1932

Abstract

The West African Ebola virus (EBOV) epidemic has fast-tracked countermeasures for this rare, emerging zoonotic pathogen. Until 2013–2014, most EBOV vaccine candidates were stalled between the preclinical and clinical milestones on the path to licensure, because of funding problems, lack of interest from pharmaceutical companies, and competing priorities in public health. The unprecedented and devastating epidemic propelled vaccine candidates toward clinical trials that were initiated near the end of the active response to the outbreak. Those trials did not have a major impact on the epidemic but provided invaluable data on vaccine safety, immunogenicity, and, to a limited degree, even efficacy in humans. There are plenty of lessons to learn from these trials, some of which are addressed in this review. Better preparation is essential to executing an effective response to EBOV in the future; yet, the first indications of waning interest are already noticeable.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062414
2018-09-08
2024-04-24
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/micro/72/1/annurev-micro-090817-062414.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062414&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. 1.  Agnandji ST, Fernandes JF, Bache EB, Obiang Mba RM, Brosnahan JS et al. 2017. Safety and immunogenicity of rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP Ebola vaccine in adults and children in Lambaréné, Gabon: a phase I randomised trial. PLOS Med 14:e1002402
    [Google Scholar]
  2. 2.  Agnandji ST, Huttner A, Zinser ME, Njuguna P, Dahlke C et al. 2015. Phase 1 trials of rVSV Ebola vaccine in Africa and Europe. New Engl. J. Med. 374:1647–60
    [Google Scholar]
  3. 3.  Arias A, Watson SJ, Asogun D, Tobin EA, Lu J et al. 2016. Rapid outbreak sequencing of Ebola virus in Sierra Leone identifies transmission chains linked to sporadic cases. Virus Evol 2:vew016
    [Google Scholar]
  4. 4.  Barrette RW, Metwally SA, Rowland JM, Xu L, Zaki SR et al. 2009. Discovery of swine as a host for the Reston ebolavirus. . Science 325:204–6
    [Google Scholar]
  5. 5.  Baseler L, Chertow DS, Johnson KM, Feldmann H, Morens DM 2017. The pathogenesis of Ebola virus disease. Annu. Rev. Pathol. 12:387–418
    [Google Scholar]
  6. 6.  Blaney JE, Marzi A, Willet M, Papaneri AB, Wirblich C et al. 2013. Antibody quality and protection from lethal Ebola virus challenge in nonhuman primates immunized with rabies virus based bivalent vaccine. PLOS Pathogens 9:e1003389
    [Google Scholar]
  7. 7.  Blaney JE, Wirblich C, Papaneri AB, Johnson RF, Myers CJ et al. 2011. Inactivated or live-attenuated bivalent vaccines that confer protection against rabies and Ebola viruses. J. Virol. 85:10605–16
    [Google Scholar]
  8. 8.  Branswell H 2017. As foreign powers approve Ebola vaccines, U.S. drug makers lag in development pipeline. STAT Dec. 8. https://www.statnews.com/2017/12/08/ebola-vaccine-development/
    [Google Scholar]
  9. 9.  Bray M, Davis K, Geisbert T, Schmaljohn C, Huggins J 1999. A mouse model for evaluation of prophylaxis and therapy of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. J. Infect. Dis. 179:Suppl. 1S248–58
    [Google Scholar]
  10. 10.  Bukreyev A, Marzi A, Feldmann F, Zhang L, Yang L et al. 2009. Chimeric human parainfluenza virus bearing the Ebola virus glycoprotein as the sole surface protein is immunogenic and highly protective against Ebola virus challenge. Virology 383:348–61
    [Google Scholar]
