1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
  4. Volume 12, 2016
  5. Article

Annual Review of Clinical Psychology

Volume 12, 2016

Clashing Diagnostic Approaches: DSM-ICD Versus RDoC

Abstract

Since at least the middle of the past century, one overarching model of psychiatric classification has reigned supreme, namely, that of the and the (herein referred to as DSM-ICD). This DSM-ICD approach embraces an Aristotelian view of mental disorders as largely discrete entities that are characterized by distinctive signs, symptoms, and natural histories. Over the past several years, however, a competing vision, namely, the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative launched by the National Institute of Mental Health, has emerged in response to accumulating anomalies within the DSM-ICD system. In contrast to DSM-ICD, RDoC embraces a Galilean view of psychopathology as the product of dysfunctions in neural circuitry. RDoC appears to be a valuable endeavor that holds out the long-term promise of an alternative system of mental illness classification. We delineate three sets of pressing challenges—conceptual, methodological, and logistical/pragmatic—that must be addressed for RDoC to realize its scientific potential. We conclude with a call for further research, including investigation of a rapprochement between Aristotelian and Galilean approaches to psychiatric classification.

Keyword(s): classification, comorbidity, diagnosis, dimension, endophenotype
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093122
2016-03-28
2024-04-25
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/clinpsy/12/1/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093122.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093122&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Abramovitch A, Schweiger A. 2015. Misuse of cognitive neuropsychology in psychiatry research: the intoxicating appeal of neo-reductionism. Behav. Ther. 37:187–92 [Google Scholar]
  2. Ackerknecht EH. 1967. Medicine at the Paris Hospital, 1794–1848 Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press
  3. Aftimos PG, Barthelemy P, Awada A. 2014. Molecular biology in medical oncology: diagnosis, prognosis, and precision medicine. Discov. Med. 17:81–91 [Google Scholar]
  4. Am. Psychiatr. Assoc 1952. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: Am. Psychiatr. Publ, 1st ed..
  5. Am. Psychiatr. Assoc 1968. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: Am. Psychiatr. Publ, 2nd ed..
  6. Am. Psychiatr. Assoc 1980. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: Am. Psychiatr. Publ, 3rd ed..
  7. Am. Psychiatr. Assoc 1987. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: Am. Psychiatr. Publ, 3rd ed., rev..
  8. Am. Psychiatr. Assoc 1994. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: Am. Psychiatr. Publ, 4th ed..
  9. Am. Psychiatr. Assoc 2013. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: Am. Psychiatr. Publ, 5th ed..
  10. Anderson IM. 2000. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors versus tricyclic antidepressants: a meta-analysis of efficacy and tolerability. J. Affect. Disord. 58:19–36 [Google Scholar]
  11. Andrews G, Slade TIM, Issakidis C. 2002. Deconstructing current comorbidity: data from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. Br. J. Psychiatry 181:306–14 [Google Scholar]
  12. Bennett CM, Miller MB. 2010. How reliable are the results from functional magnetic resonance imaging?. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1191:1133–55 [Google Scholar]
  13. Berenbaum H. 2013. Classification and psychopathology research. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 122:894–901 [Google Scholar]
  14. Berger D. 1999. A brief history of medical diagnosis and the birth of the clinical laboratory. Part 1: ancient times through the 19th century. Med. Lab Obs. 31:28–30 [Google Scholar]
