1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
  4. Volume 12, 2016
  5. Article

Annual Review of Clinical Psychology

Volume 12, 2016

The Neurobiology of Intervention and Prevention in Early Adversity

Abstract

Early adverse experiences are well understood to affect development and well-being, placing individuals at risk for negative physical and mental health outcomes. A growing literature documents the effects of adversity on developing neurobiological systems. Fewer studies have examined stress neurobiology to understand how to mitigate the effects of early adversity. This review summarizes the research on three neurobiological systems relevant to interventions for populations experiencing high levels of early adversity: the hypothalamic-adrenal-pituitary axis, the prefrontal cortex regions involved in executive functioning, and the system involved in threat detection and response, particularly the amygdala. Also discussed is the emerging field of epigenetics and related interventions to mitigate early adversity. Further emphasized is the need for intervention research to integrate knowledge about the neurobiological effects of prenatal stressors (e.g., drug use, alcohol exposure) and early adversity. The review concludes with a discussion of the implications of this research topic for clinical psychology practice and public policy.

Keyword(s): adversity, amygdala, epigenetics, HPA axis, intervention, prefrontal cortex
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112855
2016-03-28
2024-04-16
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/clinpsy/12/1/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112855.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112855&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Abdolmaleky HM, Thiagalingam S, Wilcox M. 2005. Genetics and epigenetics in major psychiatric disorders. Am. J. Pharmacogenomics 5:149–60 doi: 10.2165/00129785-200505030-00002 [Google Scholar]
  2. Alink LR, Cicchetti D, Kim J, Rogosch FA. 2012. Longitudinal associations among child maltreatment, social functioning, and cortisol regulation. Dev. Psychol. 48:224–36 doi: 10.1037/a0024892 [Google Scholar]
  3. Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Bremner JD, Walker JD, Whitfield CH. et al. 2006. The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 256:174–86 doi: 10.1007/s00406-005-0624-4 [Google Scholar]
  4. Astley SJ, Stachowiak J, Clarren SK, Clausen C. 2002. Application of the fetal alcohol syndrome facial photographic screening tool in a foster care population. J. Pediatr. 141:712–17 doi: 10.1067/mpd.2002.129030 [Google Scholar]
  5. Bada HS, Bann CM, Whitaker TM, Bauer CR, Shankaran S. et al. 2012. Protective factors can mitigate behavior problems after prenatal cocaine and other drug exposures. Pediatrics 130:1479–88 doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-3306 [Google Scholar]
  6. Bale TL, Baram TZ, Brown AS, Goldstein JM, Insel TR. et al. 2010. Early life programming and neurodevelopmental disorders. Biol. Psychiatry 68:314–19 doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.05.028 [Google Scholar]
  7. Barker DJP. 2004. The developmental origins of adult disease. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 23:588–95S doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2004.tb00236.x [Google Scholar]
  8. Beach SRH, Brody GH, Todorov AA, Gunter TD, Philibert RA. 2010. Methylation at SLC6A4 is linked to family history of child abuse: an examination of the Iowa Adoptee Sample. Am. J. Med. Genet. 153B:710–13 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31028 [Google Scholar]
  9. Behnke M, Smith V. Comm. Subst. Abuse, Comm. Fetus Newborn 2013. Prenatal substance abuse: short- and long-term effects on the exposed fetus. Pediatrics 131:e1009–24 doi: 10.1542/peds.2012-3931 [Google Scholar]
  10. Berkman ET, Graham AM, Fisher PA. 2012. Training self-control: domain general translational neuroscience approach. Child Dev. Perspect. 6:374–84 doi: 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00248.x [Google Scholar]
  11. Bernard K, Dozier M, Bick J, Gordon MK. 2014a. Intervening to enhance cortisol regulation among children at risk for neglect: results of a randomized clinical trial. Dev. Psychopathol. 27:829–41 doi: 10.1017/S095457941400073X [Google Scholar]
