanyer I 2012. The gender-gap reversal in education and its effect on union formation: the end of hypergamy. Popul. Dev. Rev. 38:3535–46
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Esteve A, Schwartz CR, Van Bavel J, Permanyer I, Klesment M, Garcia J 2016. The end of hypergamy: global trends and implications. Popul. Dev. Rev. 42:4615–25
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Fernández R, Fogli A, Olivetti C, Fernandez R, Bandiera O et al. 2004. Mothers and sons: preference formation and female labor force dynamics. Q. J. Econ. 119:41249–99
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Fisman R, Iyengar SS, Kamenica E, Simonson I 2006. Gender differences in mate selection: evidence from a speed dating experiment. Q. J. Econ. 121:2673–97
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Fossett MA, Kiecolt KJ 1991. A methodological review of the sex ratio: alternatives for comparative research. J. Marriage Fam. 53:4941–57
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Frisco ML, Williams K 2003. Perceived housework equity, marital happiness, and divorce in dual-earner households. J. Fam. Issues 24:151–73
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Fry R 2010. The Reversal of the College Marriage Gap Washington, DC: Pew Res. Cent.
  55. Gerson K 2011. The Unfinished Revolution: Coming of Age in a New Era of Gender, Work, and Family Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
  56. Glick PC, Heer DM, Beresford JC 1963. Family formation and family composition: trends and prospects. Sourcebook in Marriage and the Family MB Sussman 30–40 New York: Houghton Mifflin
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Goldin C, Kerr SP, Olivetti C, Barth E 2017. The expanding gender earnings gap: evidence from the LEHD-2000 census. Am. Econ. Rev. 107:5110–14
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Goldscheider F, Bernhardt E, Lappegård T 2015. The gender revolution: a framework for understanding changing family and demographic behavior. Popul. Dev. Rev. 41:2207–39
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Goldstein JR, Kenney CT 2001. Marriage delayed or marriage forgone? New cohort forecasts of first marriage for U.S. women. Am. Sociol. Rev. 66:4506–19
     [Google Scholar]
  60. Goode WJ 1963. World Revolution and Family Patterns New York: Free Press
  61. Grossbard SA 2015. The Marriage Motive: A Price Theory of Marriage. How Marriage Markets Affect Employment, Consumption, and Savings New York: Springer
  62. Grossbard SA 2016. Marriage and marriage markets IZA Discuss. Pap. 10312 IZA Inst. Study Labor Bonn, Ger.:
  63. Grow A, Schnor C, Van Bavel J 2017. The reversal of the gender gap in education and relative divorce risks: a matter of alternatives. Popul. Stud. 71:Suppl. 1S15–34
     [Google Scholar]
  64. Grow A, Van Bavel J 2015. Assortative mating and the reversal of gender inequality in education in Europe: an agent-based model. PLOS ONE 10:6e0127806
     [Google Scholar]
  65. Grow A, Van Bavel J 2017. The income cliff in households? Insights from agent-based computational modelling Presented at Conf. Eur. Sociol. Assoc. , , 13th., Athens, Greece:
  66. Gupta S 2007. Autonomy, dependence, or display? The relationship between married women's earnings and housework. J. Marriage Fam. 69:2399–417
     [Google Scholar]
  67. Guttentag M, Secord PF 1983. Too Many Women? The Sex Ratio Question Beverly Hills, CA: Sage
  68. Hajnal J 1953. Age at marriage and proportions marrying. Popul. Stud. 7:2111–36
     [Google Scholar]
  69. Harknett K 2008. Mate availability and unmarried parent relationships. Demography 45:3555–71
     [Google Scholar]
  70. Härkönen J, Dronkers J 2006. Stability and change in the educational gradient of divorce. A comparison of seventeen countries. Eur. Sociol. Rev. 22:5501–17
     [Google Scholar]
  71. Hiekel N, Liefbroer AC, Poortman A-R 2014. Understanding diversity in the meaning of cohabitation across Europe. Eur. J. Popul. 30:4391–410
     [Google Scholar]
  72. Hitsch GJ, Hortaçsu A, Ariely D 2010. Matching and sorting in online dating. Am. Econ. Rev. 100:1130–63
     [Google Scholar]
  73. Jalovaara M 2012. Socio-economic resources and first-union formation in Finland, cohorts born 1969–81. Popul. Stud. 66:169–85
     [Google Scholar]
  74. Jones GW 2012. International marriage in Asia: What do we know, and what do we need to know. Cross-Border Marriage: Global Trends and Diversity D-S Kim 13–49 Seoul: Korea Inst. Health Soc. Aff.
