1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Anthropology
  4. Volume 47, 2018
  5. Article

Annual Review of Anthropology

Volume 47, 2018

Ethics of Primate Fieldwork: Toward an Ethically Engaged Primatology

Abstract

Field primatologists have ethical responsibilities that extend beyond study subjects to the local human communities living near primate populations and their surrounding ecosystems. In this review, we explore the history of ethical discussions within anthropological primatology and examine the best practices for an ethically engaged primatology that should be followed and role-modeled by primatologists. An increasing number of primates are showing reduced population sizes and are in imminent danger of extinction; thus, we need to carefully consider the ethics of intervening to ensure the survival of remaining populations, the impact of anthropogenic factors (e.g., climate change), and whether long-term field research results in conservation outcomes that consider local human communities. Because best practices change over time as theoretical frameworks and methodological tools advance and scientific goals change, field primatologists must continually reflect on what constitutes ethical practice and consider how research influences the overlapping dimensions of fieldwork: primates, people, and ecosystems.

Keyword(s): do no harm, ethics, fieldwork, human communities, leave no trace, primates
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102317-045913
2018-10-21
2024-04-24
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/anthro/47/1/annurev-anthro-102317-045913.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102317-045913&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Alcayna-Stevens L. 2016. Habituating field scientists. Soc. Stud. Sci. 46:833–53
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Arandjelovic M, Head J, Rabanal LI, Schubert G, Mettke E et al. 2011. Non-invasive genetic monitoring of wild central chimpanzees. PLOS ONE 6:e14761
     [Google Scholar]
  3. ASP (Am. Soc. Primatol.) 2000. ASP policy statement on the protection of primate health in the wild. American Society of Primatologists http://www.asp.org/society/resolutions/primate_health.cfm
    [Google Scholar]
  4. ASP (Am. Soc. Primatol.) 2001. ASP policy statement on the ethical treatment of nonhuman primates. American Society of Primatologists http://www.asp.org/society/resolutions/EthicalTreatmentOfNonHumanPrimates.cfm
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Barrickman NL, Schreier AL, Glander KE 2015. Testing parallel laser image scaling for remotely measuring body dimensions on mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata). Am. J. Primatol. 77:823–32
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Bekoff M. 2002. The importance of ethics in conservation biology: Let's be ethicists not ostriches. Endanger. Species Update 19:23–26
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Bezanson M, McNamara A 2018. Trashing the field: field site and species bias in primatology. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 165:28
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Bezanson M, Stowe R, Watts SM 2013. Reducing the ecological impact of field research. Am. J. Primatol. 75:1–9
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Bicca-Marques JC, Garber PA 2004. Use of spatial, visual, and olfactory information during foraging in wild nocturnal and diurnal anthropoids: a field experiment comparing Aotus, Callicebus, and Saguinus. Am. J. Primatol. 62:171–87
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Brussard PF. 1982. The role of field stations in the preservation of biological diversity. BioScience 32:327–30
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Butynski TM, Kalina J 1998. Gorilla tourism: a critical look. Conservation of Biological Resources EJ Milner-Gulland, R Mace 294–313 Oxford, UK: Blackwell
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Campera M, Phelps M, Besnard F, Balestri M, Eppley TM et al. 2017. Does forest management and researchers’ presence reduce hunting and forest exploitation by local communities in Tsitongambarika, south-east Madagascar. Oryx https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605317001211
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  13. Cardon AD, Bailey MR, Bennett BT 2012. The Animal Welfare Act: from enactment to enforcement. J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci. 51:301–5
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Carpenter CR. 1934. A field study of the behavior and social relations of howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata). Comp. Psychol. Monogr. 10:1–168
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Carpenter CR. 1964. Naturalistic Behavior of Nonhuman Primates University Park: Pa. State Univ. Press