  12. Bernard K, Hostinar CE, Dozier M. 2014b. Intervention effects on diurnal cortisol rhythms of Child Protective Services-referred infants in early childhood: preschool follow-up results of a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr. 169:112–19 doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.2369 [Google Scholar]
  13. Blair C, Berry D, Mills-Koonce R, Granger D. 2013. Cumulative effects of early poverty on cortisol in young children: moderation by autonomic nervous system activity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 38:2666–75 doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.06.025 [Google Scholar]
  14. Bönsch D, Wunschel M, Lenz B, Janssen G, Weisbrod M, Sauer H. 2012. Methylation matters? Decreased methylation status of genomic DNA in the blood of schizophrenic twins. Psychiatry Res. 198:533–37 doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.09.004 [Google Scholar]
  15. Boulle F, van den Hove DLA, Jakob SB, Rutten BP, Hamon M. et al. 2012. Epigenetic regulation of the BDNF gene: implications for psychiatric disorders. Mol. Psychiatry 17:584–96 doi: 10.1038/mp.2011.107 [Google Scholar]
  16. Bremness A, Polzin W. 2013. Trauma-informed care. Psychiatry 22:61 [Google Scholar]
  17. Bruce J, Fisher PA, Graham AM, Moore WE, Peake SJ, Mannering AM. 2013. Patterns of brain activation in foster children and nonmaltreated children during an inhibitory control task. Dev. Psychopathol. 25:931–41 doi: 10.1017/S095457941300028X [Google Scholar]
  18. Bruce J, Fisher PA, Pears KC, Levine S. 2009a. Morning cortisol levels in preschool-aged foster children: differential effects of maltreatment type. Dev. Psychobiol. 51:14–23 doi: 10.1002/dev.20333 [Google Scholar]
  19. Bruce J, McDermott JM, Fisher PA, Fox NA. 2009b. Using behavioral and electrophysiological measures to assess the effects of a preventive intervention: a preliminary study with preschool-aged foster children. Prev. Sci. 10:129–40 doi: 10.1007/s11121-008-0115-8 [Google Scholar]
  20. Caspi A, Sugden K, Moffitt TW, Taylor A, Craig IW. et al. 2003. Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 301:386–89 doi: 10.1126/science.108396 [Google Scholar]
  21. Champagne FA. 2008. Epigenetic mechanisms and the transgenerational effects of maternal care. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 29:386–97 doi: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2008.03.003 [Google Scholar]
  22. Chen FR, Raine A, Soyfer L, Granger DA. 2015. Interaction of adrenocortical activity and autonomic arousal on children's externalizing and internalizing behavior problems. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 43:189–202 doi: 10.1007/s10802-014-9900-y [Google Scholar]
  23. Cicchetti D, Rogosch FA. 2001a. Diverse patterns of neuroendocrine activity in maltreated children. Dev. Psychopathol. 13:677–93 doi: 10.1017/S0954579401003145 [Google Scholar]
  24. Cicchetti D, Rogosch FA. 2001b. The impact of child maltreatment and psychopathology on neuroendocrine functioning. Dev. Psychopathol. 13:783–804 [Google Scholar]
  25. Cicchetti D, Rogosch FA, Gunnar MR, Toth SL. 2010. The differential impacts of early physical and sexual abuse and internalizing problems on daytime cortisol rhythm in school-aged children. Child Dev. 81:252–69 doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01393.x [Google Scholar]
  26. Cicchetti D, Rogosch FA, Oshri A. 2011a. Interactive effects of corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1, serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region, and child maltreatment on diurnal cortisol regulation and internalizing symptomatology. Dev. Psychopathol. 23:1125–38 doi: 10.1017/S0954579411000599 [Google Scholar]
  27. Cicchetti D, Rogosch FA, Toth SL, Sturge-Apple ML. 2011b. Normalizing the development of cortisol regulation in maltreated infants through preventive interventions. Dev. Psychopathol. 23:789–800 doi: 10.1017/S0954579411000307 [Google Scholar]
  28. Cone RD, Low MJ, Elmquist JK, Cameron JL. 2003. Neuroendocrinology. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology PR Larsen, HM Kronenberg, S Melmed, KS Polonsky 81–176 Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 12th ed.. [Google Scholar]