  15. Blashfield RK. 1984. The Classification of Psychopathology: Neo-Kraepelinian and Quantitative Approaches New York: Plenum
  16. Block J. 1977. Advancing the psychology of personality: paradigmatic shift or improving the quality of research?. Personality at the Crossroads: Current Issues in Interactional Psychology D Magnusson, NS Endler 37–63 New York: Wiley [Google Scholar]
  17. Block J. 1995. A contrarian view of the five-factor approach to personality description. Psychol. Bull. 117:187–215 [Google Scholar]
  18. Boekel W, Wagenmakers EJ, Belay L, Verhagen J, Brown S, Forstmann BU. 2015. A purely confirmatory replication study of structural brain-behavior correlations. Cortex 66:115–33 [Google Scholar]
  19. Borsboom D, Cramer AO. 2013. Network analysis: an integrative approach to the structure of psychopathology. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 9:91–121 [Google Scholar]
  20. Burke MD. 2000. Laboratory medicine in the 21st century. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 114:841–46 [Google Scholar]
  21. Button KS, Ioannidis JP, Mokrysz C, Nosek BA, Flint J. et al. 2013. Power failure: why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 14:365–76 [Google Scholar]
  22. Button KS, Munafo MR. 2016. Powering reproducible research. Psychological Science Under Scrutiny Recent Challenges and Proposed Solutions SO Lilienfeld, IW Waldman New York: Wiley. In press [Google Scholar]
  23. Campbell DT, Fiske DW. 1959. Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychol. Bull. 56:81–105 [Google Scholar]
  24. Cannon TD, Keller MC. 2006. Endophenotypes in the genetic analyses of mental disorders. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 2:267–90 [Google Scholar]
  25. Carroll BJ. 1982. The dexamethasone suppression test for melancholia. Br. J. Psychiatry 140:292–304 [Google Scholar]
  26. Carson RC. 1996. Aristotle, Galileo, and the DSM taxonomy: the case of schizophrenia. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 64:1133–39 [Google Scholar]
  27. Chakos M, Lieberman J, Hoffman E, Bradford D, Sheitman B. 2014. Effectiveness of second-generation antipsychotics in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. FOCUS 2:111–21 [Google Scholar]
  28. Chambless DL, Ollendick TH. 2001. Empirically supported psychological interventions: controversies and evidence. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 52:685–716 [Google Scholar]
  29. Chase HW, Fournier JC, Greenberg T, Almeida JR, Stiffler R. et al. 2015. Accounting for dynamic fluctuations across time when examining fMRI test-retest reliability: analysis of a reward paradigm in the EMBARC study. PLOS ONE 10:5e0126326 [Google Scholar]
  30. Chen Y, Bidwell LC, Norton D. 2006. Trait versus state markers for schizophrenia: identification and characterization through visual processes. Curr. Psychiatry Rev. 2:431–38 [Google Scholar]
  31. Cole DA. 1987. Utility of confirmatory factor analysis in test validation research. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 55:584–94 [Google Scholar]
  32. Compton WM, Guze SB. 1995. The neo-Kraepelinian revolution in psychiatric diagnosis. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 245:196–201 [Google Scholar]
  33. Coppen A, Abou-Saleh M, Milln P, Metcalfe M, Harwood J, Bailey J. 1983. Dexamethasone suppression test in depression and other psychiatric illness. Br. J. Psychiatry 142:498–504 [Google Scholar]
  34. Costafreda SG, Brammer MJ, Vêncio RZ, Mourão ML, Portela LA. et al. 2007. Multisite fMRI reproducibility of a motor task using identical MR systems. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 26:41122–26 [Google Scholar]
  35. Cowen PJ. 2011. Has psychopharmacology got a future?. Br. J. Psychiatry 198:333–35 [Google Scholar]
