1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Criminology
  4. Volume 3, 2020
  5. Article

Annual Review of Criminology

Volume 3, 2020

The Social Organization of Sexual Assault

Abstract

In this review, we provide an overview of the literature on sexual assault. First, we define sexual assault, noting its multiple dimensions and the consequences for operationalization—including reviewing strategies for such operationalization. Second, we outline different approaches to sexual assault, critically assessing those frameworks that rely upon a model of sociopathy; instead, we propose focusing on more sociological and ecological understandings that push beyond the single dimension of gender and the framework of gender and power. Third, we outline the range of data sources that have been used to generate insights into sexual assault. Fourth, we provide the core research findings of the field, which at times are contradictory, mapping them to our ecological model of individual, relational, organizational, and cultural levels. We then review the evidence around those interventions that have been successful in addressing sexual assault (and those that have been unsuccessful) before concluding with suggestions for further research directions.

Keyword(s): gender, gender-based violence, intersectionality, power, sexual assault
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-criminol-011518-024456
2020-01-13
2024-04-25
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/criminol/3/1/annurev-criminol-011518-024456.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-criminol-011518-024456&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Abbey A. 2002. Alcohol-related sexual assault: a common problem among college students. J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs 14:118–28
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Abbey A, McAuslan P. 2004. A longitudinal examination of male college students’ perpetration of sexual assault. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 72:747–56
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Abbey A, McAuslan P, Ross LT 1998. Sexual assault perpetration by college men: the role of alcohol, misperception of sexual intent, and sexual beliefs and experiences. J. Soc. Clin. Psychol. 17:167–95
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Abbey A, Wegner R, Woerner J, Pegram SE, Pierce J 2014. Review of survey and experimental research that examines the relationship between alcohol consumption and men's sexual aggression perpetration. Trauma Violence Abuse 15:265–82
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Agan AY. 2011. Sex offender registries: fear without function. J. Law Econ. 54:1207–39
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Anderson RAE, Cahill SP, Delahanty DL 2018. The psychometric properties of the Sexual Experiences Survey-Short Form Victimization (SES-SFV) and characteristics of sexual victimization experiences in college men. Psychol. Men Masculinity 19:125–34
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Aosved A, Long P. 2006. Co-occurrence of rape myth acceptance, sexism, racism, homophobia, ageism, classism, and religious intolerance. Sex Roles 55:7–8481–92
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Armstrong EA, Gleckman-Krut M, Johnson L 2018. Silence, power, and inequality: an intersectional approach to sexual violence. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 44:99–122
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Armstrong EA, Hamilton L, Sweeney B 2006. Sexual assault on campus: a multilevel, integrative approach to party rape. Soc. Probl. 53:4483–99
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Armstrong EA, Hamilton LT. 2013. Paying for the Party Cambridge, MA: Harv. Univ. Press
  11. Axinn WG, Bardos ME, West BT 2017. General population estimates of the association between college experience and the odds of forced intercourse. Soc. Sci. Res. 70:131–43
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Ayala EE, Kotary B, Hetz M 2018. Blame attributions of victims and perpetrators: effects of victim gender, perpetrator gender, and relationship. J. Interpers. Violence 33:194–116
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Bachman R, Taylor BH. 1994. The measurement of family violence and rape by the redesigned National Crime Victimization Survey. Justice Q 11:499–512