  29. Cowen CSM, Callaghan BL, Richardson R. 2014. Inheriting gut feelings: Probiotics save rats from the transgenerational effects of early stress on fear-related behaviors. Int. Soc. Dev. Psychobiol. 57:S10 (Abstr.) [Google Scholar]
  30. D'Angiulli A, Herdman A, Stapells D, Hertzman C. 2008. Children's event-related potentials of auditory selective attention vary with their socioeconomic status. Neuropsychology 22:293–300 doi: 10.1037/0894-4105.22.3.293 [Google Scholar]
  31. D'Angiulli A, Sullivan R. 2010. Early specialized foster care, developmental outcomes and home salivary cortisol patterns in prenatally substance-exposed infants. Child Youth Serv. Rev. 32:460–65 doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2009.10.007 [Google Scholar]
  32. D'Angiulli A, Weinberg J, Oberlander TF, Grunau RE, Hertzman C, Maggi S. 2012. Frontal EEG/ERP correlates of attentional processes, cortisol and motivational states in adolescents from lower and higher socioeconomic status. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 6:306 doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00306 [Google Scholar]
  33. Debiec J, Sullivan RM. 2014. Intergenerational transmission of emotional trauma through amygdala-dependent mother-to-infant transfer of specific fear. PNAS 111:12222–27 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1316740111 [Google Scholar]
  34. Delgado MR, Olsson A, Phelps EA. 2006. Extending animal models of fear conditioning to humans. Biol. Psychol. 73:39–48 doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.01.006 [Google Scholar]
  35. Diamond A, Lee K. 2011. Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old. Science 333:959–64 doi: 10.1126/science.1204529 [Google Scholar]
  36. Doom JR, Cicchetti D, Rogosch FA. 2014. Longitudinal patterns of cortisol regulation differ in maltreated and nonmaltreated children. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 53:1206–15 doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2014.08.006 [Google Scholar]
  37. Doom JR, Gunnar MR. 2013. Stress physiology and developmental psychopathology: past, present, and future. Dev. Psychopathol. 25:1359–73 doi: 10.1017/S0954579413000667 [Google Scholar]
  38. Dunn MG, Tarter RE, Mezzich AC, Vanyukov M, Kirisci L, Kirillova G. 2002. Origins and consequences of child neglect in substance abuse families. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 22:1063–90 doi: 10.1016/S0272-7358(02)00132-0 [Google Scholar]
  39. Evans GW, Kim P. 2007. Childhood poverty and health cumulative risk exposure and stress dysregulation. Psychol. Sci. 18:953–57 doi: 10.1111/j.1467–9280.2007.02008.x [Google Scholar]
  40. Fisher PA, Chamberlain P. 2000. Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care: a program for intensive parenting, family support, and skill building. J. Emot. Behav. Disord. 8:155–64 doi: 10.1177/106342660000800303 [Google Scholar]
  41. Fisher PA, Gunnar MR. 2010. Early life stress as a risk factor for disease in adulthood. The Impact of Early Life Trauma on Health and Disease: The Hidden Epidemic E Vermetten, R Lanius, C Pain 143–52 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  42. Fisher PA, Lester BM, DeGarmo DS, LaGasse LL, Lin H. et al. 2011. The combined effects of prenatal drug exposure and early adversity on neurobehavioral disinhibition in childhood and adolescence. Dev. Psychopathol. 23:777–88 doi: 10.1017/S0954579411000290 [Google Scholar]
  43. Fisher PA, Stoolmiller M. 2008. Intervention effects on foster parent stress: associations with child cortisol levels. Dev. Psychopathol. 20:1003–21 doi: 10.1017/S0954579408000473 [Google Scholar]
  44. Fisher PA, Stoolmiller M, Gunnar MR, Burraston BO. 2007. Effects of a therapeutic intervention for foster preschoolers on diurnal cortisol activity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 32:892–905 doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.06.008 [Google Scholar]
  45. Fraga MF, Ballestar E, Paz MF, Ropero S, Setien F. et al. 2005. Epigenetic differences arise during the lifetime of monozygotic twins. PNAS 102:10604–9 doi: 10.1073/pnas.0500398102 [Google Scholar]
  46. Graham AM, Yockelson M, Kim HK, Bruce J, Pears KC, Fisher PA. 2012. Effects of maltreatment and early intervention on diurnal cortisol slope across the start of school: a pilot study. Child Abuse Negl. 36:666–70 doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.07.006 [Google Scholar]
