1932

Abstract

The US Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2018. Initially designed to assess the nation's progress in combatting poverty, PSID's scope broadened quickly to a variety of topics and fields of inquiry. To date, sociologists are the second-most frequent users of PSID data after economists. Here, we describe the ways in which PSID's history reflects shifts in social science scholarship and funding priorities over half a century; take stock of the most important sociological breakthroughs it facilitated, in particular those relying on the longitudinal structure of the data; and critically assess the unique advantages and limitations of PSID and surveys like it for today's sociological scholarship.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-soc-121919-054821
2020-07-30
2024-03-28
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/soc/46/1/annurev-soc-121919-054821.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-soc-121919-054821&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Alwin DF. 2007. Margins of Error: A Study of Reliability in Survey Measurement New York: Wiley
  2. Bailey MJ, Duquette NJ. 2014. How Johnson fought the War on Poverty: the economics and politics of funding at the Office of Economic Opportunity. J. Econ. Hist. 74:2351–88
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Benton RA, Keister LA. 2017. The lasting effect of intergenerational wealth transfers: human capital, family formation, and wealth. Soc. Sci. Res. 68:1–14
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Blau PM, Duncan OD. 1967. The American Occupational Structure New York: Free
  5. Bloome D. 2014. Racial inequality trends and the intergenerational persistence of income and family structure. Am. Sociol. Rev. 79:61196–225
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Bloome D. 2015. Income inequality and intergenerational income mobility in the United States. Soc. Forces 93:31047–80
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Brines J. 1994. Economic dependency, gender, and the division of labor at home. Am. J. Sociol. 100:3652–88
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Brooks-Gunn J, Duncan GJ, Klebanov PK, Sealand N 1993. Do neighborhoods influence child and adolescent development. Am. J. Sociol. 99:2353–95
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Brown C. 1996. Notes on the “SEO” or “census” component of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics Tech. Ser. Pap. 96–03, Inst. Soc. Res., Univ. Mich Ann Arbor:
  10. Brown C, Duncan GJ, Stafford FP 1996. Data watch: the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. J. Econ. Perspect. 10:2155–68
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Browne I. 2000. Opportunities lost? Race, industrial restructuring, and employment among young women heading households. Soc. Forces 78:3907–29
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Bruch EE. 2014. How population structure shapes neighborhood segregation. Am. J. Sociol. 119:51221–78
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Cancio AS, Evans TD, Maume DJ Jr 1996. Reconsidering the declining significance of race: racial differences in early career wages. Am. Sociol. Rev. 61:August541–56
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Carolan BV, Wasserman SJ. 2015. Does parenting style matter? Concerted cultivation, educational expectations, and the transmission of educational advantage. Sociol. Perspect. 58:2168–86
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Carr D, Cornman JC, Freedman VA 2019. Do family relationships buffer the impact of disability on older adults’ daily mood? An exploration of gender and marital status differences. J. Marriage Fam. 81:729–46
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Chetty R, Hendren N, Kline P, Saez E 2014a. Where is the land of opportunity? The geography of intergenerational mobility in the United States. Q. J. Econ. 129:41553–623
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Chetty R, Hendren N, Kline P, Saez E, Turner N 2014b. Is the United States still a land of opportunity? Recent trends in intergenerational mobility. Am. Econ. Rev. 104:5141–47
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Chiteji NS. 2010. Wealth in the extended family: an American dilemma. Du Bois Rev 7:2357–79
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Conley D. 2001a. A room of one's own or a room with a view? Housing and educational stratification. Sociol. Forum. 16:2263–80
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Conley D. 2001b. Capital for college: parental assets and postsecondary schooling. Sociol. Educ. 74:159–72
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Conley D. 2001c. Decomposing the black-white wealth gap: the role of parental resources, inheritance, and investment dynamics. Sociol. Inq. 71:139–66
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Conley D. 2006. Being black, living in the red: wealth matters. The Race, Class, and Gender in the United States PS Rothenberg 350–57 New York: Macmillan
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Corak M. 2013. Income inequality, equality of opportunity, and intergenerational mobility. J. Econ. Perspect. 27:379–102
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Corcoran M. 1980. Sex differences in measurement error in status attainment. Five Thousand American Families: Patterns of Economic Progress 8 GJ Duncan, JN Morgan 241–76 Ann Arbor, MI: Inst. Soc. Res., Univ. Mich.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Corcoran M. 1995. Rags to rags: poverty and mobility in the United States. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 21:237–67