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Balsam KF, Lehavot K, Beadnell B 2011. Sexual revictimization and mental health: a comparison of lesbians, gay men, and heterosexual women. J. Interpers. Violence 26:1798–814
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Bandyopadhyay M. 2006. Competing masculinities in a prison. Men Masculinities 9:2186–203
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Banyard VL, Ward S, Cohn ES, Plante EG, Moorhead C, Walsh W 2007. Unwanted sexual contact on campus: a comparison of women's and men's experiences. Violence Victims 22:152–70
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Baum K, Klaus P. 2005. National Crime Victimization Survey: violent victimization of college students, 1995–2002 Justice Stat. Rep. NCJ 206836, US Dep. Justice Washington, DC: https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/vvcs02.pdf
  18. Baumer EC, Felson RB, Messner SF 2003. Changes in police notification for rape, 1973–2000. Criminology 41:3841–72
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Beck AJ, Berzofsky M, Caspar R, Krebs C 2013. Sexual victimization in prisons and jails reported by inmates, 2011–12 Bur. Justice Stat. Rep. NCJ 241399, US Dep. Justice Washington, DC: https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/svpjri1112.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Beres M. 2010. Sexual miscommunication? Untangling assumptions about sexual communication between casual sex partners. Cult. Health Sex. 12:11–14
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Beres MA. 2007. “Spontaneous” sexual consent: an analysis of sexual consent literature. Fem. Psychol. 17:193–108
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Berg DR, Lonsway KA, Fitzgerald LF 1999. Rape prevention education for men: the effectiveness of empathy-induction techniques. J. Coll. Stud. Dev. 40:3219–34
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Bierie DM, Davis-Siegel JC. 2015. Measurement matters: comparing old and new definitions of rape in federal statistical reporting. Sex. Abuse J. Res. Treat. 27:5443–59
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Black MC, Basile KC, Breiding MJ, Smith SG, Walters ML et al. 2011. The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2010 summary report Natl. Cent. Injury Prev. Control Rep., Cent. Dis. Control Prev Atlanta, GA:
  25. Boucher LM. 2007. Strategic advocacy: exploring the relationship between service provision and advocacy in a feminist organization MA Thesis, Univ. Guelph Guelph, Ont:
  26. Breiding M, Breiding MJ, Smith SG, Walters ML, Chen J, Merrick MT 2014. Prevalence and characteristics of sexual violence, stalking, and intimate partner violence victimization—National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, United States, 2011. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep 63:81–18
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Bronfenbrenner U. 1977. Toward an experimental ecology of human development. Am. Psychol. 32:7513–31
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Bur. Justice Stat 2014. Rape and sexual assault victimization among college-age females, 1995–2013 Bur. Justice Stat. Rep. NCJ 248471, US Dep. Justice Washington, DC: https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/rsavcaf9513.pdf
  29. Burkett M, Hamilton K. 2012. Postfeminist sexual agency: young women's negotiations of sexual consent. Sexualities 15:7815–33
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Burt MR. 1980. Cultural myths and supports for rape. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 38:2217–30
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Calhoun K, Mouilso ER, Edwards KM 2012. Sexual assault among college students. Sex in College RD McAnulty 263–88 Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Publ
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Campbell R, Dworkin E, Cabral G 2009. An ecological model of the impact of sexual assault on women's mental health. Trauma Violence Abuse 10:3225–46
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Cantor D, Fisher B, Chibnall S, Bruce C, Townsend R et al. 2015. Report on the AAU Campus Climate Survey on Sexual Assault and Sexual Misconduct: Columbia University Washington, DC: Am. Assoc. Univ
  34. Carey KB, Durney SE, Shepardson RL, Carey MP 2015. Precollege predictors of incapacitated rape among female students in their first year of college. J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs 76:6829–37