  36. Cross-Disord. Group Psychiatr. Genom. Consort 2013. Identification of risk loci with shared effects on five major psychiatric disorders: a genome-wide analysis. Lancet 381:1371–79 [Google Scholar]
  37. Cuthbert BN. 2014a. The RDoC framework: facilitating transition from ICD/DSM to dimensional approaches that integrate neuroscience and psychopathology. World Psychiatry 13:28–35 [Google Scholar]
  38. Cuthbert BN. 2014b. Response to Lilienfeld. Behav. Res. Ther. 62:140–42 [Google Scholar]
  39. Cuthbert BN, Insel TR. 2013. Toward the future of psychiatric diagnosis: the seven pillars of RDoC. BMC Med. 11:126 [Google Scholar]
  40. Cuthbert BN, Kozak MJ. 2013. Constructing constructs for psychopathology: the NIMH research domain criteria. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 122:928–37 [Google Scholar]
  41. Epstein S. 1980. The stability of behavior: II. Implications for psychological research. Am. Psychol. 35:790–806 [Google Scholar]
  42. Fairburn CG, Bohn K. 2005. Eating disorder NOS (EDNOS): an example of the troublesome “not otherwise specified” (NOS) category in DSM-IV. Behav. Res. Ther. 43:691–701 [Google Scholar]
  43. Feighner JP, Robins E, Guze SB, Woodruff RA, Winokur G, Munoz R. 1972. Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 26:57–63 [Google Scholar]
  44. Feinstein A. 1970. The pre-therapeutic classification of co-morbidity in chronic disease. J. Chronic Dis. 24:455–68 [Google Scholar]
  45. Felger JC, Miller AH. 2014. Neurotherapeutic implications of brain-immune interactions. Neuropsychopharmacology 39:242–43 [Google Scholar]
  46. Flint J, Munafò MR. 2007. The endophenotype concept in psychiatric genetics. Psychol. Med. 37:163–80 [Google Scholar]
  47. Frances A. 1980. The DSM-III personality disorders section: a commentary. Am. J. Psychiatry 137:1050–54 [Google Scholar]
  48. Frances A. 2013. Saving Normal: An Insider's Revolt Against Out-of-Control Psychiatric Diagnosis, DSM-5, Big Pharma, and the Medicalization of Ordinary Life New York: William Morrow [Google Scholar]
  49. Frances A. 2014. RDoC is necessary, but very oversold. World Psychiatry 13:47–49 [Google Scholar]
  50. Frances AJ, Widiger T. 2012. Psychiatric diagnosis: lessons from the DSM-IV past and cautions for the DSM-5 future. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 8:109–30 [Google Scholar]
  51. Franklin JC, Jamieson JP, Glenn CR, Nock MK. 2014. How developmental psychopathology theory and research can inform the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project. J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol. 44:280–90 [Google Scholar]
  52. Friedman L, Stern H, Brown GG, Mathalon DH, Turner J. et al. 2008. Test-retest and between-site reliability in a multicenter fMRI study. Hum. Brain Mapp. 29:958–72 [Google Scholar]
  53. Fu CH, Costafreda SG. 2013. Neuroimaging-based biomarkers in psychiatry: clinical opportunities of a paradigm shift. Can. J. Psychiatry 58:499–508 [Google Scholar]
  54. Galatzer-Levy IR, Bryant RA. 2013. 636,120 ways to have posttraumatic stress disorder. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 8:651–62 [Google Scholar]
  55. Gangestad S, Snyder M. 1985. “To carve nature at its joints”: on the existence of discrete classes in personality. Psychol. Rev. 92:317–49 [Google Scholar]
  56. Garb HN, Lilienfeld SO, Nezworski MT, Wood JM, O'Donohue WT. 2009. Can quality improvement processes help psychological assessment meet the demands of evidence-based practice?. Sci. Rev. Ment. Health Pract. 7:17–25 [Google Scholar]
  57. Goldfried MR. 2015. On possible consequences of National Institute of Mental Health funding for psychotherapy research and training. Prof. Psychol. Res. Train. In press
  58. Gottesman II, Gould TD. 2003. The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. Am. J. Psychiatry 160:636–45 [Google Scholar]