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Corcoran M, Adams T. 1995. Family and neighborhood welfare dependency and son's labor supply. J. Fam. Econ. Issues. 16:239–64
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Cotter DA, Hermsen JM, Ovadia S, Vanneman R 2001. The glass ceiling effect. Soc. Forces 80:2655–81
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Couper MP, McGonagle K. 2019. Recent developments in web-based data collection for longitudinal studies PSID Tech. Ser. Pap. 19–03, Inst. Soc. Res., Univ. Mich Ann Arbor:
  29. Cross CJ. 2018. Extended family households among children in the United States: differences by race/ethnicity and socio-economic status. Popul. Stud. 72:2235–51
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Crowder K, Hall M, Tolnay SE 2011. Neighborhood immigration and native out-migration. Am. Sociol. Rev. 76:125–47
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Crowder K, Pais J, South SJ 2012. Neighborhood diversity, metropolitan constraints, and household migration. Am. Sociol. Rev. 77:3325–44
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Crowder KD. 2001. Racial stratification in the actuation of mobility expectations: microlevel impacts of racially restrictive housing markets. Soc. Forces 79:41377–96
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Crowder KD, Downey L. 2010. Inter-neighborhood migration, race, and environmental hazards: modeling micro-level processes of environmental inequality. Am. J. Sociol. 115:41110–49
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Crowder KD, South SJ. 2003. Neighborhood distress and school dropout: the variable significance of community context. Soc. Sci. Res. 32:4659–98
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Crowder KD, South SJ, Chavez E 2006. Wealth, race, and inter-neighborhood migration. Am. Sociol. Rev. 71:172–94
    [Google Scholar]
  36. DeLeire T, Kalil A. 2005. How do cohabiting couples with children spend their money. J. Marriage Fam. 67:2286–95
    [Google Scholar]
  37. DiPrete T. 1981. Unemployment over the life cycle: racial differences and the effect of changing economic conditions. Am. J. Sociol. 87:2286–307
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Duncan GJ. 2002. The PSID and me. Landmark Studies of the 20th Century in the US E Phelps, FF Furstenberg Jr., A Colby 133–66 New York: Russell Sage
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Duncan GJ, Hofferth SL, Stafford FP 2004. Evolution and change in family income, wealth and health: the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 1968–2000 and beyond. A Telescope on Society: Survey Research and Social Science at the University of Michigan and Beyond JS House, FT Juster, RL Kahn, H Schuman, E Singer 156–94 Ann Arbor: Univ. Mich. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Duncan GJ, Hoffman S. 1985a. A reconsideration of the economic consequences of marital dissolution. Demography 22:4485–97
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Duncan GJ, Hoffman S. 1985b. Economic consequences of marital instability. Horizontal Equity, Uncertainty, and Economic Well-Being M David, T Smeeding 427–70 Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Duncan GJ, Rodgers W. 1988. Longitudinal aspects of childhood poverty. J. Marriage Fam. 50:41007–21
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Duncan GJ, Yeung W-JJ, Brooks-Gunn J, Smith J 1998. How much does childhood poverty affect the life chances of children. Am. Sociol. Rev. 63:3406–23
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Duncan OD. 1966. Methodological issues in the analysis of social mobility. Social Structure and Mobility and Economic Development NJ Smelser, SM Lipset 52–97 Chicago: Aldine
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Erola J, Kilpi-Jakonen E, Prix I, Lehti H 2018. Resource compensation from the extended family: grandparents, aunts, and uncles in Finland and the United States. Eur. Sociol. Rev. 34:4348–64
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Espenshade TJ. 1979. The economic consequences of divorce. J. Marriage Fam. 41:3615–25
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Evertsson M, Nermo M. 2004. Dependence within families and the division of labor: comparing Sweden and the United States. J. Marriage Fam. 66:51272–86
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Farkas G. 1976. Education, wage rates, and the division of labor between husband and wife. J. Marriage Fam. 38:3473–84
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Fitzgerald J, Gottschalk P, Moffitt R 1998. An analysis of the impact of sample attrition on the second generation of respondents in the Michigan Panel Study of Income Dynamics. J. Hum. Resour. 33:2300–344
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Fomby P, Cross CJ. 2018. Parents who left college and children's postsecondary educational attainment. Sociol. Forum. 33:4923–49
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Fomby P, Krueger PM, Wagner NM 2014. Age at childbearing over two generations and grandchildren's cognitive achievement. Res. Soc. Stratif. Mobil. 35:71–88
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Fomby P, Musick K. 2018. Mothers’ time, the parenting package, and links to healthy child development. J. Marriage Fam. 80:1166–81
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Ford KS, Thompson J. 2016. Inherited prestige: intergenerational access to selective universities in the United States. Res. Soc. Stratif. Mobil. 46:86–98
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Freedman VA. 2017. The Panel Study of Income Dynamics’ Well Being and Daily Life Supplement (PSID-WB) User Guide: Final Release1 Ann Arbor, MI: Inst. Soc. Res., Univ. Mich.