  16. Carr D. 2012. Educating the Virtues: An Essay on the Philosophical Psychology of Moral Development and Education London: Routledge
  17. Cattet MR. 2013. Falling through the cracks: shortcomings in the collaboration between biologists and veterinarians and their consequences for wildlife. ILAR J 54:33–40
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM 1982. How vervet monkeys perceive their grunts: field playback experiments. Anim. Behav. 30:739–51
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Clancy KBH, Nelson RG, Rutherford JN, Hinde K 2014. Survey of academic field experiences (SAFE): trainees report harassment and assault. PLOS ONE 9:e102172
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Collins A. 2003. Health guidelines for visiting researchers in Gombe National Park to minimize risk of disease transmission among primates. Pan Africa News 10:1–3
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Crofoot MC, Lambert TD, Kays R, Wikelski MC 2010. Does watching a monkey change its behaviour? Quantifying observer effects in habituated wild primates using automated radiotelemetry. Anim. Behav. 80:475–80
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Cunningham EP, Unwin S, Setchell JM 2015. Darting primates in the field: a review of reporting trends and a survey of practices and their effect on the primates involved. Int. J. Primatol. 36:911–32
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Cuthill I. 1991. Field experiments in animal behaviour: methods and ethics. Anim. Behav. 42:1007–14
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Dore KM, Riley EP, Fuentes A 2017. Ethnoprimatology: A Practical Guide to Research at the Human–Nonhuman Primate Interface Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  25. Engel G, Hungerford LL, Jones-Engel L, Travis D, Eberle R et al. 2006. Risk assessment: a model for predicting cross-species transmission of simian foamy virus from macaques (M. fascicularis) to humans at a monkey temple in Bali, Indonesia. Am. J. Primatol. 68:934–48
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Estrada A, Garber PA, Rylands AB, Roos C, Fernandez-Duque E et al. 2017. Impending extinction crisis of the world's primates: why primates matter. Sci. Adv. 3:e1600946
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Eudey AA. 2002. The primatologist as minority advocate. See Fuentes & Wolfe 2002 277–87
  28. Fedigan LM. 2010. Ethical issues faced by field primatologists: asking the relevant questions. Am. J. Primatol. 72:754–71
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Fernandez-Duque M, Chapman CA, Glander KE, Fernandez-Duque E 2017. Darting primates: steps toward procedural and reporting standards. Int. J. Primatol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-017-9963-z
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  30. Fuentes A. 2006. Human culture and monkey behavior: assessing the contexts of potential pathogen transmission between macaques and humans. Am. J. Primatol. 68:880–96
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Fuentes A. 2011. Being human and doing primatology: national, socioeconomic, and ethnic influences on primatological practice. Am. J. Primatol. 73:233–37
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Fuentes A. 2012. Ethnoprimatology and the anthropology of the human-primate interface. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 41:101–17
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Fuentes A, Bezanson M, Campbell CJ, Elton S, Estrada A et al., eds. 2017. The International Encyclopedia of Primatology Hoboken, NJ: Wiley
  34. Fuentes A, Wolfe L 2002. Primates Face to Face: The Conservation Implications of Human-Nonhuman Primate Interconnections Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  35. Garber PA. 2008. Disease transmission from humans to wild apes: perspectives on the costs and benefits of research and conservation. Am. J. Primatol. 70:715–15
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Garber PA, Gomes DF, Bicca-Marques JC 2012. Experimental field study of problem-solving using tools in free-ranging capuchins (Sapajus nigritus, formerly Cebus nigritus). Am. J. Primatol. 74:344–58
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Garber PA, Molina A, Molina RL 2010. Putting the community back in community ecology and education: the role of field schools and private reserves in the ethical training of primatologists. Am. J. Primatol. 72:785–93
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Gearheard S, Shirley J 2007. Challenges in community-research relationships: learning from natural science in Nunavut. Arctic 60:62–74
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Gerber BD, Williams PJ, Bailey LL 2014. Primates and cameras. Int. J. Primatol. 35:841–58