  11. 11.  Bukreyev A, Yang L, Zaki SR, Shieh WJ, Rollin PE et al. 2006. A single intranasal inoculation with a paramyxovirus-vectored vaccine protects guinea pigs against a lethal-dose Ebola virus challenge. J. Virol. 80:2267–79
    [Google Scholar]
  12. 12.  Bukreyev AA, Chandran K, Dolnik O, Dye JM, Ebihara H et al. 2014. Discussions and decisions of the 2012–2014 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Filoviridae Study Group, January 2012–June 2013. Arch. Virol. 159:821–30
    [Google Scholar]
  13. 13.  Bukreyev AA, Dinapoli JM, Yang L, Murphy BR, Collins PL 2010. Mucosal parainfluenza virus-vectored vaccine against Ebola virus replicates in the respiratory tract of vector-immune monkeys and is immunogenic. Virology 399:290–98
    [Google Scholar]
  14. 14.  Carette JE, Raaben M, Wong AC, Herbert AS, Obernosterer G et al. 2011. Ebola virus entry requires the cholesterol transporter Niemann-Pick C1. Nature 477:340–43
    [Google Scholar]
  15. 15.  Carod-Artal FJ 2015. Post-Ebolavirus disease syndrome: What do we know?. Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 13:1185–87
    [Google Scholar]
  16. 16.  Caviness K, Kuhn JH, Palacios G 2017. Ebola virus persistence as a new focus in clinical research. Curr. Opin. Virol. 23:43–48
    [Google Scholar]
  17. 17.  Choi JH, Jonsson-Schmunk K, Qiu X, Shedlock DJ, Strong J et al. 2015. A single dose respiratory recombinant adenovirus-based vaccine provides long-term protection for non-human primates from lethal Ebola infection. Mol. Pharm. 12:2712–31
    [Google Scholar]
  18. 18.  Cote M, Misasi J, Ren T, Bruchez A, Lee K et al. 2011. Small molecule inhibitors reveal Niemann-Pick C1 is essential for Ebola virus infection. Nature 477:344–48
    [Google Scholar]
  19. 19.  Cross RW, Mire CE, Feldmann H, Geisbert TW 2018. Post-exposure treatments for Ebola and Marburg virus infections. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 17:413–34. Corrigendum Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2018.73
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  20. 20.  Croyle MA, Patel A, Tran KN, Gray M, Zhang Y et al. 2008. Nasal delivery of an adenovirus-based vaccine bypasses pre-existing immunity to the vaccine carrier and improves the immune response in mice. PLOS ONE 3:e3548
    [Google Scholar]
  21. 21.  Daddario-DiCaprio KM, Geisbert TW, Geisbert JB, Stroher U, Hensley LE et al. 2006. Cross-protection against Marburg virus strains by using a live, attenuated recombinant vaccine. J. Virol. 80:9659–66
    [Google Scholar]
  22. 22.  Dahlke C, Kasonta R, Lunemann S, Krahling V, Zinser ME et al. 2017. Dose-dependent T-cell dynamics and cytokine cascade following rVSV-ZEBOV immunization. EBioMedicine 19:107–18
    [Google Scholar]
  23. 23.  De Santis O, Audran R, Pothin E, Warpelin-Decrausaz L, Vallotton L et al. 2016. Safety and immunogenicity of a chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored Ebola vaccine in healthy adults: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding, phase 1/2a study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 16:311–20
    [Google Scholar]
  24. 24.  de Wit E, Falzarano D, Onyango C, Rosenke K, Marzi A et al. 2016. The merits of malaria diagnostics during an Ebola virus disease outbreak. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 22:323–26
    [Google Scholar]
  25. 25.  de Wit E, Marzi A, Bushmaker T, Brining D, Scott D et al. 2015. Safety of recombinant VSV-Ebola virus vaccine vector in pigs. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 21:702–4
    [Google Scholar]