  55. Freedman VA, Cornman JC. 2015. The Panel Study of Income Dynamics: Second Supplement on Disability and Use of Time (DUST 2013). User Guide: Release 2015.3. Ann Arbor, MI: Inst. Soc. Res., Univ. Mich.
  56. Friedman EM, Park SS, Wiemers EE 2015. New estimates of the sandwich generation in the 2013 Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Gerontologist 57:2191–96
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Ganzeboom HBG, Treiman DJ, Ultee WC 1991. Comparative intergenerational stratification research: three generations and beyond. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 17:277–302
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Goyette K, Iceland J, Weininger E 2014. Moving for the kids: examining the influence of children on white residential segregation. City Community 13:2158–78
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Greenberg DH. 2003. Social Experimentation and Public Policymaking Washington, DC: Urban Inst.
  60. Groves RM. 2011. Three eras of survey research. Public Opin. Q. 75:5861–71
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Grusky DB, Smeeding TM, Snipp CM 2015. A new infrastructure for monitoring social mobility in the United States. Ann. Am. Acad. Political Soc. Sci. 657:163–82
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Hall M, Crowder K. 2011. Extended-family resources and racial inequality in the transition to homeownership. Soc. Sci. Res. 40:61534–46
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Harding D. 2003. Counterfactual models of neighborhood effects: the effect of neighborhood poverty on high school dropout and teenage pregnancy. Am. J. Sociol. 109:3676–719
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Harris DR. 1999. “Property values drop when blacks move in, because…”: racial and socioeconomic determinants of neighborhood desirability. Am. Sociol. Rev. 64:3461–79
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Harris KM. 1993. Work and welfare among single mothers in poverty. Am. J. Sociol. 99:2317–52
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Heckert DA, Nowak TC, Snyder KA 1998. The impact of husbands’ and wives’ relative earnings on marital disruption. J. Marriage Fam. 60:3690–703
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Hertel FR, Groh-Samberg O. 2014. Class mobility across three generations in the U.S. and Germany. Res. Soc. Stratif. Mobil. 35:35–52
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Hertel FR, Pfeffer FT. 2020. The land of opportunity? Trends in social mobility and education in the United States. Education and Intergenerational Social Mobility in Europe and the United States R Breen, W Müller 29–68 Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Hill MS 1992. The Panel Study of Income Dynamics: A User's Guide to Major Social Science Data Bases 2 Newbury Park, CA: Sage
  70. Hill MS, Duncan GJ. 1987. Parental family income and the socioeconomic attainment of children. Soc. Sci. Res. 16:139–73
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Hirschl TA, Rank MR. 2010. Homeownership across the American life course: estimating the racial divide. Race Soc. Probl. 2:3–4125–36
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Hofferth SL. 1984. Kin networks, race and family structure. J. Marriage Fam. 46:4791–806
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Hofferth SL, Anderson KG. 2003. Are all dads equal? Biology versus marriage as a basis for paternal investment. J. Marriage Fam. 65:1213–32
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Hofferth SL, Boisjoly J, Duncan GJ 1998. Parents’ extrafamilial resources and children's school attainment. Sociol. Educ. 71:3246–68
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Hofferth SL, Boisjoly J, Duncan GJ 1999. The development of social capital. Ration. Soc. 11:179–110
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Hofferth SL, Stanhope S, Mullan Harris K 2005. Remaining off welfare in the 1990s: the influence of public policy and economic conditions. Soc. Sci. Res. 34:2426–53
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Hofferth SL, Stanhope S, Mullan Harris K 2002. Exiting welfare in the 1990s: Did public policy influence recipients’ behavior?. Popul. Res. Policy Rev. 21:5433–72
    [Google Scholar]
  78. House JS, Juster FT, Kahn RL 2004. A Telescope on Society: Survey Research & Social Science at the University of Michigan & Beyond Ann Arbor, MI: Univ. Mich. Press
  79. Hsin A. 2009. Parent's time with children: Does time matter for children's cognitive achievement. Soc. Indic. Res. 93:1123–26