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Carr JL, VanDeusen KM. 2004. Risk factors for male sexual aggression on college campuses. J. Fam. Violence 19:5279–89
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Catalano S, Harmon M, Beck A, Cantor D 2005. BJS activities on measuring rape and sexual assault Bur. Justice Stat. Poster, US Dep. Justice Washington, DC: https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/bjs_amrsa_poster.pdf
  37. Chin M, Wamboldt A, Khan SR, Mellins CA, Hirsch JS 2019. Time for sex: examining dimensions of temporality in sexual consent among college students. Hum. Organ 78:4 In press
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Clarke AK, Stermac L. 2011. The influence of stereotypical beliefs, participant gender, and survivor weight on sexual assault response. J. Interpers. Violence 26:112285–302
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Clay-Warner J, McMahon-Howard J. 2009. Rape reporting: “Classic rape” and the behavior of law. Violence Victims 24:6723–43
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Connell RW. 1987. Gender and Power: Society, the Person and Sexual Politics Stanford, CA: Stanf. Univ. Press
  41. Connell RW. 1995. Masculinities Cambridge, UK: Polity Press
  42. Connell RW, Messerschmidt JW. 2005. Hegemonic masculinity: rethinking the concept. Gend. Soc. 19:6829–59
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Coulter RWS, Mair C, Miller E, Blosnich JR, Matthews DD, McCauley HL 2017. Prevalence of past-year sexual assault victimization among undergraduate students: exploring differences by and intersections of gender identity, sexual identity, and race/ethnicity. Prev. Sci. 18:6726–36
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Cowley AD. 2014. “Let's get drunk and have sex”: the complex relationship of alcohol, gender, and sexual victimization. J. Interpers. Violence 29:71258–78
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Crenshaw K. 1989. Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. Univ. Chic. Leg. Forum 1989:8
     [Google Scholar]
  46. DeGue S, Valle LA, Holt MK, Massetti GM, Matjasko JL, Tharp AT 2014. A systematic review of primary prevention strategies for sexual violence perpetration. Aggress. Violent Behav. 19:4346–62
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Desai S, Arias I, Thompson MP, Basile KC 2002. Childhood victimization and subsequent adult revictimization assessed in a nationally representative sample of women and men. Violence Victims 17:6639–53
     [Google Scholar]
  48. de Viggiani N. 2012. Trying to be something you are not: masculine performances within a prison setting. Men Masculinities 15:271–91
     [Google Scholar]
  49. de Volo LB, Hall LK 2015. “I wish all the ladies were holes in the road”: the US Air Force Academy and the gendered continuum of violence. Signs J. Women Cult. Soc. 40:4865–89
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Donde SD. 2017. College women's attributions of blame for experiences of sexual assault. J. Interpers. Violence 32:223520–38
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Edwards KM, Sylaska KM, Barry JE, Moynihan MM, Banyard VL et al. 2015. Physical dating violence, sexual violence, and unwanted pursuit victimization: a comparison of incidence rates among sexual-minority and heterosexual college students. J. Interpers. Violence 30:4580–600
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Estritch S. 1987. Real Rape: How the Legal System Victimizes Women Who Say No Cambridge, MA: Harv. Univ. Press
  53. Evans T, Wallace P. 2008. A prison within a prison?: the masculinity narratives of male prisoners. Men Masculinities 10:4484–507
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Fahlberg A, Pepper M. 2016. Masculinity and sexual violence: assessing the state of the field. Sociol. Compass 10:8673–83
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Fantasia HC, Fontenot H, Ieradi JA, Sutherland MA 2014. Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about contraceptive and sexual consent negotiation among college women. J. Forensic Nurs. 10:4199–207
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Felson RB, Cundiff P, Painter-Davis N 2012. Age and sexual assault in correctional facilities: a blocked opportunity approach. Criminology 50:4887–911
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Felson RB, Paré P‐P 2005. The reporting of domestic violence and sexual assault by nonstrangers to the police. J. Marriage Fam. 67:3597–610