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Gilardi KV, Gillespie TR, Leendertz FH, Macfie EJ, Travis DA et al. 2015. Best practice guidelines for health monitoring and disease control in great ape populations Occas. Pap. 56 IUCN SSC Primate Spec. Group Gland, Switz: https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/ssc-op-056.pdf
  41. Glander KE. 2013. Darting, anesthesia, and handling. Primate Ecology and Conservation: A Handbook of Techniques EJ Sterling, N Bynum, ME Blair 27–39 Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Goldsmith M. 2005. Habituating primates for field study—ethical considerations for African great apes. See Turner 2005 49–64
  43. Graham TL, Matthews HD, Turner SE 2016. A global-scale evaluation of primate exposure and vulnerability to climate change. Int. J. Primatol. 37:158–74
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Gregory T, Carrasco-Rueda F, Alonso A, Kolowski J, Deichmann JL 2017. Natural canopy bridges effectively mitigate tropical forest fragmentation for arboreal mammals. Sci. Rep. 7:3892
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Gregory T, Carrasco Rueda F, Deichmann J, Kolowski J, Alonso A 2014. Arboreal camera trapping: taking a proven method to new heights. Methods Ecol. Evol. 5:443–51
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Gruen L, Fultz A, Pruetz J 2013. Ethical issues in African great ape field studies. ILAR J 54:24–32
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Hanson KT, Riley EP 2018. Beyond neutrality: the human–primate interface during the habituation process. Int. J. Primatol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-017-0009-3
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  48. Higham JP, Vitale AB, Rivera AM, Ayala JE, Maestripieri D 2010. Measuring salivary analytes from free-ranging monkeys. Physiol. Behav. 101:601–7
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Hill CM. 2002. Primate conservation and local communities—ethical issues and debates. Am. Anthropol. 104:1184–94
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Hockings KJ, McLennan MR, Carvalho S, Ancrenaz M, Bobe R et al. 2015. Apes in the Anthropocene: flexibility and survival. Trends Ecol. Evol. 30:215–22
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Hockings KJ, Yamakoshi G, Kabasawa A, Matsuzawa T 2010. Attacks on local persons by chimpanzees in Bossou, Republic of Guinea: long-term perspectives. Am. J. Primatol. 72:887–96
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Hooton EA. 1954. The importance of primate studies in anthropology. Hum. Biol. 26:179–88
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Hopkins ME, Milton K 2016. Adverse effects of ball-chain radio-collars on female mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata) in Panama. Int. J. Primatol. 37:213–24
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Imanishi K. 1960. Social organization of subhuman primates in their natural habitat. Curr. Anthropol. 1:393–407
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Jay PC 1968. Primates: Studies in Adaptation and Variability New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston
  56. Johns BG. 1996. Responses of chimpanzees to habituation and tourism in the Kibale Forest, Uganda. Biol. Conserv. 78:257–62
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Jones-Engel L, Engel GA, Schillaci MA, Babo R, Froehlich J 2001. Detection of antibodies to selected human pathogens among wild and pet macaques (Macaca tonkeana) in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Am. J. Primatol. 54:171–78
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Juarez CP, Rotundo MA, Berg W, Fernández-Duque E 2011. Costs and benefits of radio-collaring on the behavior, demography, and conservation of owl monkeys (Aotus azarai) in Formosa, Argentina. Int. J. Primatol. 32:69–82
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Karesh WB, Wallace RB, Painter RLE, Rumiz D, Braselton WE et al. 1998. Immobilization and health assessment of free‐ranging black spider monkeys (Ateles paniscus chamek). Am. J. Primatol. 44:107–23
     [Google Scholar]
  60. Kaur T, Singh J, Tong S, Humphrey C, Clevenger D et al. 2008. Descriptive epidemiology of fatal respiratory outbreaks and detection of a human-related metapneumovirus in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at Mahale Mountains National Park, Western Tanzania. Am. J. Primatol. 70:755–65
     [Google Scholar]
  61. Kitchen DM. 2006. Experimental test of female black howler monkey (Alouatta pigra) responses to loud calls from potentially infanticidal males: effects of numeric odds, vulnerable offspring, and companion behavior. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 131:73–83