  59. Gould TD, Gottesman II. 2006. Psychiatric endophenotypes and the development of valid animal models. Genes Brain Behav. 5:113–19 [Google Scholar]
  60. Graham G. 2013. The Disordered Mind: An Introduction to Philosophy of Mind and Mental Illness New York: Routledge
  61. Greenberg G. 2013. The Book of Woe: The DSM and the Unmaking of Psychiatry New York: Penguin
  62. Greene T. 2007. The Kraepelinian dichotomy: the twin pillars crumbling?. Hist. Psychiatry 18:361–79 [Google Scholar]
  63. Harkness AR, Lilienfeld SO. 1997. Individual differences science for treatment planning: personality traits. Psychol. Assess. 9:349–60 [Google Scholar]
  64. Harkness AR, Lilienfeld SO. 2013. Science should drive the bus of clinical description; but how does “science take the wheel”?: a commentary on Markon. J. Personal. Disord. 27:580–89 [Google Scholar]
  65. Harkness AR, Reynolds SM, Lilienfeld SO. 2014. A review of systems for psychology and psychiatry: adaptive systems, Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5), and the DSM-5. J. Personal. Assess. 96:121–39 [Google Scholar]
  66. Haslam N, Holland E, Kuppens P. 2012. Categories versus dimensions in personality and psychopathology: a quantitative review of taxometric research. Psychol. Med. 42:903–20 [Google Scholar]
  67. Hayes SC, Nelson RO, Jarrett RB. 1987. The treatment utility of assessment: a functional approach to evaluating assessment quality. Am. Psychol. 42:963–74 [Google Scholar]
  68. Hershenberg R, Goldfried MR. 2015. Implications of RDoC for the research and practice of psychotherapy. Behav. Ther. 46:156–65 [Google Scholar]
  69. Hyman SE. 2010. The diagnosis of mental disorders: the problem of reification. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 6:155–79 [Google Scholar]
  70. Iacono WG. 1985. Psychophysiologic markers of psychopathology: a review. Can. Psychol. 26:96–112 [Google Scholar]
  71. Iacono WG, Tuason VB, Johnson RA. 1981. Dissociation of smooth-pursuit and saccadic eye tracking in remitted schizophrenics: an ocular reaction time task that schizophrenics perform well. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 38:991–96 [Google Scholar]
  72. Insel TR. 2009. Translating scientific opportunity into public health impact: a strategic plan for research on mental illness. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 66:128–33 [Google Scholar]
  73. Insel TR. 2013. Transforming diagnosis. NIMH Director's Blog April 29. http://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/director/2013/transforming-diagnosis.shtml
  74. Insel TR. 2014. The NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Project: precision medicine for psychiatry. Am. J. Psychiatry 171:395–97 [Google Scholar]
  75. Insel TR, Cuthbert B, Garvey M, Heinssen R, Pine DS. et al. 2010. Research Domain Criteria (RDoC): toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry 167:748–51 [Google Scholar]
  76. Jonas KG, Markon KE. 2014. A meta-analytic evaluation of the endophenotype hypothesis: effects of measurement paradigm in the psychiatric genetics of impulsivity. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 123:660–75 [Google Scholar]
  77. Kapur S, Phillips AG, Insel TR. 2012. Why has it taken so long for biological psychiatry to develop clinical tests and what to do about it?. Mol. Psychiatry 17:1174–79 [Google Scholar]
  78. Kashdan TB, Elhai JD, Frueh BC. 2006. Anhedonia and emotional numbing in combat veterans with PTSD. Behav. Res. Ther. 44:456–67 [Google Scholar]
  79. Kell DB, Oliver SG. 2004. Here is the evidence, now what is the hypothesis? The complementary roles of inductive and hypothesis-driven science in the post-genomic era. Bioessays 26:99–105 [Google Scholar]
  80. Kendell RE. 1975. The concept of disease and its implications for psychiatry. Br. J. Psychiatry 127:305–15 [Google Scholar]