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Fernández-Rouco N, Fernández-Fuertes AA, Carcerdo RJ, Lázaro-Visa S, Gómez-Pérez E 2017. Sexual violence history and welfare in transgender people. J. Interpers. Violence 31:192885–907
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Fisher BS. 2009. The effects of survey question wording on rape estimates: evidence from a quasi-experimental design. Violence Against Women 15:2133–47
     [Google Scholar]
  60. Fisher BS, Cullen FT, Turner MG 2000. The sexual victimization of college women Bur. Justice Stat. Rep. NCJ 182369, US Dep. Justice Washington, DC: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/182369.pdf
  61. Fisher BS, Daigle LE, Cullen FT, Turner MG 2003. Reporting sexual victimization to the police and others: Results from a national-level study of college women. Crim. Justice Behav. 30:16–38
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Flack WF Jr, Caron ML, Leinen SJ, Breitenbach KG, Barber AM et al. 2008. “The Red Zone”: temporal risk for unwanted sex among college students. J. Interpers. Violence 23:91177–96
     [Google Scholar]
  63. Flack WF Jr, Daubman KA, Caron ML, Asadorian JA, D'Aureli NR et al. 2007. Risk factors and consequences of unwanted sex among university students: hooking up, alcohol, and stress response. J. Interpers. Violence 22:2139–57
     [Google Scholar]
  64. Flack WF Jr, Hansen BE, Hopper AB, Bryant LA, Lang KW et al. 2016. Some types of hookups may be riskier than others for campus sexual assault. Psychol. Trauma Theory Res. Pract. Policy 8:4413–20
     [Google Scholar]
  65. Franklin CA. 2016. Sorority affiliation and sexual assault victimization: assessing vulnerability using path analysis. Violence Against Women 22:8895–922
     [Google Scholar]
  66. Franklin K. 2004. Enacting masculinity: antigay violence and group rape as participatory theater. Sex. Res. Soc. Policy 1:225–40
     [Google Scholar]
  67. Gámez-Guadix M, Straus MA, Hershberger SL 2011. Childhood and adolescent victimization and perpetration of sexual coercion by male and female university students. Deviant Behav 32:8712–42
     [Google Scholar]
  68. Gilbert L, Sarvet AL, Wall M, Walsh K, Reardon L et al. 2019. Situational contexts and risk factors associated with incapacitated and nonincapacitated sexual assaults among college women. J. Women's Health 28:2185–93
     [Google Scholar]
  69. Greeson MR, Campbell R. 2015. Coordinated community efforts to respond to sexual assault: a national study of sexual assault response team implementation. J. Interpers. Violence 30:142470–87
     [Google Scholar]
  70. Gross AM, Winslett A, Roberts M, Gohm CL 2006. An examination of sexual violence against college women. Violence Against Women 12:3288–300
     [Google Scholar]
  71. Heise LL. 1998. Violence against women: an integrated, ecological framework. Violence Against Women 4:3262–90
     [Google Scholar]
  72. Hines DA, Armstrong JL, Reed KP, Cameron AY 2012. Gender differences in sexual assault victimization among college students. Violence Victims 27:6922–40
     [Google Scholar]
  73. Hines DA, Saudino KJ. 2003. Gender differences in psychological, physical, and sexual aggression among college students using the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales. Violence Victims 18:2197–217
     [Google Scholar]
  74. Hirsch JS, Khan S. 2020. Sexual Citizens: A Landmark Study of Sex, Power, and Assault on Campus New York: WW Norton
  75. Hirsch JS, Khan SR, Wamboldt A, Mellins CA 2019. Social dimensions of sexual consent among cisgender heterosexual college students: insights from ethnographic research. J. Adolesc. Health 64:26–35
     [Google Scholar]
  76. Hirsch JS, Reardon L, Khan S, Santelli JS, Wilson PA et al. 2018. Transforming the campus climate: advancing mixed‐methods research on the social and cultural roots of sexual assault on a college campus. Voices 13:123–54
     [Google Scholar]
  77. Hirzel L. 2011. Sexual assault education organizations on campus: the role of peers MA Thesis, Wayne State Univ Detroit, MI:
  78. Hlavka HR. 2014. Normalizing sexual violence: young women account for harassment and abuse. Gend. Soc. 28:3337–58
     [Google Scholar]
  79. Hollander JA. 2004. “I can take care of myself”: the impact of self-defense training on women's lives. Violence Against Women 10:3205–35
     [Google Scholar]
  80. Hollander JA, Rodgers K. 2014. Constructing victims: the erasure of women's resistance to sexual assault. Sociol. Forum 29:2342–64