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Köndgen S, Kühl H, N'goran PK, Walsh PD, Schenk S et al. 2008. Pandemic human viruses cause decline of endangered great apes. Curr. Biol. 18:260–64
     [Google Scholar]
  63. Kutsukake N. 2013. Complex and heterogeneous ethical structures in field primatology. See MacClancy & Fuentes 2013 84–97
  64. Laurance WF. 2013. Does research help to safeguard protected areas. Trends Ecol. Evol. 28:261–66
     [Google Scholar]
  65. Leave No Trace Cent. Outdoor Ethics 2017. The Leave No Trace seven principles. Leave No Trace, Cent. Outdoor Ethics. http://lnt.org/learn/7-principles
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Leca J-B, Gunst N, Huffman MA 2010. Indirect social influence in the maintenance of the stone-handling tradition in Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata. Anim. Behav. 79:117–26
     [Google Scholar]
  67. Lee PC. 2011. Problem animals or problem people? Ethics, politics, and practice or conflict between community perspectives and fieldwork on conservation. See MacClancy & Fuentes 2011 69–83
  68. Leendertz FH, Lankester F, Guislain P, Néel C, Drori O et al. 2006. Anthrax in Western and Central African great apes. Am. J. Primatol. 68:928–33
     [Google Scholar]
  69. Lehmann J, Korstjens AH, Dunbar RIM 2010. Apes in a changing world—the effects of global warming on the behaviour and distribution of African apes. J. Biogeogr. 37:2217–31
     [Google Scholar]
  70. Loudon JE, Sandberg PA, Wrangham RW, Fahey B, Sponheimer M 2016. The stable isotope ecology of Pan in Uganda and beyond. Am. J. Primatol. 78:1070–85
     [Google Scholar]
  71. MacClancy J, Fuentes A 2011. Centralizing Fieldwork: Critical Perspectives from Primatology, Biological and Social Anthropology New York: Berghahn
  72. MacClancy J, Fuentes A 2013. Ethics in the Field: Contemporary Challenges New York: Berghahn
  73. MacKinnon KC. 2010. Field schools in Central America: playing a pivotal role in the formation of modern field primatologists. See MacClancy & Fuentes 2011 200–22
  74. MacKinnon KC, Riley EP 2010. Field primatology of today: current ethical issues. Am. J. Primatol. 72:749–53
     [Google Scholar]
  75. MacKinnon KC, Riley EP 2013. Contemporary ethical issues in field primatology. See MacClancy & Fuentes 2013 98–107
  76. Madden FM. 2008. The growing conflict between humans and wildlife: law and policy as contributing and mitigating factors. J. Int. Wildl. Law Policy 11:189–206
     [Google Scholar]
  77. Malone NM, Fuentes A, White FJ 2010. Ethics commentary: subjects of knowledge and control in field primatology. Am. J. Primatol. 72:779–84
     [Google Scholar]
  78. Marshall AJ, Meijaard E, Van Cleave E, Sheil D 2016. Charisma counts: the presence of great apes affects the allocation of research effort in the paleotropics. Front. Ecol. Environ. 14:13–19
     [Google Scholar]
  79. Matsuzawa T, McGrew WC 2008. Kinji Imanishi and 60 years of Japanese primatology. Curr. Biol. 18:R587–91
     [Google Scholar]
  80. McDougall P. 2012. Is passive observation of habituated animals truly passive. J. Ethol. 30:219–23
     [Google Scholar]
  81. McLennan MR, Hill CM 2010. Chimpanzee responses to researchers in a disturbed forest–farm mosaic at Bulindi, western Uganda. Am. J. Primatol. 72:907–18
     [Google Scholar]
  82. McLennan MR, Hill CM 2012. Troublesome neighbours: changing attitudes towards chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in a human-dominated landscape in Uganda. J. Nat. Conserv. 20:219–27
     [Google Scholar]
  83. McLennan MR, Hill CM 2013. Ethical issues in the study and conservation of an African great ape in an unprotected, human-dominated landscape in Western Uganda. See MacClancy & Fuentes 2013 42–66
  84. Montgomery GM. 2005. Place, practice and primatology: Clarence Ray Carpenter, primate communication and the development of field methodology, 1931–1945. J. Hist. Biol. 38:495–533
     [Google Scholar]
  85. Montgomery GM. 2015. Primates in the Real World: Escaping Primate Folklore and Creating Primate Science Charlottesville: Univ. Va. Press
  86. Mourthé IMC, Guedes D, Fidelis J, Boubli JP, Mendes SL, Strier KB 2007. Ground use by northern muriquis (Brachyteles hypoxanthus). Am. J. Primatol. 69:706–12
     [Google Scholar]
  87. Muehlenbein MP, Martinez LA, Lemke AA, Ambu L, Nathan S et al. 2010. Unhealthy travelers present challenges to sustainable primate ecotourism. Travel Med. Infect. Dis. 8:169–75
     [Google Scholar]
  88. Nakamura M, Nishida T 2009. Chimpanzee tourism in relation to the viewing regulations at the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. Primate Conserv 24:85–90
     [Google Scholar]
  89. Nash LT. 2005. Studies of primates in the field and in captivity: similarities and differences in ethical concerns. See Turner 2005 27–48