  47. Gunnar MR, Donzella B. 2002. Social regulation of the cortisol levels in early human development. Psychoneuroendocrinology 27:199–220 doi: 10.1016/S0306-4530(01)00045-2 [Google Scholar]
  48. Gunnar MR, Fisher PA. 2006. Bringing basic research on early experience and stress neurobiology to bear on preventive interventions for neglected and maltreated children. Dev. Psychopathol. 18:651–77 doi: 10.1017/S0954579406060330 [Google Scholar]
  49. Gunnar MR, Morison SJ, Chisholm K, Schuder M. 2001. Salivary cortisol levels in children adopted from Romanian orphanages. Dev. Psychopathol. 13:611–28 doi: 10.1017/S095457940100311X [Google Scholar]
  50. Gunnar MR, Quevedo K. 2007. The neurobiology of stress and development. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 58:145–73 doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085605 [Google Scholar]
  51. Gunnar MR, Talge NM, Herrera A. 2009. Stressor paradigms in developmental studies: what does and does not work to produce mean increases in salivary cortisol. Psychoneuroendocrinology 34:953–67 doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.02.010 [Google Scholar]
  52. Gunnar MR, Vazquez DM. 2001. Low cortisol and a flattening of expected daytime rhythm: potential indices of risk in human development. Dev. Psychopathol. 13:515–38 doi:10.1017.S0954579401003066 [Google Scholar]
  53. Gunnar MR, Vazquez DM. 2006. Stress neurobiology and developmental psychopathology. Developmental Psychopathology 2 Developmental Neuroscience D Cicchetti, DJ Cohen 533–77 Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2nd ed.. [Google Scholar]
  54. Hackman DA, Farah MJ, Meaney MJ. 2010. Socioeconomic status and the brain: mechanistic insights from human and animal research. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11:651–59 [Google Scholar]
  55. Joëls M, Baram TZ. 2009. The neuro-symphony of stress. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 10:459–66 doi: 10.1038/nrn2632 [Google Scholar]
  56. Kim P, Evans GW, Angstadt M, Ho SS, Sripada CS. et al. 2013. Effects of childhood poverty and chronic stress on emotion regulatory brain function in adulthood. PNAS 110:18442–47 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1308240110 [Google Scholar]
  57. Koss KJ, Hostinar CE, Donzella B, Gunnar MR. 2014. Social deprivation and the HPA axis in early development. Psychoneuroendocrinology 50:1–13 doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.07.028 [Google Scholar]
  58. Landers MS, Sullivan RM. 2012. The development and neurobiology of infant attachment and fear. Dev. Neurosci. 34:101–14 doi: 10.1159/000336732 [Google Scholar]
  59. Laurent HK, Gilliam KS, Bruce J, Fisher PA. 2014. HPA stability for children in foster care: mental health implications and moderation by early intervention. Dev. Psychobiol. 56:1406–15 doi: 10.1002/dev.21226 [Google Scholar]
  60. Laurent HK, Gilliam KS, Wright DB, Fisher PA. 2015. Child anxiety symptoms related to longitudinal cortisol trajectories and acute stress responses: evidence of developmental stress sensitization. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 124:68–79 doi: 10.1037/abn0000009 [Google Scholar]
  61. Lester BM, Padbury JF. 2009. Third pathophysiology of prenatal cocaine exposure. Dev. Neurosci. 31:23–35 doi: 10.1159/000207491 [Google Scholar]
  62. Lester BM, Tronick E, Nestler E, Abel T, Kosofsky B. et al. 2011. Behavioral epigenetics. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1226:14–33 doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06037.x [Google Scholar]
  63. Leve LD, Fisher PA, Chamberlain P. 2009. Multidimensional treatment foster care as a preventive intervention to promote resiliency among youth in the child welfare system. J. Personal. 77:1869–902 doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00603.x [Google Scholar]
  64. Loman MM, Johnson AE, Westerlund A, Pollak SD, Nelson CA, Gunnar MR. 2013. The effect of early deprivation on executive attention in middle childhood. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 54:37–45 doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02602.x [Google Scholar]