     [Google Scholar]
  81. Humphrey JA, White JW. 2000. Women's vulnerability to sexual assault from adolescence to young adulthood. J. Adolesc. Health 27:6419–24
     [Google Scholar]
  82. Humphrey SE, Kahn AS. 2000. Fraternities, athletic teams, and rape: importance of identification with a risky group. J. Interpers. Violence 15:121313–22
     [Google Scholar]
  83. Hust SJT, Rodgers KB, Bayly B 2017. Scripting sexual consent: internalized traditional sexual scripts and sexual consent expectancies among college students. Fam. Relat. 66:197–210
     [Google Scholar]
  84. Jenness V, Fenstermaker S. 2016. Forty years after Brownmiller: prisons for men, transgender inmates, and the rape of the feminine. Gend. Soc. 30:114–29
     [Google Scholar]
  85. Jensen GF, Karpos M. 1993. Managing rape: exploratory research on the behavior of rape statistics. Criminology 31:3363–85
     [Google Scholar]
  86. Jerolmack C, Khan S. 2014a. Talk is cheap: ethnography and the attitudinal fallacy. Sociol. Methods Res. 43:2178–209
     [Google Scholar]
  87. Jerolmack C, Khan S. 2014b. Toward an understanding of the relationship between accounts and action. Sociol. Methods Res. 43:2236–47
     [Google Scholar]
  88. Jewkes Y. 2005. Men behind bars: “doing” masculinity as an adaptation to imprisonment. Men Masculinities 8:144–63
     [Google Scholar]
  89. Jozkowski KN. 2015. “Yes means yes?” Sexual consent policy and college students. Change Mag. High. Learn. 47:216–23
     [Google Scholar]
  90. Jozkowski KN, Peterson ZD. 2013. College students and sexual consent: unique insights. J. Sex Res. 50:6517–23
     [Google Scholar]
  91. Jozkowski KN, Peterson ZD, Sanders SA, Dennis B, Reece M 2014. Gender differences in heterosexual college students’ conceptualizations and indicators of sexual consent: implications for contemporary sexual assault prevention education. J. Sex Res. 51:8904–16
     [Google Scholar]
  92. Katz J, May P, Sörensen S, Tosta JD 2010. Sexual revictimization during women's first year of college: self-blame and sexual refusal assertiveness as possible mechanisms. J. Interpers. Violence 25:112113–26
     [Google Scholar]
  93. Katz J, Nguyen LJ. 2016. Bystander responses to risk for rape perpetrated by a friend, acquaintance, or stranger. J. Aggress. Maltreat. Trauma 25:6652–67
     [Google Scholar]
  94. Kaysen D, Neighbors C, Martell J, Fossos N, Larimer ME 2006. Incapacitated rape and alcohol use: a prospective analysis. Addict. Behav. 31:101820–32
     [Google Scholar]
  95. Kennedy L. 2016. “He must learn what being a man is all about”: negotiating the male code at the Louisiana State Penitentiary. Deviant Behav 37:2151–66
     [Google Scholar]
  96. Khan S. 2019. The subpoena of ethnographic data. Sociol. Forum 34:1253–63
     [Google Scholar]
  97. Khan SR, Hirsch JS, Wamboldt A, Mellins CA 2018. I didn't want to be “that girl”: the social risks of labeling, telling, and reporting sexual assault. Sociol. Sci. 5:432–60
     [Google Scholar]
  98. Kilpatrick DG, Acierno R, Resnick HS, Saunders BE, Best CL 1997. A 2-year longitudinal analysis of the relationships between violent assault and substance use in women. J. Consult. Clin. Pyschol. 65:5834–47
     [Google Scholar]
  99. Kilpatrick DG, Edmunds CN, Seymour A 1992. Rape in America: a report to the nation Rep., Natl. Vict. Cent. Crime Vict. Res. Treat. Cent Charleston, SC:
  100. Kilpatrick DG, Resnick HS, Ruggiero KJ, Conoscenti LM, McCauley J 2007. Drug-facilitated, incapacitated, and forcible rape: a national study Rep. 219181, US Dep. Justice Washington, DC: http://www.antoniocasella.eu/archila/Kilpatrick_drug_forcible_rape_2007.pdf
  101. Kimmel M. 2008. Guyland: The Perilous World Where Boys Become Men New York: Harper Collins
  102. Kingree JB, Thompson M, Ruetz E 2017. Heavy episodic drinking and sexual aggression among male college students: the protective influence of church attendance. J. Interpers. Violence 32:4604–20
     [Google Scholar]
  103. Koss M, Abbey A, Campbell R, Cook S, Norris J et al. 2007. Revising the SES: a collaborative process to improve assessment of sexual aggression and victimization. Psychol. Women Q. 31:357–70
     [Google Scholar]
  104. Koss MP, Dinero TE, Seibel CA, Cox SL 1988. Stranger and acquaintance rape: Are there differences in the victim's experience?. Psychol. Women Q. 12:11–24
     [Google Scholar]
  105. Koss MP, Gidycz CA. 1985. Sexual Experiences Survey: reliability and validity. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 53:3422–23