     [Google Scholar]
  75. Kalmijn M 1998. Intermarriage and homogamy: causes, patterns, trends. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 24:395–421
     [Google Scholar]
  76. Kan M-Y 2008.a Does gender trump money? Housework hours of husbands and wives in Britain. Work Employ. Soc. 22:145–66
     [Google Scholar]
  77. Kan M-Y 2008.b Measuring housework participation: the gap between “stylised” questionnaire estimates and diary-based estimates. Soc. Indic. Res. 86:3381–400
     [Google Scholar]
  78. Kan M-Y, Sullivan O, Gershuny J 2011. Gender convergence in domestic work: discerning the effects of interactional and institutional barriers from large-scale data. Sociology 45:2234–51
     [Google Scholar]
  79. Kashyap R, Esteve A, García-Román J 2015. Potential (mis)match? Marriage markets amidst sociodemographic change in India, 2005–2050. Demography 52:1183–208
     [Google Scholar]
  80. Keels M, Harris K 2014. Intercultural dating at predominantly White universities in the United States: the maintenance and crossing of group borders. Societies 4:3363–79
     [Google Scholar]
  81. Killewald A 2016. Money, work, and marital stability: assessing change in the gendered determinants of divorce. Am. Sociol. Rev. 81:4696–719
     [Google Scholar]
  82. Kim DS 2015. International Marriage of Koreans and Adaptation of Foreign Spouses Seoul: Jipmoondang
  83. Klesment M, Van Bavel J 2017. The reversal of the gender gap in education, motherhood, and women as main earners in Europe. Eur. Sociol. Rev. 33:465–81
     [Google Scholar]
  84. Kolk M 2015. Age differences in unions: continuity and divergence among Swedish couples between 1932 and 2007. Eur. J. Popul. 31:4365–82
     [Google Scholar]
  85. Kornrich S, Brines J, Leupp K 2013. Egalitarianism, housework, and sexual frequency in marriage. Am. Sociol. Rev. 78:126–50
     [Google Scholar]
  86. Koslowski AS 2011. Working fathers in Europe: earning and caring. Eur. Sociol. Rev. 27:2230–45
     [Google Scholar]
  87. Lachance-Grzela M, Bouchard G 2010. Why do women do the lion's share of housework? A decade of research. Sex Roles 63:11767–80
     [Google Scholar]
  88. Larsen MF, McCarthy TJ, Moulton JG, Page ME, Patel AJ 2015. War and marriage: assortative mating and the World War II GI Bill. Demography 52:51431–61
     [Google Scholar]
  89. Lepinteur A, Fleche S, Powdthavee N 2016. My baby takes the morning train: gender identity, fairness, and relative labor supply within households Discuss. Pap. 10382 IZA Inst. Labor Econ. Bonn, Ger.:
  90. Levanon A, Grusky DB 2016. The persistence of extreme gender segregation in the twenty-first century. Am. J. Sociol. 122:2573–619
     [Google Scholar]
  91. Lichter DT, LeClere FB, McLaughlin DK 1992. Local marriage markets and the marital behavior of black and white women. Am. J. Sociol. 96:4843–67
     [Google Scholar]
  92. Lundberg S, Pollak RA, Stearns J 2016. Family inequality: diverging patterns in marriage, cohabitation, and childbearing. J. Econ. Perspect. 30:279–102
     [Google Scholar]
  93. Lyonette C, Crompton R 2015. Sharing the load? Partners’ relative earnings and the division of domestic labour. Work Employ. Soc. 29:123–40
     [Google Scholar]
  94. McClintock EA 2017. Occupational sex composition and gendered housework performance: compensation or conventionality. J. Marriage Fam. 79:2475–510
     [Google Scholar]
  95. McDaniel A, DiPrete TA, Buchmann C, Shwed U 2011. The black gender gap in educational attainment: historical trends and racial comparisons. Demography 48:3889–914
     [Google Scholar]
  96. Moore F, Cassidy C, Perrett DI 2010. The effects of control of resources on magnitudes of sex differences in human mate preferences. Evol. Psychol. 8:4720–35
     [Google Scholar]
  97. Mundy L 2012. The Richer Sex: How the New Majority of Female Breadwinners Is Transforming Our Culture New York: Simon & Schuster
  98. Munsch CL 2015. Her support, his support: money, masculinity, and marital infidelity. Am. Sociol. Rev. 80:3469–95
     [Google Scholar]
  99. Ono H 2003. Women's economic standing, marriage timing, and cross-national contexts of gender. J. Marriage Fam. 65:2275–86
     [Google Scholar]
  100. Oppenheimer VK 1988. A theory of marriage timing. Am. J. Sociol. 94:3563–591
     [Google Scholar]
  101. Oppenheimer VK 1994. Women's rising employment and the future of the family in industrial societies. Popul. Dev. Rev. 20:2293–342
     [Google Scholar]
  102. Oppenheimer VK 1997. Women's employment and the gain to marriage: the specialization and trading model. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 23:431–53
     [Google Scholar]