  65. Lupien SJ, King S, Meaney MJ, McEwen BS. 2001. Can poverty get under your skin? Basal cortisol levels and cognitive function in children from low and high socioeconomic status. Dev. Psychopathol. 13:653–76 doi: 10.1017/S0954579401003133 [Google Scholar]
  66. Lupien SJ, McEwen BS, Gunnar MR, Heim C. 2009. Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 10:434–45 doi: 10.1038/nrn2639 [Google Scholar]
  67. MacMillan HL, Georgiades K, Duku EK, Shea A, Steiner M. et al. 2009. Cortisol response to stress in female youths exposed to childhood maltreatment: results of the youth mood project. Biol. Psychiatry 66:62–68 doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.12.014 [Google Scholar]
  68. McDermott JM, Westerlund A, Zeanah CH, Nelson CA, Fox NA. 2012. Early adversity and neural correlates of executive function: implications for academic adjustment. Dev. Cogn. Neurosci. 2:S59–66 doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2011.09.008 [Google Scholar]
  69. McGowen PO, Sasaki A, D'Alessio AC, Dymov S, Labonté B. et al. 2009. Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with child abuse. Nat. Neurosci. 12:342–48 doi: 10.1038/nn.2270 [Google Scholar]
  70. Meaney MJ, Szyf M. 2005a. Environmental programming of stress response through DNA methylation: life at the interface between the dynamic environment and a fixed genome. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 7:103–23 [Google Scholar]
  71. Meaney MJ, Szyf M. 2005b. Maternal care as a model for experience-dependent chromatin plasticity?. Trends Neurosci. 28:456–63 doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2005.07.006 [Google Scholar]
  72. Mehta D, Klengel T, Conneely KN, Smith AK, Altmann A. et al. 2013. Childhood maltreatment is associated with distinct genomic and epigenetic profiles in posttraumatic stress disorder. PNAS 110:8302–7 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1217750110 [Google Scholar]
  73. Merikangas KR, He JP, Burstein M, Swanson SA, Avenevoli S. et al. 2010. Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in US adolescents: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication—Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 49:980–89 doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017 [Google Scholar]
  74. Moriceau S, Shionoya K, Jakups K, Sullivan RM. 2009. Early life stress disrupts attachment learning: the role of amygdala corticosterone, locus coeruleus CRF and olfactory bulb NE. J. Neurosci. 29:15745–55 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4106-09.2009 [Google Scholar]
  75. Nelson CA, Bos K, Gunnar MR, Sonuga-Barke EJ. 2011. Children without permanent parents: research, practice, and policy. V: The neurobiological toll of early human deprivation. Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev. 76:127–46 doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5834.2011.00630.x [Google Scholar]
  76. Neville HJ, Stevens C, Pakulak E, Bell TA, Fanning J. et al. 2013. Family-based training program improves brain function, cognition, and behavior in lower socioeconomic status preschoolers. PNAS 110:12138–43 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1304437110 [Google Scholar]
  77. Parent C, Zhang TY, Caldji C, Bagot R, Champagne FA. et al. 2005. Maternal care and individual differences in defensive responses. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 14:229–33 doi: 10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00370.x [Google Scholar]
  78. Pattwell SS, Lee FS, Casey BJ. 2013. Fear learning and memory across adolescent development: hormones and behavior. (Special issue: puberty and adolescence.). Horm. Behav. 64:380–89 doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.01.016 [Google Scholar]
  79. Pears KC, Fisher PA, Kim HK, Bruce J, Healey C, Yoerger K. 2013. Immediate effects of a school readiness intervention for children in foster care. Early Educ. Dev. 24:771–91 doi: 10.1080/10409289.2013.736037 [Google Scholar]
  80. Perroud N, Paoloni-Giacobino A, Prada P, Olié E, Salzmann A. et al. 2011. Increased methylation of glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) in adults with a history of childhood maltreatment: a link with the severity and type of trauma. Transl. Psychiatry 1:e59 doi: 10.1038/tp.2011.60 [Google Scholar]