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Hunter LM, Boardman JD, Saint Onge JM 2005. The association between natural amenities, rural population growth, and long-term residents’ economic well-being. Rural Sociol 70:4452–70
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Jackson MI, Mare RD. 2007. Cross-sectional and longitudinal measurements of neighborhood experience and their effects on children. Soc. Sci. Res. 36:2590–610
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Johnson DS, McGonagle KA, Freedman VA, Sastry N 2018. Longitudinal research on social dynamics: the PSID at 50 years. Ann. Am. Acad. Political Soc. Sci. 680:11–259
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Killewald A. 2013. Return to being black, living in the red: a race gap in wealth that goes beyond social origins. Demography 50:41177–95
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Killewald A. 2016. Money, work, and marital stability: assessing change in the gendered determinants of divorce. Am. Sociol. Rev. 81:4696–719
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Kravitz-Wirtz N, Crowder K, Hajat A, Sass V 2016. The long-term dynamics of racial/ethnic inequality in neighborhood air pollution exposure, 1990–2009. Bois Rev. Soc. Sci. Res. Race. 13:2237–59
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Lareau A, Weininger E. 2008. Time, work, and family life: reconceptualizing gendered time patterns through the case of children's organized activities. Sociol. Forum. 23:3419–54
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Lichter DT, Parisi D, Taquino MC 2017. Together but apart: Do US whites live in racially diverse cities and neighborhoods. Popul. Dev. Rev. 43:2229–55
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Lopoo LM, DeLeire T. 2014. Family structure and the economic wellbeing of children in youth and adulthood. Soc. Sci. Res. 43:30–44
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Maralani V. 2013. The demography of social mobility: black-white differences in the process of educational reproduction. Am. J. Sociol. 118:61509–58
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Mare RD. 2011. A multigenerational view of inequality. Demography 48:11–23
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Martin IW, Beck K. 2015. Property tax limitation and racial inequality in effective tax rates. Crit. Sociol. 43:2221–36
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Martin MA. 2003. The role of family income in the intergenerational association of AFDC receipt. J. Marriage Fam. 65:2326
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Massey DS, Gross AB, Shibuya K 1994. Migration, segregation, and the geographic concentration of poverty. Am. Sociol. Rev. 59:3425–45
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Massey DS, Shibuya K. 1995. Unraveling the tangle of pathology: the effect of spatially concentrated joblessness on the well-being of African Americans. Soc. Sci. Res. 24:4352–66
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Maume DJ Jr 1999. Glass ceilings and glass escalators: occupational segregation and race and sex differences in managerial promotions. Work Occup 26:4483–509
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Maume DJ Jr 2004a. Wage discrimination over the life course: a comparison of explanations. Soc. Probl. 51:4505–27
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Maume DJ Jr 2004b. Is the glass ceiling a unique form of inequality. Work Occup 31:2250–74
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Maume DJ Jr 1985. Government participation in the local economy and race- and sex-based earnings inequality. Soc. Probl. 32:3285–99
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Mazumder B. 2016. Estimating the intergenerational elasticity and rank association in the United States: overcoming the current limitations of tax data. Inequality: Causes and Consequences L Cappellari, S Polachek, K Tatsiramos 83–129 Bingley, UK: Emerald
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Mazumder B. 2018. Intergenerational mobility in the United States: what we have learned from the PSID. Ann. Am. Acad. Political Soc. Sci. 680:1213–34
    [Google Scholar]
  101. McBrier DB, Wilson G. 2004. Going down? Race and downward occupational mobility for white-collar workers in the 1990s. Work Occup 31:3283–322
    [Google Scholar]
  102. McGonagle KA, Sastry N. 2015. Cohort profile: the Panel Study of Income Dynamics’ Child Development Supplement and Transition into Adulthood Study. Int. J. Epidemiol. 44:2415–22
    [Google Scholar]
  103. McGonagle KA, Sastry N. 2016. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to analyze housing decisions, dynamics, and effects. Cityscape J. Policy Dev. Res. 18:1226–40