  90. Nekaris KA-I, Nijman V 2013. The ethics of conducting field research: Do long-term great ape field studies help to conserve primates?. See MacClancy & Fuentes 2013 108–23
  91. Nelson RG, Rutherford JN, Hinde K, Clancy KB 2017. Signaling safety: characterizing fieldwork experiences and their implications for career trajectories. Am. Anthropol. 119:710–22
     [Google Scholar]
  92. Pebsworth PA, LaFleur M 2014. Advancing primate research and conservation through the use of camera traps: introduction to the special issue. Int. J. Primatol. 35:825–40
     [Google Scholar]
  93. Petto AJ, Russell KD 1993. Ethics and primatology. Glob. Bioethics 6:207–9
     [Google Scholar]
  94. Phillips KA, Bales KL, Capitanio JP, Conley A, Czoty PW et al. 2014. Why primate models matter. Am. J. Primatol. 76:801–27
     [Google Scholar]
  95. Plemmons D, Barker AW 2016. Anthropological Ethics in Context: An Ongoing Dialogue Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press
  96. Regan T. 1983. The Case for Animal Rights Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
  97. Riley EP. 2013. Contemporary primatology in anthropology: beyond the epistemological abyss. Am. Anthropol. 115:411–22
     [Google Scholar]
  98. Riley EP, MacKinnon KC, Fernandez-Duque E, Setchell JM, Garber PA 2014. Code of best practices for field primatology Resour. doc., Int. Primatol. Soc., Am. Soc. Primatol. https://www.asp.org/resources/docs/Code%20of_Best_Practices%20Oct%202014.pdf
  99. Rothman JM, Chapman CA, Twinomugisha D, Wasserman MD, Lambert JE, Goldberg TL 2008. Measuring physical traits of primates remotely: the use of parallel lasers. Am. J. Primatol. 70:1191–95
     [Google Scholar]
  100. Russell WMS, Burch RL 1959. The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique London: Methuen
  101. Rwego IB, Isabirye-Basuta G, Gillespie TR, Goldberg TL 2008. Gastrointestinal bacterial transmission among humans, mountain gorillas, and livestock in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Conserv. Biol. 22:1600–7
     [Google Scholar]
  102. Scarry CJ. 2017. Male resource defence during intergroup aggression among tufted capuchin monkeys. Anim. Behav. 123:169–78
     [Google Scholar]
  103. Schel AM, Machanda Z, Townsend SW, Zuberbühler K, Slocombe KE 2013. Chimpanzee food calls are directed at specific individuals. Anim. Behav. 86:955–65
     [Google Scholar]
  104. Shaffer C, Marawnaru E, Yukuma C 2017. An ethnoprimatological approach to assessing the sustainability of nonhuman primate subsistence hunting of indigenous Waiwai in the Konashen community owned conservation concession, Guyana. See Dore et al. 2017 232–50
  105. Sikes RS, Bryan JA 2016. Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee considerations for the use of wildlife in research and education. ILAR J 56:335–41
     [Google Scholar]
  106. Sikes RS, Gannon WL Anim. Care Use Comm. Am. Soc. Mammal 2011. Guidelines of the American Society of Mammalogists for the use of wild mammals in research. J. Mammal. 92:235–53
     [Google Scholar]
  107. Sikes RS, Paul E 2013. Fundamental differences between wildlife and biomedical research. ILAR J 54:5–13
     [Google Scholar]
  108. Sikes RS, Paul E, Beaupre SJ 2012. Standards for wildlife research: taxon-specific guidelines versus US Public Health Service policy. BioScience 62:830–34
     [Google Scholar]
  109. Simon GL, Alagona PS 2009. Beyond Leave No Trace. Ethics Place Environ 12:17–34
     [Google Scholar]
  110. Singer P. 1975. Animal Liberation New York: Avon Books
  111. Smiley T, Spelman L, Lukasik-Braum M, Mukherjee J, Kaufman G et al. 2010. Noninvasive saliva collection techniques for free-ranging mountain gorillas and captive eastern gorillas. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 41:201–9
     [Google Scholar]
  112. Smuts BB, Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Wrangham RW, Strushsaker T 1987. Primate Societies Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
  113. Sommer V. 1993. Father-son recognition in Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus)—a field experiment in India. Primates 34:217–21
     [Google Scholar]
  114. Spear JR. 2004. Minimum-impact research. Conserv. Biol. 18:861
     [Google Scholar]
  115. Stinson S. 2005. Ethical issues in human biology behavioral research and research with children. See Turner 2005 139–48
  116. Strier KB. 1994. Myth of the typical primate. Yearb. Phys. Anthropol. 37:233–71
     [Google Scholar]
  117. Strier KB. 2003. Primate behavioral ecology: from ethnography to ethology and back. Am. Anthropol. 105:16–27
     [Google Scholar]
  118. Strier KB. 2010. Long‐term field studies: positive impacts and unintended consequences. Am. J. Primatol. 72:772–78
     [Google Scholar]
  119. Strier KB. 2011. Why anthropology needs primatology. Gen. Anthropol. 18:5–8
     [Google Scholar]