  81. Phelps EA, LeDoux JE. 2005. Contributions of the amygdala to emotion processing: from animal models to human behavior. Neuron 48:175–87 doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.09.025 [Google Scholar]
  82. Pluess M, Belsky J. 2011. Prenatal programming of postnatal plasticity?. Dev. Psychopathol. 23:29–38 doi: 10.1017/S0954579410000623 [Google Scholar]
  83. Pollak SD. 2008. Mechanisms linking early experience and the emergence of emotions: illustrations from the study of maltreated children. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 17:370–75 doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00608.x [Google Scholar]
  84. Raineki C, Sarro E, Rincón-Cortés M, Perry R, Boggs J. et al. 2015. Paradoxical neurobehavioral rescue by memories of early-life abuse: the safety signal value of odors learned during abusive attachment. Neuropsychopharmacology 40:906–14 doi: 10.1038/npp.2014.266 [Google Scholar]
  85. Rincón-Cortés M, Sullivan RM. 2014. Early life trauma and attachment: immediate and enduring effects on neurobehavioral and stress axis development. Front. Endocrinol. 5:33 doi: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00033 [Google Scholar]
  86. Rogers JM. 2008. Tobacco and pregnancy: overview of exposures and effects. Birth Defects Res. C Embryo Today 84:1–15 doi: 10.1002/bdrc.20119 [Google Scholar]
  87. Roth TL, Lubin FD, Funk AJ, Sweatt JD. 2009. Lasting epigenetic influence of early-life adversity on the BDNF gene. Biol. Psychiatry 65:760–69 doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.028 [Google Scholar]
  88. SAMHSA (Subst. Abuse Mental Health Serv. Admin.) 2014. Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings NSDUH Ser. H-48. HHS Publ. No. (SMA) 14-4863 Rockville, MD: SAMHSA
  89. Sanchez MM. 2006. The impact of early adverse care on HPA axis development: nonhuman primate models. Horm. Behav. 50:623–31 doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.06.012 [Google Scholar]
  90. Sarro EC, Wilson DA, Sullivan RM. 2014. Maternal regulation of infant brain state. Curr. Biol. 24:1664–69 doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.06.017 [Google Scholar]
  91. Schatzberg AF, Rothschild AJ, Langlais PJ, Bird ED, Cole JO. 1985. A corticosteroid/dopamine hypothesis for psychotic depression and related states. J. Psychiatry Res. 19:57–64 doi: 10.1016/0022-3956(85)90068-8 [Google Scholar]
  92. Schroeder M, Krebs MO, Bleich S, Frieling H. 2010. Epigenetics and depression: current challenges and new therapeutic options. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry 23:588–92 doi: 10.1097/YCO.0b013e32833d16c1 [Google Scholar]
  93. Selye H. 1936. A syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents. Nature 138:32 doi: 10.1038/138032a0 [Google Scholar]
  94. Shechner T, Britton JC, Pérez-Edgar K, Bar-Haim Y, Ernst M. et al. 2012. Attention biases, anxiety, and development: toward or away from threats or rewards?. Depress. Anxiety 29:282–94 doi: 10.1002/da.20914 [Google Scholar]
  95. Shechner T, Hong M, Britton JC, Pine DS, Fox NA. 2014. Fear conditioning and extinction across development: evidence from human studies and animal models. Biol. Psychol. 100:1–12 doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.04.001 [Google Scholar]
  96. Shonkoff JP, Boyce WT, McEwen BS. 2009. Neuroscience, molecular biology, and the childhood roots of health disparities: building a new framework for health promotion and disease prevention. JAMA 301:2252–59 doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.754 [Google Scholar]
  97. Shonkoff JP, Garner AS, Siegel BS, Dobbins MI, Earls MF. et al. 2012. The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics 129:e232–46 doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-2663 [Google Scholar]
  98. Slopen N, McLaughlin KA, Shonkoff JP. 2014. Interventions to improve cortisol regulation in children: a systematic review. Pediatrics 133:312–26 doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-1632 [Google Scholar]
  99. Smith DK, Johnson AB, Pears KC, Fisher PA, DeGarmo DS. 2007. Child maltreatment and foster care: unpacking the effects of prenatal and postnatal parental substance use. Child Maltreat. 12:150–60 doi: 10.1177/1077559507300129 [Google Scholar]
  100. Sotres-Bayon F, Sierra-Mercado D, Pardilla-Delgado E, Quirk GJ. 2012. Gating of fear in prelimbic cortex by hippocampal and amygdala inputs. Neuron 76:804–12 doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.09.028 [Google Scholar]