     [Google Scholar]
  106. Koss MP, Gidycz CA, Wisniewski N 1987. The scope of rape: incidence and prevalence of sexual aggression and victimization in a national sample of higher education students. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 55:2162–70
     [Google Scholar]
  107. Koss MP, Oros CJ. 1982. Sexual Experiences Survey: a research instrument investigating sexual aggression and victimization. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 50:3455–57
     [Google Scholar]
  108. Krahé B, Berger A. 2013. Men and women as perpetrators and victims of sexual aggression in heterosexual and same-sex encounters: a study of first-year college students in Germany. Aggress. Behav. 39:391–404
     [Google Scholar]
  109. Krebs CP, Lindquist CH, Warner TD, Fisher BS, Martin SL 2007. The Campus Sexual Assault Study (CSA), final report RTI Int. Rep., Natl. Inst. Justice Washington, DC:
     [Google Scholar]
  110. Krebs CP, Lindquist CH, Warner TD, Fisher BS, Martin SL 2009. College women's experiences with physically forced, alcohol- or other drug-enabled, and drug-facilitated sexual assault before and since entering college. J. Am. Coll. Health 57:6639–49
     [Google Scholar]
  111. Kubiak SP, Brenner HJ, Bybee D, Campbell R, Cummings CE et al. 2017. Sexual misconduct in prison: What factors affect whether incarcerated women will report abuses committed by prison staff. Law Hum. Behav. 41:4361–74
     [Google Scholar]
  112. Langenderfer-Magruder L, Walls NE, Kattari SK, Whitfield DL, Ramos D 2016. Sexual victimization and subsequent police reporting by gender identity among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer adults. Violence Victims 31:2320–31
     [Google Scholar]
  113. Langton L, Berzofsky M, Krebs C, Smiley-McDonald H 2012. Victimizations not reported to the police, 2006–2010 Bur. Justice Stat. Rep. NCJ 238536, US Dep. Justice Washington, DC:
  114. Lisak D, Miller PM. 2002. Repeat rape and multiple offending among undetected rapists. Violence Victims 17:173–84
     [Google Scholar]
  115. Lonsway KA. 1996. Preventing acquaintance rape through education: What do we know. Psychol. Women Q. 20:229–65
     [Google Scholar]
  116. Lonsway KA. 2010. Trying to move the elephant in the living room: responding to the challenge of false rape reports. Violence Against Women 16:21356–71
     [Google Scholar]
  117. Malamuth NM, Heavey CL, Linz D 1996. The confluence model of sexual aggression: combining hostile masculinity and impersonal sex. J. Offender Rehabil. 23:3–413–37
     [Google Scholar]
  118. Malinen K. 2014. “This was a sexual assault”: a social worlds analysis of paradigm change in the interpersonal violence world. Symb. Interact. 37:3353–68
     [Google Scholar]
  119. Messman-Moore TL, Walsh KL, DiLillo D 2010. Emotion dysregulation and risky sexual behavior in revictimization. Child Abuse Negl 34:12967–76
     [Google Scholar]
  120. Mellins CA, Walsh K, Sarvet AL, Wall M, Gilbert L et al. 2017. Sexual assault incidents among college undergraduates: prevalence and factors associated with risk. PLOS ONE 12:11e0186471
     [Google Scholar]
  121. Miller AK, Markman KD, Handley IM 2007. Self-blame among sexual assault victims prospectively predicts revictimization: a perceived sociolegal context model of risk. Basic Appl. Soc. Psychol. 29:2129–36
     [Google Scholar]
  122. Minow JC, Einolf CJ. 2009. Sorority participation and sexual assault risk. Violence Against Women 15:7835–51
     [Google Scholar]
  123. Morgan RE, Truman JL. 2018. Criminal victimization, 2017 Bur. Justice Stat. Rep. NCJ 252472, US Dep. Justice Washington, DC:
  124. Mouilso ER, Fischer S, Calhoun KS 2012. A prospective study of sexual assault and alcohol use among first-year college women. Violence Victims 27:178–94
     [Google Scholar]
  125. Muehlenhard CL, Peterson ZD. 2005. Wanting and not wanting sex: the missing discourse of ambivalence. Fem. Psychol. 15:115–20
     [Google Scholar]
  126. Murnen SK, Kohlman MH. 2007. Athletic participation, fraternity membership, and sexual aggression among college men: a meta-analytic review. Sex Roles 57:1–2145–57
     [Google Scholar]
  127. Nason EE, Rinehart JK, Yeater EA, Newlands RT, Crawford JN 2019. Prior sexual relationship, gender and sexual attitudes affect the believability of a hypothetical sexual assault vignette. Gend. Issues 36:3319–38
     [Google Scholar]
  128. Natl. Res. Counc 2014. Estimating the Incidence of Rape and Sexual Assault Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