  103. Pedulla DS, Thébaud S 2015. Can we finish the revolution? Gender, work-family ideals, and institutional constraint. Am. Sociol. Rev. 80:1116–39
     [Google Scholar]
  104. Perelli-Harris B, Lyons-Amos M 2016. Partnership patterns in the United States and across Europe: the role of education and country context. Soc. Forces 95:1251–82
     [Google Scholar]
  105. Pessin L 2017. Changing gender norms and marriage dynamics in the United States. J. Marriage Fam. 80:125–41
     [Google Scholar]
  106. Pierce L, Dahl MS, Nielsen J 2013. In sickness and in wealth: psychological and sexual costs of income comparison in marriage. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 39:3359–74
     [Google Scholar]
  107. Poortman A-R, Kalmijn M 2002. Women's labour market position and divorce in the Netherlands: evaluating economic interpretations of the work effect. Eur. J. Popul. 18:2175–202
     [Google Scholar]
  108. Press JE 2004. Cute butts and housework: a gynocentric theory of assortative mating. J. Marriage Fam. 66:41029–33
     [Google Scholar]
  109. Qian Y 2017. Gender asymmetry in educational and income assortative marriage. J. Marriage Fam. 79:2318–36
     [Google Scholar]
  110. Raley S, Bianchi SM, Wang W 2012. When do fathers care? Mothers’ economic contribution and fathers’ involvement in child care. Am. J. Sociol. 117:51422–59
     [Google Scholar]
  111. Raley SB, Mattingly MJ, Bianchi SM 2006. How dual are dual-income couples? Documenting change from 1970 to 2001. J. Marriage Fam. 68:111–28
     [Google Scholar]
  112. Ratliff KA, Oishi S 2013. Gender differences in implicit self-esteem following a romantic partner's success or failure. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 105:4688–702
     [Google Scholar]
  113. Ridgeway CL 2011. Framed by Gender: How Gender Inequality Persists in the Modern World Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
  114. Ridgeway CL, Correll SJ 2004. Unpacking the gender system: a theoretical perspective on gender beliefs and social relations. Gend. Soc. 18:4510–31
     [Google Scholar]
  115. Risman BJ 2009. From doing to undoing: gender as we know it. Gend. Soc. 23:181–84
     [Google Scholar]
  116. Rosin H 2012. The End of Men: And the Rise of Women New York: Penguin
  117. Ruggles S 2015. Patriarchy, power, and pay: the transformation of American families, 1800–2015. Demography 52:61797–823
     [Google Scholar]
  118. Ruppanner L, Bernhardt E, Brandén M 2017. Division of housework and his and her view of housework fairness: a typology of Swedish couples. Demogr. Res. 36:501–24
     [Google Scholar]
  119. Ruppanner L, Brandén M, Turunen J 2018. Does unequal housework lead to divorce? Evidence from Sweden. Sociology 52:175–94
     [Google Scholar]
  120. Sayer LC, England P, Allison PD, Kangas N 2011. She left, he left: how employment and satisfaction affect women's and men's decisions to leave marriages. Am. J. Sociol. 116:61982–2018
     [Google Scholar]
  121. Schmitt DP 2012. When the difference is in the details: a critique of Zentner and Mitura 2012 “Stepping out of the caveman's shadow: nations' gender gap predicts degree of sex differentiation in mate preferences. Evol. Psychol. 10:4720–26
     [Google Scholar]
  122. Schneider D 2012. Gender deviance and household work: the role of occupation. Am. J. Sociol. 117:41029–72
     [Google Scholar]
  123. Schoen R 1983. Measuring the tightness of a marriage squeeze. Demography 20:161–78
     [Google Scholar]
  124. Schofer E, Meyer JW 2005. The worldwide expansion of higher education in the twentieth century. Am. Sociol. Rev. 70:6898–920
     [Google Scholar]
  125. Schwartz CR 2013. Trends and variation in assortative mating: causes and consequences. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 39:451–70
     [Google Scholar]
  126. Schwartz CR, Gonalons-Pons P 2016. Trends in relative earnings and marital dissolution: Are wives who outearn their husbands still more likely to divorce. RSF Russell Sage Found. J. Soc. Sci. 2:4218–36
     [Google Scholar]
  127. Schwartz CR, Han H 2014. The reversal of the gender gap in education and trends in marital dissolution. Am. Sociol. Rev. 79:4605–29
     [Google Scholar]
  128. Schwartz CR, Mare RD 2005. Trends in educational assortative marriage from 1940 to 2003. Demography 42:4621–46
     [Google Scholar]
  129. Sen A 1992. Missing women. Social inequality outweighs women's survival advantage in Asia and north Africa. Br. Med. J. 304:587–88
     [Google Scholar]
  130. Sigle-Rushton W 2010. Men's unpaid work and divorce: reassessing specialization and trade in British families. Fem. Econ. 16:21–26
     [Google Scholar]