  81. Kendell RE. 1989. Clinical validity. The Validity of Psychiatric Diagnosis LN Robins, JE Barrett 305–21 New York: Raven [Google Scholar]
  82. Kendler KS. 2005. Toward a philosophical structure for psychiatry. Am. J. Psychiatry 162:433–40 [Google Scholar]
  83. Kendler KS. 2012. The dappled nature of causes of psychiatric illness: replacing the organic–functional/hardware–software dichotomy with empirically based pluralism. Mol. Psychiatry 17:377–88 [Google Scholar]
  84. Kendler KS. 2014. DSM issues: incorporation of biological tests, avoidance of reification, and an approach to the “Box Canyon Problem.”. Am. J. Psychiatry 171:1248–50 [Google Scholar]
  85. Kendler KS, Neale MC. 2010. Endophenotype: a conceptual analysis. Mol. Psychiatry 15:789–97 [Google Scholar]
  86. Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ. 1993. A longitudinal twin study of personality and major depression in women. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 50:853–62 [Google Scholar]
  87. Kendler KS, Schaffner KF. 2011. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: an historical and philosophical analysis. Philos. Psychiatry Psychol. 18:41–63 [Google Scholar]
  88. Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, Nelson CB, Hughes M. et al. 1994. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 51:8–19 [Google Scholar]
  89. Kidd C, Palmeri H, Aslin RN. 2013. Rational snacking: Young children's decision-making on the marshmallow task is moderated by beliefs about environmental reliability. Cognition 126:109–14 [Google Scholar]
  90. Kihlstrom JF. 2002. To honor Kraepelin: from symptoms to pathology in the diagnosis of mental illness. Rethinking the DSM: Psychological Perspectives LE Beutler, ML Malik 279–303 Washington, DC: Am. Psychol. Assoc. [Google Scholar]
  91. Kirk SA, Kutchins H. 1992. The Selling of DSM: The Rhetoric of Science in Psychiatry New York: Transaction Publ.
  92. Kraepelin E. 1920. The Manifestations of Insanity. transl. D Beer, 1992 Hist. Psychiatry 3:509–29 [Google Scholar]
  93. Kupfer DJ, First MB, Regier DA. 2002. A Research Agenda for DSM-V. Washington, DC: Am. Psychiatr. Assoc.
  94. Kupfer DJ, Foster FG, Coble P, McPartland RJ, Ulrich RF. 1978. The application of EEG sleep for the differential diagnosis of affective disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry 135:69–74 [Google Scholar]
  95. Lakatos I. 1978. A methodology of scientific research programmes. Philosophical Papers J Worrall, G Curie 147–89 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  96. Laska KM, Gurman AS, Wampold BE. 2014. Expanding the lens of evidence-based practice in psychotherapy: a common factors perspective. Psychotherapy 51:467–81 [Google Scholar]
  97. Lewin K. 1935. The conflict between Aristotelian and Galileian modes of thought in contemporary psychology. A Dynamic Theory of Personality: Selected Papers transl. DK Adams, KE Zener 1–42 New York: McGraw-Hill [Google Scholar]
  98. Lieberman JA, Ogas O. 2015. Shrinks: The Untold Story of Psychiatry Boston: Little, Brown
  99. Lilienfeld SO. 2014a. The dodo bird verdict: status in 2014. Behav. Ther. 37:91–95 [Google Scholar]
  100. Lilienfeld SO. 2014b. The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC): an analysis of methodological and conceptual challenges. Behav. Res. Ther. 62:129–39 [Google Scholar]
  101. Lilienfeld SO, Marino L. 1998. Essentialism revisited: evolutionary theory and the concept of mental disorder. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 106:400–11 [Google Scholar]
  102. Lilienfeld SO, Smith SF, Watts AL. 2014. Issues in diagnosis: conceptual issues and controversies. Psychopathology: History, Diagnosis, and Empirical Foundations E Craighead, J Miklowitz, LW Craighead 1–35 New York: Wiley [Google Scholar]