  129. Newton C. 1994. Gender theory and prison sociology: using theories of masculinities to interpret the sociology of prisons for men. Howard J. Crim. Justice 33:3193–202
     [Google Scholar]
  130. Nguyen D, Parkhill MR. 2014. Integrating attachment and depression in the confluence model of sexual assault perpetration. Violence Against Women 20:8994–1011
     [Google Scholar]
  131. O'Byrne R, Hansen S, Rapley M 2007. If a girl doesn't say “no”…: young men, rape and claims of “insufficient knowledge.” J. Community Appl. Soc. Psychol. 18:168–93
     [Google Scholar]
  132. Peterson C, DeGue S, Florence C, Lokey CN 2017. Lifetime economic burden of rape among US adults. Am. J. Prev. Med. 52:6691–701
     [Google Scholar]
  133. Planty M, Langton L, Krebs C, Berzofsky M, Smiley-McDonald H 2013. Female victims of sexual violence, 1994–2010 Bur. Justice. Stat. Rep. NCJ 240655, US Dep. Justice Washington, DC:
  134. Ports KA, Ford DC, Merrik MT 2016. Adverse childhood experiences and sexual victimization in adulthood. Child Abuse Negl 51:313–22
     [Google Scholar]
  135. Rantala RR. 2018. Sexual victimization reported by adult correctional authorities, 2012–15 Bur. Justice Stat. Rep. NCJ 251146, US Dep. Justice Washington, DC:
  136. Rehmsmyer JM. 2010. Sexual assault prevention programs: examining the effects on middle school adolescents’ attitudes and behaviors MS Thesis, Univ. Mo Kansas City, MO:
  137. Rinehart JK, Yeater EA, Treat TA, Viken RJ 2018. Cognitive processes underlying the self-other perspective in women's judgements of sexual victimization risk. J. Soc. Pers. Relat. 35:101381–99
     [Google Scholar]
  138. Ritchie A, Jones-Brown D. 2017. Policing race, gender, and sex: a review of law enforcement policies. Women Crim. Justice 27:121–50
     [Google Scholar]
  139. Rothman EF, Exner D, Baughman AL 2011. The prevalence of sexual assault against people who identify as gay, lesbian or bisexual in the United States: a systematic review. Trauma Violence Abuse 12:255–66
     [Google Scholar]
  140. Sanday PR. 1992. Fraternity Gang Rape: Sex, Brotherhood, and Privilege on Campus New York: NYU Press
  141. Santelli JS, Grilo SA, Choo T-H, Diaz G, Walsh K et al. 2018. Does sex education before college protect students from sexual assault in college?. PLOS ONE 13:11e0205951
     [Google Scholar]
  142. Schneider M, Hirsch JS. 2018. Comprehensive sexuality education as a primary prevention strategy for sexual violence perpetration. Trauma Violence Abuse In press
    [Google Scholar]
  143. Schwartz M, DeKeseredy W. 1997. Sexual Assault on the College Campus: The Role of Male Peer Support Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE
  144. Scranton P, Moore L. 2006. Degradation, harm and survival in a women's prison. Soc. Policy Soc. 5:67–78
     [Google Scholar]
  145. Sexton L, Jenness V, Sumner JM 2010. Where the margins meet: a demographic assessment of transgender inmates in men's prisons. Justice Q 27:6835–66
     [Google Scholar]
  146. Sim J. 1994. Tougher than the rest? Men in prison. Just Boys Doing Business? Men, Masculinities and Crime Tim Newburn, Elizabeth A Stanko 100–17 New York: Routledge
     [Google Scholar]
  147. Simon J. 1998. Managing the monstrous: sex offenders and the new penology. Psychol. Public Policy Law 4:1–2452–67
     [Google Scholar]
  148. Sisco MM, Becker JV. 2007. Beyond predicting the risk of sexual victimization in prison—considering inmate options and reporting avenues for addressing an inherent problem. Criminol. Public Policy 6:3573–84
     [Google Scholar]
  149. Smith SG, Shang X, Basile KC, Merrick MT, Wang J et al. 2018. The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2015 data brief—updated release Natl. Cent. Injury Prev. Control Rep., Cent. Dis. Control Prev Atlanta, GA:
  150. Spohn C, Holleran D. 2001. Prosecuting sexual assault: a comparison of charging decisions in sexual assault cases involving strangers, acquaintances, and intimate partners. Justice Q 18:3651–88
     [Google Scholar]
  151. Swartout KM, Koss MP, White JW, Thompson MP, Abbey A, Bellis AL 2015. Trajectory analysis of the campus serial rapist assumption. JAMA Pediatr 169:121148–54
     [Google Scholar]
  152. Swartout KM, Swartout AG, White JW 2011. A person-centered, longitudinal approach to sexual victimization. Psychol. Violence 1:129–40
     [Google Scholar]
  153. Sykes G. 1974. 1958. The Society of Captives: A Study in a Maximum Security Prison Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press