    [Google Scholar]
  104. McGonagle KA, Schoeni RF, Sastry N, Freedman VA 2012. The Panel Study of Income Dynamics: overview, recent innovations, and potential for life course research. Longitud. Life Course Stud. 3:2268–84
    [Google Scholar]
  105. McLanahan S. 1983. Family structure and stress: a longitudinal comparison of male and female-headed families. J. Marriage Fam. 45:2347–57
    [Google Scholar]
  106. McLanahan S. 1985. Family structure and the reproduction of poverty. Am. J. Sociol. 90:4873–901
    [Google Scholar]
  107. McLanahan S. 1988. Family structure and dependency: early transitions to female household headship. Demography 25:11–16
    [Google Scholar]
  108. McLanahan S, Bumpass L. 1988. Intergenerational consequences of family disruption. Am. J. Sociol. 94:1130–52
    [Google Scholar]
  109. McManus PA, DiPrete TA. 2001. Losers and winners: the financial consequences of separation and divorce for men. Am. Sociol. Rev. 66:2246–68
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Meschede T, Thomas H, Mann A, Stagg A, Shapiro T 2016. Wealth mobility of families raising children in the twenty-first century. Race Soc. Probl. 8:177–92
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Milkie MA, Nomaguchi KM, Denny KE 2015. Does the amount of time mothers spend with children or adolescents matter. J. Marriage Fam. 77:2355–72
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Mitnik PA, Bryant V, Weber M 2019. The intergenerational transmission of family-income advantages in the United States. Sociol. Sci. 6:380–415
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Mitnik PA, Bryant V, Weber M, Grusky DB 2015. New estimates of intergenerational income mobility using administrative data Rep., Joint Stat. Res. Program, Intern. Revenue Serv .
  114. Moffitt R, Schoeni RF, Brown CC, Chase-Lansdale L, Couper MP et al. 2015. Assessing the need for a new nationally representative household panel survey in the United States. J. Econ. Soc. Meas. 40:1–26
    [Google Scholar]
  115. Mohanty LL, Raut LK. 2009. Home ownership and school outcomes of children: evidence from the PSID Child Development Supplement. Am. J. Econ. Sociol. 68:2465–89
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Morgan JN, Smith JD. 1969a. A Report on Research in Process Under Contract to the Office of Economic Opportunity Ann Arbor, MI: Inst. Soc. Res., Univ. Mich.
  117. Morgan JN, Smith JD. 1969b. Study Design, Procedures, and Forms, 1968 Interviewing Year (Wave I) Ann Arbor, MI: Inst. Soc. Res., Univ. Mich.
  118. Mueller C. 1989. Particularism in authority outcomes of black and white supervisors. Soc. Sci. Res. 18:11–20
    [Google Scholar]
  119. Ono H. 1998. Husbands’ and wives’ resources and marital dissolution. J. Marriage Fam. 60:3674–89
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Parcel TL. 1979. Race, regional labor markets and earnings. Am. Sociol. Rev. 44:262–79
    [Google Scholar]
  121. Parcel TL. 1982. Wealth accumulation of black and white men: the case of housing equity. Soc. Probl. 30:2199–211
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Perkins KL. 2019. Changes in household composition and children's educational attainment. Demography 56:525–48
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Pfeffer FT. 2014. Multigenerational approaches to social mobility: a multifaceted research agenda. Res. Soc. Stratif. Mobil. 1:351–12
    [Google Scholar]
  124. Pfeffer FT. 2018. Growing wealth gaps in education. Demography 55:31033–68
    [Google Scholar]
  125. Pfeffer FT, Danziger S, Schoeni RF 2013. Wealth disparities before and after the Great Recession. Ann. Am. Acad. Political Soc. Sci. 650:198–123
    [Google Scholar]
  126. Pfeffer FT, Killewald A. 2018. Generations of advantage: multigenerational correlations in family wealth. Soc. Forces 96:41411–42
    [Google Scholar]
  127. Pfeffer FT, Killewald A. 2019. Intergenerational wealth mobility and racial inequality. Socius https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023119831799
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  128. Presser HB. 1998. Decapitating the U.S. Census Bureau's “head of household”: feminist mobilization in the 1970s. Fem. Econ. 4:3145–58
    [Google Scholar]
  129. Prix I, Pfeffer FT. 2017. Does Donald need Uncle Scrooge? Extended family wealth and children's educational attainment in the United States. Social Inequality Across the Generations: The Role of Compensation and Multiplication in Resource Accumulation J Erola, E Kilpi 112–35 Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar
    [Google Scholar]