  103. Lilienfeld SO, Waldman ID. 1990. The relation between childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and adult antisocial behavior reexamined: the problem of heterogeneity. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 10:699–725 [Google Scholar]
  104. Lopez-Munoz F, Alamo C. 2009. Monoaminergic neurotransmission: the history of the discovery of antidepressants from 1950s until today. Curr. Pharm. Des. 15:141563–86 [Google Scholar]
  105. MacDonald AW III, Krueger RF. 2013. Mapping the country within: a special section on reconceptualizing the classification of mental disorders. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 122:891–93 [Google Scholar]
  106. Macrae CN, Bodenhausen GV. 2000. Social cognition: thinking categorically about others. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 51:93–120 [Google Scholar]
  107. Maj M. 2005. “Psychiatric comorbidity”: an artefact of current diagnostic systems?. Br. J. Psychiatry 186:182–84 [Google Scholar]
  108. Markon KE. 2013. Epistemological pluralism and scientific development: an argument against authoritative nosologies. J. Personal. Disord. 27:554–79 [Google Scholar]
  109. Markon KE, Chmielewski M, Miller CJ. 2011. The reliability and validity of discrete and continuous measures of psychopathology: a quantitative review. Psychol. Bull. 137:856–79 [Google Scholar]
  110. McCrae RR, Costa PT Jr. 1995. Trait explanations in personality psychology. Eur. J. Personal. 9:231–52 [Google Scholar]
  111. Meehl PE. 1977. Specific etiology and other forms of strong influence: some quantitative meanings. J. Med. Philos. 2:33–53 [Google Scholar]
  112. Meehl PE. 1978. Theoretical risks and tabular asterisks: Sir Karl, Sir Ronald, and the slow progress of soft psychology. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 46:806–34 [Google Scholar]
  113. Meehl PE, Golden R. 1982. Taxometric methods. Handbook of research methods in clinical psychology P Kendall, J Butcher 127–81 New York: Wiley [Google Scholar]
  114. Miller AH, Maletic V, Raison CL. 2009. Inflammation and its discontents: the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression. Biol. Psychiatry 65:732–41 [Google Scholar]
  115. Miller GA, Rockstroh B. 2013. Endophenotypes in psychopathology research: Where do we stand?. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 9:177–213 [Google Scholar]
  116. Mirnezami R, Nicholson J, Darzi A. 2012. Preparing for precision medicine. N. Engl. J. Med. 366:489–91 [Google Scholar]
  117. Mischel W. 1968. Personality and Assessment New York: Wiley
  118. Mischel W. 1974. Processes in Delay of Gratification New York: Academic
  119. Miyake A, Friedman NP. 2012. The nature and organization of individual differences in executive functions: four general conclusions. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 21:8–14 [Google Scholar]
  120. Miyake A, Friedman NP, Emerson MJ, Witzki AH, Howerter A, Wager TD. 2000. The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: a latent variable analysis. Cogn. Psychol. 41:49–100 [Google Scholar]
  121. Molnar BE, Buka SL, Kessler RC. 2001. Child sexual abuse and subsequent psychopathology: results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Am. J. Public Health 91:753–60 [Google Scholar]
  122. Monroe SM, Anderson SF. 2015. Depression: the shroud of heterogeneity. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 24:227–31 [Google Scholar]
  123. Morris SE, Cuthbert BN. 2012. Research Domain Criteria: cognitive systems, neural circuits, and dimensions of behavior. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 14:29–37 [Google Scholar]
  124. Neimark G. 2009. Philosophical issues in psychiatry. Am. J. Psychiatry 166:1301 [Google Scholar]
  125. Nemeroff CB, Kilts CD, Berns GS. 1999. Functional brain imaging: twenty-first century phrenology or psychobiological advance for the millennium?. Am. J. Psychiatry 156:671–73 [Google Scholar]