  26. 26.  Dolzhikova IV, Zubkova OV, Tukhvatulin AI, Dzharullaeva AS, Tukhvatulina NM et al. 2017. Safety and immunogenicity of GamEvac-Combi, a heterologous VSV- and Ad5-vectored Ebola vaccine: an open phase I/II trial in healthy adults in Russia. Hum. Vaccines Immunotherapeutics 13:613–20
    [Google Scholar]
  27. 27.  Domi A, Feldmann F, Basu R, McCurley N, Shifflett K et al. 2018. A single dose of modified vaccinia Ankara expressing Ebola virus like particles protects nonhuman primates from lethal Ebola virus challenge. Sci. Rep. 8:864
    [Google Scholar]
  28. 28.  Durbin AP, Skiadopoulos MH, McAuliffe JM, Riggs JM, Surman SR et al. 2000. Human parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) expressing the hemagglutinin protein of measles virus provides a potential method for immunization against measles virus and PIV3 in early infancy. J. Virol. 74:6821–31
    [Google Scholar]
  29. 29.  ElSherif MS, Brown C, MacKinnon-Cameron D, Li L, Racine T et al. 2017. Assessing the safety and immunogenicity of recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus Ebola vaccine in healthy adults: a randomized clinical trial. CMAJ 189:E819–27
    [Google Scholar]
  30. 30.  Emanuel J, Marzi A, Feldmann H 2018. Filoviruses: ecology, molecular biology, and evolution. Adv. Virus Res. 100:189–221
    [Google Scholar]
  31. 31.  Ewer K, Rampling T, Venkatraman N, Bowyer G, Wright D et al. 2016. A monovalent chimpanzee adenovirus Ebola vaccine boosted with MVA. New Engl. J. Med. 374:1635–46
    [Google Scholar]
  32. 32.  Falzarano D, Feldmann F, Grolla A, Leung A, Ebihara H et al. 2011. Single immunization with a monovalent vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccine protects nonhuman primates against heterologous challenge with Bundibugyo ebolavirus. J. Infect. . Dis 204:Suppl. 3S1082–89
    [Google Scholar]
  33. 33. Fed. Sel. Agent Program. 2018. Select agents and toxins list CFR 7 Part 331, 9 Part 121, 42 Part 73 U. S. Dep. Health Hum. Serv., U. S. Dep. Agric. Washington, DC: https://www.selectagents.gov/SelectAgentsandToxinsList.html
  34. 34.  Feldmann H, Geisbert TW 2011. Ebola haemorrhagic fever. Lancet 377:849–62
    [Google Scholar]
  35. 35.  Feldmann H, Sanchez A, Geisbert TW 2013. Filoviridae: Marburg and Ebola viruses. Fields Virology DM Knipe, PM Howley 923–56 Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins
    [Google Scholar]
  36. 36.  Garbutt M, Liebscher R, Wahl-Jensen V, Jones S, Moller P et al. 2004. Properties of replication-competent vesicular stomatitis virus vectors expressing glycoproteins of filoviruses and arenaviruses. J. Virol. 78:5458–65
    [Google Scholar]
  37. 37.  Geisbert TW, Bailey M, Hensley L, Asiedu C, Geisbert J et al. 2011. Recombinant adenovirus serotype 26 (Ad26) and Ad35 vaccine vectors bypass immunity to Ad5 and protect nonhuman primates against Ebolavirus challenge. J. Virol. 85:4222–33
    [Google Scholar]
  38. 38.  Geisbert TW, Daddario-Dicaprio KM, Lewis MG, Geisbert JB, Grolla A et al. 2008. Vesicular stomatitis virus-based Ebola vaccine is well-tolerated and protects immunocompromised nonhuman primates. PLOS Pathog 4:e1000225
    [Google Scholar]
  39. 39.  Geisbert TW, Geisbert JB, Leung A, Daddario-DiCaprio KM, Hensley LE et al. 2009. Single-injection vaccine protects nonhuman primates against infection with Marburg virus and three species of Ebola virus. J. Virol. 83:7296–304
    [Google Scholar]
  40. 40.  Geisbert TW, Jahrling PB 2003. Towards a vaccine against Ebola virus. Expert Rev. Vaccines 2:777–89