  130. PSID (Panel Study Income Dyn.) 1968. Study of Family Economics Ann Arbor, MI: Inst. Soc. Res., Univ. Mich.
  131. PSID (Panel Study Income Dyn.) 2019a. A Panel Study of Income Dynamics: 1968-2017 Relationship Matrix File Documentation Ann Arbor, MI: Inst. Soc. Res., Univ. Mich.
  132. PSID (Panel Study Income Dyn.) 2019b. PSID Main Interview User Manual: Release 2019 Ann Arbor, MI: Inst. Soc. Res., Univ. Mich.
  133. Quillian L. 2002. Why is black-white residential segregation so persistent? Evidence on three theories from migration data. Soc. Sci. Res. 31:2197–229
    [Google Scholar]
  134. Rank MR. 2009. Measuring the economic racial divide across the course of American lives. Race Soc. Probl. 1:257–66
    [Google Scholar]
  135. Rank MR, Hirschl TA. 1999. The economic risk of childhood in America: estimating the probability of poverty across the formative years. J. Marriage Fam. 61:41058–67
    [Google Scholar]
  136. Ren C. 2019. Fluctuating courses and constant challenges: the two trajectories of black-white earnings inequality, 1968–2015. Soc. Sci. Res. 77:30–44
    [Google Scholar]
  137. Rexroat C, Shehan C. 1987. The family life cycle and spouses’ time in housework. J. Marriage Fam. 49:4737–50
    [Google Scholar]
  138. Roksa J, Patter D. 2011. Parenting and academic achievement: intergenerational transmission of educational advantage. Sociol. Educ. 84:4299–321
    [Google Scholar]
  139. Saint Onge JM, Hunter LM, Boardman JD 2007. Population growth in high-amenity rural areas: Does it bring socioeconomic benefits for long-term residents. Soc. Sci. Q. 88:2366–81
    [Google Scholar]
  140. Sandberg JF, Hofferth SL. 2001. Changes in children's time with parents, U.S. 1981–1997. Demography 38:8423–36
    [Google Scholar]
  141. Sastry N, Fomby P, McGonagle K 2018. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to conduct life course health development analysis. Handbook of Life Course Health Development579–99 New York: Springer
    [Google Scholar]
  142. Sastry N, McGonagle KA, Schoeni RF 2009. Introduction to the special issue on the scientific assessment of biomeasures in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Biodemography Soc. Biol. 55:2113–17
    [Google Scholar]
  143. Schneider D, Harknett K, Stimpson M 2018. What explains the decline in first marriage in the United States? Evidence from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 1969 to 2013. J. Marriage Fam. 80:4791–811
    [Google Scholar]
  144. Schoeni RF, Bianchi SM, Hotz J, Selzer JA, Wiemers EE 2015. Intergenerational transfers and extended family roster: a new substudy of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Longitud. Life Course Stud. 6:3319–30
    [Google Scholar]
  145. Schoeni RF, Buchmueller TC, Freedman V 2011. Socioeconomic status and health over the life course and across generations: introduction to a special issue and overview of a unique data resource. B.E. J. Econ. Anal. Policy 11:33444–53
    [Google Scholar]
  146. Schwartz CR, Gonalons-Pons P. 2016. Trends in relative earnings and marital dissolution: Are wives who outearn their husbands still more likely to divorce. RSF 2:4218–36
    [Google Scholar]
  147. Seltzer JA. 2019. Family change and changing family demography. Demography 56:2405–26
    [Google Scholar]
  148. Seltzer JA, Bachrach CA, Bianchi SM, Bledsoe CH, Casper LM et al. 2005. Explaining family change and variation: challenges for family demographers. J. Marriage Fam. 67:4908–25