  154. Testa M, Cleveland MJ. 2017. Does alcohol contribute to college men's sexual assault perpetration? Between- and within-person effects over five semesters. J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs 78:15–13
     [Google Scholar]
  155. Testa M, Hoffman JH, Livingston JA 2010. Alcohol and sexual risk behaviors as mediators of the sexual victimization–revictimization relationship. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 78:2249–59
     [Google Scholar]
  156. Tharp AT, Simon TR, Saul J 2012. Preventing violence against children and youth. J. Saf. Res. 43:4291–98
     [Google Scholar]
  157. Thompson MP, Kingree JB. 2010. Sexual victimization, negative cognitions, and adjustment in college women. Am. J. Health Behav. 34:154–59
     [Google Scholar]
  158. Thompson MP, Swartout KM, Koss MP 2013. Trajectories and predictors of sexually aggressive behaviors during emerging adulthood. Psychol. Violence 3:3247–59
     [Google Scholar]
  159. Tjaden P, Thoennes N. 1998. Prevalence, incidence, and consequences of violence against women: findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey Natl. Inst. Justice Rep. NCJ 172837, US Dep. Justice Washington, DC:
  160. Tjaden P, Thoennes N. 2000. Prevalence and consequences of male-to-female and female-to-male intimate partner violence as measured by the National Violence Against Women Survey. Violence Against Women 6:2142–61
     [Google Scholar]
  161. Turchik JA. 2012. Sexual victimization among male college students: assault severity, sexual functioning, and health risk behaviors. Psychol. Men Masculinity 13:3243–55
     [Google Scholar]
  162. Ullman SE, Brecklin LR. 2003. Sexual assault history and health-related outcomes in a national sample of women. Psychol. Women Q. 27:46–57
     [Google Scholar]
  163. Ullman SE, Najdowski CJ, Filipas HH 2009. Child sexual abuse, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use: predictors of revictimization in adult sexual assault survivors. J. Child Sex. Abuse 18:367–85
     [Google Scholar]
  164. Wade L. 2017. American Hookup: The New Culture of Sex on Campus New York: WW Norton
  165. Walker J, Madden S, Vazquez B, VanHouten A, Ervin-McLarty G 2005. The influence of sex offender registration and notification laws in the United States Work. Pap., Ark. Crime Inf. Cent Little Rock, AK:
  166. Walsh K, Danielson CK, McCauley JL, Saunders BE, Kilpatrick DG, Resnick HS 2012. National prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder among sexually revictimized adolescent, college, and adult household-residing women. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 69:9935–42
     [Google Scholar]
  167. Walsh K, Sarvet AL, Wall M, Gilbert L, Santelli J et al. 2019. Prevalence and correlates of sexual assault perpetration and ambiguous consent in a representative sample of college students. J. Interpers. Violence In press
    [Google Scholar]
  168. Wamboldt A, Khan SR, Mellins CA, Hirsch JS 2019. Friends, strangers, and bystanders: informal practices of sexual assault intervention. Global Public Health 14:153–64
     [Google Scholar]
  169. Warren P, Swan S, Allen CT 2015. Comprehension of sexual consent as a key factor in the perpetration of sexual aggression among college men. J. Aggress. Maltreat. Trauma 24:8897–913
     [Google Scholar]
  170. Weinberg JD. 2016. Consensual Violence: Sex, Sports, and the Politics of Injury Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
  171. White JW, Smith PH. 2004. Sexual assault perpetration and reperpetration: from adolescence to young adulthood. Crim. Justice Behav. 31:2182–202
     [Google Scholar]
  172. Wolitzky-Taylor KB, Resnick HS, McCauley JL, Amstadter AB, Kilpatrick DG, Ruggiero KJ 2011. Is reporting of rape on the rise? A comparison of women with reported versus unreported rape experiences in the National Women's Study-Replication. J. Interpers. Violence 26:4807–32
     [Google Scholar]
  173. Ybarra ML, Mitchell KJ. 2013. Prevalence rates of male and female sexual violence perpetrators in a national sample of adolescents. JAMA Pediatr 167:121125–34
     [Google Scholar]
  174. Zevitz RG, Farkas MA. 2000. Sex offender community notification: managing high risk criminals or exacting further vengeance?. Behav. Sci. Law 18:375–91
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-criminol-011518-024456
Loading
  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error