    [Google Scholar]
  41. 41.  Geisbert TW, Pushko P, Anderson K, Smith J, Davis KJ, Jahrling PB 2002. Evaluation in nonhuman primates of vaccines against Ebola virus. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8:503–7
    [Google Scholar]
  42. 42.  Geisbert TW, Strong JE, Feldmann H 2015. Considerations in the use of nonhuman primate models of Ebola virus and Marburg virus infection. J. Infect. Dis. 212:Suppl. 2S91–97
    [Google Scholar]
  43. 43.  Grant-Klein RJ, Altamura LA, Badger CV, Bounds CE, Van Deusen NM et al. 2015. Codon-optimized filovirus DNA vaccines delivered by intramuscular electroporation protect cynomolgus macaques from lethal Ebola and Marburg virus challenges. Hum. Vaccines Immunotherapeutics 11:1991–2004
    [Google Scholar]
  44. 44.  Grant-Klein RJ, Altamura LA, Schmaljohn CS 2011. Progress in recombinant DNA-derived vaccines for Lassa virus and filoviruses. Virus Res 162:148–61
    [Google Scholar]
  45. 45.  Halfmann P, Ebihara H, Marzi A, Hatta Y, Watanabe S et al. 2009. Replication-deficient Ebolavirus as a vaccine candidate. J. Virol. 83:3810–15
    [Google Scholar]
  46. 46.  Halfmann P, Kim JH, Ebihara H, Noda T, Neumann G et al. 2008. Generation of biologically contained Ebola viruses. PNAS 105:1129–33
    [Google Scholar]
  47. 47.  Halperin SA, Arribas JR, Rupp R, Andrews CP, Chu L et al. 2017. Six-month safety data of recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus–Zaire Ebola virus envelope glycoprotein vaccine in a phase 3 double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized study in healthy adults. J. Infect. Dis. 215:1789–98
    [Google Scholar]
  48. 48.  Hansen SG, Ford JC, Lewis MS, Ventura AB, Hughes CM et al. 2011. Profound early control of highly pathogenic SIV by an effector memory T-cell vaccine. Nature 473:523–27
    [Google Scholar]
  49. 49.  Hansen SG, Vieville C, Whizin N, Coyne-Johnson L, Siess DC et al. 2009. Effector memory T cell responses are associated with protection of rhesus monkeys from mucosal simian immunodeficiency virus challenge. Nat. Med. 15:293–99
    [Google Scholar]
  50. 50.  He B, Feng Y, Zhang H, Xu L, Yang W et al. 2015. Filovirus RNA in fruit bats, China. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 21:1675–77
    [Google Scholar]
  51. 51.  Henao-Restrepo AM, Camacho A, Longini IM, Watson CH, Edmunds WJ et al. 2017. Efficacy and effectiveness of an rVSV-vectored vaccine in preventing Ebola virus disease: final results from the Guinea ring vaccination, open-label, cluster-randomised trial (Ebola Ça suffit!). Lancet 389:505–18
    [Google Scholar]
  52. 52.  Henao-Restrepo AM, Longini IM, Egger M, Dean NE, Edmunds WJ et al. 2015. Efficacy and effectiveness of an rVSV-vectored vaccine expressing Ebola surface glycoprotein: interim results from the Guinea ring vaccination cluster-randomised trial. Lancet 386:857–66
    [Google Scholar]
  53. 53.  Hensley LE, Mulangu S, Asiedu C, Johnson J, Honko AN et al. 2010. Demonstration of cross-protective vaccine immunity against an emerging pathogenic Ebolavirus species. PLOS Pathog 6:e1000904
    [Google Scholar]
  54. 54.  Heppner DG Jr., Kemp TL, Martin BK, Ramsey WJ, Nichols R et al. 2017. Safety and immunogenicity of the rVSVG-ZEBOV-GP Ebola virus vaccine candidate in healthy adults: a phase 1b randomised, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 17:854–66
    [Google Scholar]
  55. 55.  Herbert AS, Kuehne AI, Barth JF, Ortiz RA, Nichols DK et al. 2013. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon particle vaccine protects nonhuman primates from intramuscular and aerosol challenge with ebolavirus. J. Virol. 87:4952–64