    [Google Scholar]
  149. Sharkey P. 2008. The intergenerational transmission of context. Am. J. Sociol. 113:4931–69
    [Google Scholar]
  150. Sharkey P, Elwert F. 2011. The legacy of disadvantage: multigenerational neighborhood effects on cognitive ability. Am. J. Sociol. 116:61934–81
    [Google Scholar]
  151. Sharp G, Hall M. 2014. Emerging forms of racial inequality in homeownership exit, 1968–2009. Soc. Probl. 61:3427–47
    [Google Scholar]
  152. Smith J, Morgan JN. 1970. Dynamics of income distribution: poverty and progress: variability of economic well-being and its determinants. Am. Econ. Rev. 60:2286–95
    [Google Scholar]
  153. Solon G. 1992. Intergenerational income mobility in the United States. Am. Econ. Rev. 82:3393–408
    [Google Scholar]
  154. Song X, Mare RD. 2015. Prospective versus retrospective approaches to the study of intergenerational social mobility. Sociol. Methods Res. 44:4555–84
    [Google Scholar]
  155. Song X, Mare RD. 2017. Short-term and long-term educational mobility of families: a two-sex approach. Demography 54:1145–73
    [Google Scholar]
  156. Sorensen AB, Fuerst S. 1978. Black-white differences in the occurrence of job shifts. Sociol. Soc. Res. 62:4537–57
    [Google Scholar]
  157. South SJ. 2001. Time-dependent effects of wives’ employment on marital dissolution. Am. Sociol. Rev. 66:2226–45
    [Google Scholar]
  158. South SJ, Crowder KD. 1997. Escaping distressed neighborhoods: individual, community and metropolitan influences. Am. J. Sociol. 103:11040–84
    [Google Scholar]
  159. South SJ, Crowder KD. 1998. Avenues and barriers to residential mobility among single mothers. J. Marriage Fam. 60:4866–77
    [Google Scholar]
  160. South SJ, Crowder KD. 2005. Exiting and entering high-poverty neighborhoods: Latinos, blacks and Anglos compared. Soc. Forces 84:2873–900
    [Google Scholar]
  161. South SJ, Crowder KD. 2010. Neighborhood poverty and nonmarital fertility: spatial and temporal dimensions. J. Marriage Fam. 72:189–104
    [Google Scholar]
  162. South SJ, Crowder KD, Pais J 2008. Inter-neighborhood migration and spatial assimilation in a multi-ethnic world: comparing Latinos, blacks and Anglos. Soc. Forces 87:1415–45
    [Google Scholar]
  163. Taylor J, Meschede T. 2018. Inherited prospects: the importance of financial transfers for white and black college-educated households’ wealth trajectories. Am. J. Econ. Sociol. 77:3–41049–76
    [Google Scholar]
  164. Thomas H, Mann A, Meschede T 2018. Race and location: the role neighborhoods play in family wealth and well-being. Am. J. Econ. Sociol. 77:3–41077–111
    [Google Scholar]
  165. Timberlake JM. 2007. Racial and ethnic inequality in the duration of children's exposure to neighborhood poverty and affluence. Soc. Probl. 54:3319–42
    [Google Scholar]
  166. Torche F. 2011. Is a college degree still the great equalizer? Intergenerational mobility across levels of schooling in the United States. Am. J. Sociol. 117:3763–807
    [Google Scholar]
  167. Torche F. 2015. Analyses of intergenerational mobility: an interdisciplinary review. Ann. Am. Acad. Political Soc. Sci. 657:137–62
    [Google Scholar]
  168. US Census Bur 1970. Guide to the documentation and data files of the 1966 and 1967 Survey of Economic Opportunity Rep., Inst. Res. Poverty, Univ. Wis.