  131. Steiber N, Berghammer C, Haas B 2016. Contextualizing the education effect on women's employment: a cross-national comparative analysis. J. Marriage Fam. 78:1246–61
     [Google Scholar]
  132. Stewart-Williams S, Thomas AG 2013. The ape that thought it was a peacock: Does evolutionary psychology exaggerate human sex differences. Psychol. Inq. 24:3137–68
     [Google Scholar]
  133. Sullivan O 2011. An end to gender display through the performance of housework? A review and reassessment of the quantitative literature using insights from the qualitative literature. J. Fam. Theory Rev. 3:11–13
     [Google Scholar]
  134. Sweeney MM 2002. Two decades of family change: the shifting economic foundations of marriage. Am. Sociol. Rev. 67:1132–47
     [Google Scholar]
  135. Sweeney MM, Cancian M 2004. The changing importance of white women's economic prospects for assortative mating. J. Marriage Fam. 66:41015–28
     [Google Scholar]
  136. Teachman J 2010. Wives’ economic resources and risk of divorce. J. Fam. Issues 31:101305–23
     [Google Scholar]
  137. Theunis L, Schnor C, Willaert D, Van Bavel J 2018. His and her education and marital dissolution: adding a contextual dimension. Eur. J. Popul. In press. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-017-9448-y
    [Crossref]
  138. Thornton A, Young-DeMarco L 2001. Four decades of trends in attitudes toward family issues in the United States: the 1960s through the 1990s. J. Marriage Fam. 63:41009–37
     [Google Scholar]
  139. Tichenor V 2005. Maintaining men's dominance: negotiating identity and power when she earns more. Sex Roles 53:3–4191–205
     [Google Scholar]
  140. Tinsley CH, Howell TM, Amanatullah ET 2015. Who should bring home the bacon? How deterministic views of gender constrain spousal wage preferences. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 126:37–48
     [Google Scholar]
  141. Torr BM 2011. The changing relationship between education and marriage in the United States, 1940–2000. J. Fam. Hist. 36:4483–503
     [Google Scholar]
  142. Townsend N 2010. Package Deal: Marriage, Work and Fatherhood in Men's Lives Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press
  143. Tzeng JM, Mare RD 1995. Labor market and socioeconomic effects on marital stability. Soc. Sci. Res. 24:4329–51
     [Google Scholar]
  144. Van Bavel J 2010. Choice of study discipline and the postponement of motherhood in Europe: the impact of expected earnings, gender composition, and family attitudes. Demography 47:2439–58
     [Google Scholar]
  145. Van Bavel J 2012. The reversal of gender inequality in education, union formation, and fertility in Europe. Vienna Yearb. Popul. Res. 10:127–54
     [Google Scholar]
  146. Van Bavel J, Klesment M 2017. Educational pairings, motherhood, and women's relative earnings in Europe. Demography 54:62331–49
     [Google Scholar]
  147. Vitali A, Arpino B 2016. Who brings home the bacon? The influence of context on partners’ contributions to the household income. Demogr. Res. 35:1213–44
     [Google Scholar]
  148. Wang W, Parker K, Taylor P 2013. Breadwinner Moms Washington, DC: Pew Res. Cent.
  149. West C, Zimmerman DH 1987. Doing gender. Gend. Soc. 1:2125–51
     [Google Scholar]
  150. Whitehead BD 2002. Why There Are No Good Men Left: The Romantic Plight of the New Single Woman New York: Broadway Books
  151. Willinger B 1993. Resistance and change: college men's attitudes toward family and work in the 1980s. Men, Work, and Family JC Hood 108–30 Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
     [Google Scholar]
  152. Xie Y, Cheng S, Zhou X 2015. Assortative mating without assortative preference. PNAS 112:195974–78
     [Google Scholar]
  153. Yavorsky JE, Kamp Dush CM, Schoppe-Sullivan SJ 2015. The production of inequality: the gender division of labor across the transition to parenthood. J. Marriage Fam. 77:3662–79
     [Google Scholar]
  154. Weiss Y, Willis RJ 1997. Match quality, new information, and marital dissolution. J. Labor Econ. 15:1S293–329
     [Google Scholar]
  155. Winkler AE, McBride TD, Andrews C 2005. Wives who outearn their husbands: a transitory or persistent phenomenon for couples. Demography 42:3523–35
     [Google Scholar]
  156. Zentner M, Eagly AH 2015. A sociocultural framework for understanding partner preferences of women and men: integration of concepts and evidence. Eur. Rev. Soc. Psychol. 26:1328–73
     [Google Scholar]
  157. Zentner M, Mitura K 2012. Stepping out of the caveman's shadow: Nations' gender gap predicts degree of sex differentiation in mate preferences. Psychol. Sci. 23:101176–85
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-soc-073117-041215
Loading
  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error