  126. Norrholm SD, Jovanovic T, Briscione MA, Anderson KM, Kwon CK. et al. 2014. Generalization of fear-potentiated startle in the presence of auditory cues: a parametric analysis. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 8:361 [Google Scholar]
  127. O'Connor T. 1994. Emergent properties. Am. Philos. Q. 31:91–104 [Google Scholar]
  128. Patrick CJ, Bernat EM, Malone SM, Iacono WG, Krueger RF, McGue M. 2006. P300 amplitude as an indicator of externalizing in adolescent males. Psychophysiology 43:84–92 [Google Scholar]
  129. Paulus MP. 2015. Pragmatism instead of mechanism: a call for impactful biological psychiatry. JAMA Psychiatry 72:631–32 [Google Scholar]
  130. Pigliucci M, Boudry M. 2013. Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
  131. Pizzagalli DA. 2011. Frontocingulate dysfunction in depression: toward biomarkers of treatment response. Neuropsychopharmacology 36:183–206 [Google Scholar]
  132. Polich J. 2012. Neuropsychology of P300. Oxford Handbook of Event-Related Potential Components SJ Lack, ES Kappenman 159–88 New York: Oxford Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  133. Popper KR. 1959. The Logic of Scientific Discovery New York: Routledge
  134. Regier D, Narrow W, Kuhl E, Kupfer D. 2009. The conceptual development of DSM-V. Am. J. Psychiatry 166:645–50 [Google Scholar]
  135. Robins E, Guze SB. 1970. Establishment of diagnostic validity in psychiatric illness: its application to schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 126:983–87 [Google Scholar]
  136. Rushton JP, Brainerd CJ, Pressley M. 1983. Behavioral development and construct validity: the principle of aggregation. Psychol. Bull. 94:18–38 [Google Scholar]
  137. Sanislow CA, Pine DS, Quinn KJ, Kozak MJ, Garvey MA. et al. 2010. Developing constructs for psychopathology research: Research Domain Criteria. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 119:631–39 [Google Scholar]
  138. Sartorius N. 1993. Treatment of Mental Disorders: A Review of Effectiveness Washington, DC: Am. Psychiatr. Assoc.
  139. Sauder CL, Hajcak G, Angstadt M, Phan KL. 2013. Test-retest reliability of amygdala response to emotional faces. Psychophysiology 50:1147–56 [Google Scholar]
  140. Schildkrout B. 2014. Unmasking Psychological Symptoms: How Therapists Can Learn to Recognize the Psychological Presentation of Medical Disorders New York: Wiley
  141. Schultz W, Dayan P, Montague PR. 1997. A neural substrate of prediction and reward. Science 275:1593–99 [Google Scholar]
  142. Shankman SA, Gorka SM. 2015. Psychopathology research in the RDoC era: unanswered questions and the importance of the psychophysiological unit of analysis. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 98:330–37 [Google Scholar]
  143. Skodol AE, Bender DS, Morey LC, Clark LA, Oldham JM. et al. 2011. Personality disorder types proposed for DSM-5. J. Personal. Disord. 25:136–69 [Google Scholar]
  144. Sneath PH. 1957. Some thoughts on bacterial classification. J. Gen. Microbiol. 17:184–200 [Google Scholar]
  145. Spitzer RL, Endicott J, Robins E. 1978. Research Diagnostic Criteria: rationale and reliability. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 35:773–82 [Google Scholar]
  146. Stein DJ, Black DW, Pienaar W. 2000. Sexual disorders not otherwise specified: compulsive, addictive, or impulsive?. CNS Spectr. 5:60–66 [Google Scholar]
  147. Stoyanov ST, Kandilarova S. 2014. State versus trait diagnostic biomarkers in psychiatry and the issue of translation. Austin Biomark. Diagn. 1:21–5 [Google Scholar]
  148. Tan HY, Callicott JH, Weinberger DR. 2008. Intermediate phenotypes in schizophrenia genetics redux: Is it a no brainer?. Mol. Psychiatry 13:233–38 [Google Scholar]
  149. Tellegen A. 1991. Personality traits: issues of definition, evidence, and assessment. Thinking Clearly About Psychology: Essays in Honor of Paul E. Meehl 2 Personality and Psychopathology D Cicchetti, WM Grove 10–35 Minneapolis: Univ. Minn. Press [Google Scholar]