  120. Strier KB. 2013. Are observational studies of wild primates really noninvasive?. See MacClancy & Fuentes 2013 67–83
  121. Strum SC, Fedigan L 1999. Theory, method, gender, and culture: What changed our views of primate society?. The New Physical Anthropology: Science, Humanism, and Critical Reflection SC Strum, DG Lindburg, D Hamburg 67–105 Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall
     [Google Scholar]
  122. Strum SC, Fedigan LM 2000. Primate Encounters: Models of Science, Gender, and Society Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
  123. Sussman RW. 2011. A brief history of primate field studies. Primates in Perspective CJ Campbell, A Fuentes, KC MacKinnon, S Bearder, R Stumpf 6–10 Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  124. Travis DA, Hungerford L, Engel GA, Jones-Engel L 2006. Disease risk analysis: a tool for primate conservation planning and decision making. Am. J. Primatol. 68:855–67
     [Google Scholar]
  125. Turner TR 2005. Biological Anthropology and Ethics: From Repatriation to Genetic Identity Albany: State Univ. N.Y. Press
  126. Tutin CEG, Fernandez M 1991. Responses of wild chimpanzees and gorillas to the arrival of primatologists: behavior observed during habituation. Primate Responses to Environmental Change H Box 187–97 London: Chapman & Hall
     [Google Scholar]
  127. Tydecks L, Bremerich V, Jentschke I, Likens GE, Tockner K 2016. Biological field stations: a global infrastructure for research, education, and public engagement. BioScience 66:164–71
     [Google Scholar]
  128. van Krunkelsven E, Dupain J, van Elsacker L, Verheyen R 1999. Habituation of bonobos (Pan paniscus): first reactions to the presence of observers and the evolution of response over time. Folia Primatol 70:365–68
     [Google Scholar]
  129. Vogel ER, Crowley BE, Knott CD, Blakely MD, Larsen MD, Dominy NJ 2012. A noninvasive method for estimating nitrogen balance in free-ranging primates. Int. J. Primatol. 33:567–87
     [Google Scholar]
  130. Wallace MC, Curzer HJ 2013. Moral problems and perspectives for ecological field research. ILAR J 54:3–4
     [Google Scholar]
  131. Wallis J, Lee DR 1999. Primate conservation: the prevention of disease transmission. Int. J. Primatol. 20:803–25
     [Google Scholar]
  132. Washburn S. 1951. The new physical anthropology. Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 13:298–304
     [Google Scholar]
  133. Wasserman MD, Chapman CA, Milton K, Goldberg TL, Ziegler TE 2013. Physiological and behavioral effects of capture darting on red colobus monkeys (Procolobus rufomitratus) with a comparison to chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) predation. Int. J. Primatol. 34:1020–31
     [Google Scholar]
  134. Webber AD, Hill CM, Reynolds V 2007. Assessing the failure of a community-based human-wildlife conflict mitigation project in Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda. Oryx 41:177–84
     [Google Scholar]
  135. Westin JL. 2017. Habituation to tourists: protective or harmful?. See Dore et al. 2017 15–28
  136. Wich S, Dellatore D, Houghton M, Ardi R, Koh LP 2015. A preliminary assessment of using conservation drones for Sumatran orang-utan (Pongo abelii) distribution and density. J. Unmanned Vehicle Syst. 4:45–52
     [Google Scholar]
  137. Williamson EA, Feistner AT 2003. Habituating primates: processes, techniques, variables and ethics. Field and Laboratory Methods in Primatology: A Practical Guide JM Setchell, DJ Curtis 25–39 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  138. Wilson K. 1993. Thinking about the ethics of fieldwork. Fieldwork in Developing Countries S Devereux, J Hoddinott 179–99 Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner
     [Google Scholar]
  139. Wolfe L. 2005. Field primatologists: duties, rights, and obligations. See Turner 2005 15–26
  140. Wrangham RW. 2008. Why the link between long-term research and conservation is a case worth making. Science and Conservation in African Forests RW Wrangham, E Ross 1–8 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  141. Yerkes RM, Yerkes AW 1929. The Great Apes: A Study of Anthropoid Life New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press
  142. Zak AA, Riley EP 2017. Comparing the use of camera traps and farmer reports to study crop feeding behavior of moor macaques (Macaca maura). Int. J. Primatol. 38:224–42
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102317-045913
Loading
Ethics of Primate Fieldwork: Toward an Ethically Engaged Primatology
Annual Review of Anthropology 47, 493 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102317-045913
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102317-045913
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102317-045913
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error