  101. Stahl SM. 2009. Epigenetics and methylomics in psychiatry. J. Clin. Psychiatry 70:1204–5 doi: 10.4088/JCP.09bs05563 [Google Scholar]
  102. Stevens C, Lauinger B, Neville H. 2009. Differences in the neural mechanisms of selective attention in children from different socioeconomic backgrounds: an event-related brain potential study. Dev. Sci. 12:634–46 doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00807.x [Google Scholar]
  103. Szyf M. 2012. The early-life social environment and DNA methylation. Clin. Genet. 81:341–49 doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2012.01843.x [Google Scholar]
  104. Tarullo AR, Gunnar MR. 2006. Child maltreatment and the developing HPA axis. Horm. Behav. 50:632–39 doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.06.010 [Google Scholar]
  105. Taylor SE. 2010. Mechanisms linking early life stress to adult health outcomes. PNAS 107:8507–12 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1003890107 [Google Scholar]
  106. Thompson BL, Levitt P, Stanwood GD. 2009. Prenatal exposure to drugs: effects on brain development and implications for policy and education. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 10:303–12 doi: 10.1038/nrn2598 [Google Scholar]
  107. Tottenham N. 2014. The importance of early experiences for neuro-affective development. Curr. Topics Behav. Neurosci. 16:109–29 doi: 10.1007/7854_2013_254 [Google Scholar]
  108. Trickett PK, Noll JG, Susman EJ, Shenk C, Putnam FW. 2010. Attenuation of cortisol across development for victims of sexual abuse. Dev. Psychopathol. 22:165–75 doi: 10.1017/S0954579409990332 [Google Scholar]
  109. Tsankova NM, Berton O, Renthal W, Kumar A, Neve RL, Nestler EJ. 2006. Sustained hippocampal chromatin regulation in a mouse model of depression and antidepressant action. Nat. Neurosci. 9:519–25 doi: 10.1038/nn1659 [Google Scholar]
  110. Tyrka AR, Price LH, Marsit C, Walters OC, Carpenter LL. 2012. Childhood adversity and epigenetic modulation of the leukocyte glucocorticoid receptor: preliminary findings in healthy adults. PLOS ONE 7:e30148 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030148 [Google Scholar]
  111. van IJzendoorn MH, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Ebstein RP. 2011. Methylation matters in child development: toward developmental behavioral epigenetics. Child Dev. Perspect. 5:305–10 doi: 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00202.x [Google Scholar]
  112. van IJzendoorn MH, Caspers K, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Beach SRH, Philibert R. 2010. Methylation matters: Interaction between methylation density and serotonin transporter genotype predicts unresolved loss or trauma. Biol. Psychiatry 68:405–7 doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.05.008 [Google Scholar]
  113. Waddington CH. 1942. The epigenotype. Endeavour 1942:10–13 [Google Scholar]
  114. Weaver ICG, Cervoni N, Champagne FA, D'Alessio AC, Sharma. et al. 2004. Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nat. Neurosci. 7:847–54 doi: 10.1038/nn1276 [Google Scholar]
  115. Webster MJ, Knable MB, O'Grady J, Orthmann J, Weickert CS. 2002. Regional specificity of brain glucocorticoid receptor mRNA alterations in subjects with schizophrenia and mood disorders. Mol. Psychiatry 7:985–94 doi: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001139 [Google Scholar]
  116. Wong CCY, Caspi A, Williams B, Craig IW, Houts R. et al. 2010. A longitudinal study of epigenetic variation in twins. Epigenetics 5:1–11 doi: 10.4161/epi.5.6.12226 [Google Scholar]
  117. Zhang T, Meaney MJ. 2010. Epigenetics and environmental regulation of the genome and its function. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 61:439–66 doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163625 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112855
Loading
The Neurobiology of Intervention and Prevention in Early Adversity
Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 12, 331 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112855
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112855
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112855
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error