  150. Torgersen T, Gjervan B, Rasmussen K. 2006. ADHD in adults: a study of clinical characteristics, impairment and comorbidity. Nord. J. Psychiatry 60:38–43 [Google Scholar]
  151. Treadway MT, Waskom ML, Dillon DG, Holmes AJ, Park MT. et al. 2015. Illness progression, recent stress, and morphometry of hippocampal subfields and medial prefrontal cortex in major depression. Biol. Psychiatry 77:285–94 [Google Scholar]
  152. Tryon RC. 1973. Basic unpredictability of individual responses to discrete stimulus presentations. Multivar. Behav. Res. 8:275–95 [Google Scholar]
  153. Tsay CJ. 2013. Julius Wagner-Jauregg and the legacy of malarial therapy for the treatment of general paresis of the insane. Yale J. Biol. Med. 86:245–54 [Google Scholar]
  154. Tsuang MT, Stone WS, Faraone SV. 2000. Towards the prevention of schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 48:349–56 [Google Scholar]
  155. Verheul R, Widiger TA. 2004. A meta-analysis of the prevalence and usage of the personality disorder not otherwise specified (PDNOS) diagnosis. J. Personal. Disord. 18:309–19 [Google Scholar]
  156. Vul E, Harris C, Winkielman P, Pashler H. 2009. Puzzlingly high correlations in fMRI studies of emotion, personality, and social cognition. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 4:274–90 [Google Scholar]
  157. Wakefield JC. 1992. The concept of mental disorder: on the boundary between biological facts and social values. Am. Psychol. 47:373–88 [Google Scholar]
  158. Wakefield JC. 2014. Wittgenstein's nightmare: why the RDoC grid needs a conceptual dimension. World Psychiatry 13:38–40 [Google Scholar]
  159. Waldman ID. 2005. Statistical approaches to complex phenotypes: evaluating neuropsychological endophenotypes for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 57:1347–56 [Google Scholar]
  160. Weinberger DR, Goldberg TE. 2014. RDoCs redux. World Psychiatry 13:36–38 [Google Scholar]
  161. Westen D. 2012. Prototype diagnosis of psychiatric syndromes. World Psychiatry 11:16–21 [Google Scholar]
  162. WHO (World Health Organ.) 1992. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. Geneva: WHO, 10th rev..
  163. Whooley O, Horwitz AV. 2013. The paradox of professional success: grand ambition, furious resistance, and the derailment of the DSM-5 revision process. Making the DSM-5 J Paris, J Phillips 75–92 New York: Springer [Google Scholar]
  164. Widiger TA, Clark LA. 2000. Toward DSM-V and the classification of psychopathology. Psychol. Bull. 126:946–63 [Google Scholar]
  165. Widiger TA, Trull TJ. 2007. Plate tectonics in the classification of personality disorder: shifting to a dimensional model. Am. Psychol. 62:71–83 [Google Scholar]
  166. Wilson M. 1993. DSM-III and the transformation of American psychiatry: a history. Am. J. Psychiatry 150:399–410 [Google Scholar]
  167. Wonderlick JS, Ziegler DA, Hosseini-Varnamkhasti P, Locascio JJ, Bakkour A. et al. 2009. Reliability of MRI-derived cortical and subcortical morphometric measures: effects of pulse sequence, voxel geometry, and parallel imaging. NeuroImage 44:1324–33 [Google Scholar]
  168. Zink M, Correll CU. 2015. Glutamatergic agents for schizophrenia: current evidence and perspectives. Exp. Rev. Clin. Pharmacol. 8:335–52 [Google Scholar]
  169. Zuckerman M. 1994. Behavioral Expressions and Biosocial Bases of Sensation Seeking. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093122
Loading
Clashing Diagnostic Approaches: DSM-ICD Versus RDoC
Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 12, 435 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093122
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093122
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093122
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error