  169. US Census Bur 1968. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1968 Washington, DC: US Census Bur.
  170. US Census Bur 1999. Nativity of the population and place of birth of the native population: 1850 to 1990 Tech. Pap. 29, US Census Bur Washington, DC:
  171. US Census Bur 2017. Table DP02: 2016 American Community Survey 1-year estimates Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: US Census Bur Washington, DC: updated Aug. 29. https://data.census.gov/cedsci/
  172. Wagmiller RL Jr., Lennon MC, Kuang L, Alberti PM Jr., Aber JL 2006. The dynamics of economic disadvantage and children's life chances. Am. Sociol. Rev. 71:5847–66
    [Google Scholar]
  173. Weininger EB, Lareau A, Conley D 2015. What money doesn't buy: class resources and children's participation in organized extracurricular activities. Soc. Forces 94:2479–503
    [Google Scholar]
  174. Weiss RS. 1984. The impact of marital dissolution on income and consumption in single-parent households. J. Marriage Fam. 46:1115–27
    [Google Scholar]
  175. Wiemers EE, Seltzer JA, Schoeni RF, Hotz VJ, Bianchi SM 2019. Stepfamily structure and transfers between generations in U.S. families. Demography 56:1229–60
    [Google Scholar]
  176. Wightman P, Danziger S. 2014. Multi-generational income disadvantage and the educational attainment of young adults. Res. Soc. Stratif. Mobil. 35:53–69
    [Google Scholar]
  177. Williams Shanks TR. 2007. The impacts of household wealth on child development. J. Poverty 11:93–116
    [Google Scholar]
  178. Williams Shanks TR, Destin M 2009. Parental expectations and educational outcomes for young African American adults: Do household assets matter. Race Soc. Probl. 1:127–35
    [Google Scholar]
  179. Wilson G. 1997. Payoffs to power among males in the middle class: Has race declined in its significance. Sociol. Q. 38:4607–22
    [Google Scholar]
  180. Wilson G. 2009. Downward mobility of women from white-collar employment: determinants and timing by race. Sociol. Forum. 24:2382–401
    [Google Scholar]
  181. Wilson G, Maume D. 2014. Men's mobility into management from blue collar and white collar jobs: race differences across the early career years. Soc. Sci. Res. 46:117–29
    [Google Scholar]
  182. Wilson G, McBrier D. 2005. Race and loss of privilege: African American/white differences in the determinants of job layoffs from upper-tier occupations. Sociol. Forum. 20:2301–21
    [Google Scholar]
  183. Wilson G, Petersen N, Smith R, Maume D 2019. Particularism and racial mobility into privileged occupations. Soc. Sci. Res. 78:82–94
    [Google Scholar]
  184. Wilson G, Roscigno VJ. 2010. Race and downward mobility from privileged occupations: African American/white dynamics across the early work-career. Soc. Sci. Res. 39:167–77
    [Google Scholar]
  185. Wilson G, Roscigno VJ, Huffman ML 2013. Public sector transformation, racial inequality and downward occupational mobility. Soc. Forces 91:3975–1006
    [Google Scholar]
  186. Wilson G, Roscigno VJ, Huffman M 2015. Racial income inequality and public sector privatization. Soc. Probl. 62:2163–85
    [Google Scholar]
  187. Wilson G, Sakura-Lemessy I. 2000. Earnings over the early work career among males in the middle class: Has race declined in its significance?. Sociol. Perspect. 43:1159–71
    [Google Scholar]
  188. Wilson G, Sakura-Lemessy I, West JP 1999. Reaching the top: racial differences in mobility paths to upper-tier occupations. Work Occup 26:2165–86
    [Google Scholar]
  189. Wilson WJ. 1978. The Declining Significance of Race: Blacks and Changing American Institutions Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
  190. Wilson WJ. 1987. The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
  191. Wodtke GT, Elwert F, Harding DJ 2016. Neighborhood effect heterogeneity by family income and developmental period. Am. J. Sociol. 121:41168–222
    [Google Scholar]
  192. Wodtke GT, Harding DJ, Elwert F 2011. Neighborhood effects in temporal perspective: the impact of long-term exposure to concentrated disadvantage on high school graduation. Am. Sociol. Rev. 76:5713–36
    [Google Scholar]
  193. Wodtke GT, Parbst M. 2017. Neighborhoods, schools, and academic achievement: a formal mediation analysis of contextual effects on reading and mathematics abilities. Demography 54:41653–76
    [Google Scholar]
  194. Wright EO. 1978. Race, class and income inequality. Am. J. Sociol. 83:61368–97
    [Google Scholar]
  195. Wright EO 1979. Class Structure and Income Determination New York: Academic
  196. Yetis-Bayraktar A, Budig MJ, Tomaskovic-Devey D 2013. From the shop floor to the kitchen floor: maternal occupational complexity and children's reading and math skills. Work Occup 40:137–64
    [Google Scholar]
  197. Zick CD, Smith KR. 1991. Marital transitions, poverty, and gender differences in mortality. J. Marriage Fam. 53:327–36
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-soc-121919-054821
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-soc-121919-054821
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplemental Material

Supplementary Data

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error