    [Google Scholar]
  56. 56.  Hevey M, Negley D, Pushko P, Smith J, Schmaljohn A 1998. Marburg virus vaccines based upon alphavirus replicons protect guinea pigs and nonhuman primates. Virology 251:28–37
    [Google Scholar]
  57. 57.  Huttner A, Combescure C, Grillet S, Haks MC, Quinten E et al. 2017. A dose-dependent plasma signature of the safety and immunogenicity of the rVSV-Ebola vaccine in Europe and Africa. Sci. Transl. Med. 9:eaaj1701
    [Google Scholar]
  58. 58.  Huttner A, Dayer JA, Yerly S, Combescure C, Auderset F et al. 2015. The effect of dose on the safety and immunogenicity of the VSV Ebola candidate vaccine: a randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1/2 trial. Lancet Infect. Dis. 15:1156–66
    [Google Scholar]
  59. 59.  Jahrling PB, Geisbert TW, Dalgard DW, Johnson ED, Ksiazek TG et al. 1990. Preliminary report: isolation of Ebola virus from monkeys imported to USA. Lancet 335:502–5
    [Google Scholar]
  60. 60.  Johnson RF, Kurup D, Hagen KR, Fisher C, Keshwara R et al. 2016. An inactivated rabies virus-based Ebola vaccine, FILORAB1, adjuvanted with glucopyranosyl lipid A in stable emulsion confers complete protection in nonhuman primate challenge models. J. Infect. Dis. 214:S342–54
    [Google Scholar]
  61. 61.  Jones SM, Feldmann H, Stroher U, Geisbert JB, Fernando L et al. 2005. Live attenuated recombinant vaccine protects nonhuman primates against Ebola and Marburg viruses. Nat. Med. 11:786–90
    [Google Scholar]
  62. 62.  Karron RA, Belshe RB, Wright PF, Thumar B, Burns B et al. 2003. A live human parainfluenza type 3 virus vaccine is attenuated and immunogenic in young infants. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 22:394–405
    [Google Scholar]
  63. 63.  Kennedy SB, Bolay F, Kieh M, Grandits G, Badio M et al. 2017. Phase 2 placebo-controlled trial of two vaccines to prevent Ebola in Liberia. New Engl. J. Med. 377:1438–47
    [Google Scholar]
  64. 64.  Kibuuka H, Berkowitz NM, Millard M, Enama ME, Tindikahwa A et al. 2015. Safety and immunogenicity of Ebola virus and Marburg virus glycoprotein DNA vaccines assessed separately and concomitantly in healthy Ugandan adults: a phase 1b, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Lancet 385:1545–54
    [Google Scholar]
  65. 65.  Kuhn JH, Becker S, Ebihara H, Geisbert TW, Jahrling PB et al. 2012. Filoviridae. Virus Taxonomy: Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses; Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, eds. AMQ King, MJ Adams, EB Carstens, EJ Lefkowitz 665–71 Leiden, Neth.: Elsevier.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. 66.  Lambe T, Rampling T, Samuel D, Bowyer G, Ewer KJ et al. 2016. Detection of vaccine-induced antibodies to Ebola virus in oral fluid. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 3:ofw031
    [Google Scholar]
  67. 67.  Le Guenno B, Formenty P, Wyers M, Gounon P, Walker F, Boesch C 1995. Isolation and partial characterisation of a new strain of Ebola virus. Lancet 345:1271–74
    [Google Scholar]
  68. 68.  Ledgerwood JE, Costner P, Desai N, Holman L, Enama ME et al. 2010. A replication defective recombinant Ad5 vaccine expressing Ebola virus GP is safe and immunogenic in healthy adults. Vaccine 29:304–13
    [Google Scholar]
  69. 69.  Ledgerwood JE, DeZure AD, Stanley DA, Coates EE, Novik L et al. 2017. Chimpanzee adenovirus vector Ebola vaccine. New Engl. J. Med. 9:928–38
    [Google Scholar]
  70. 70.  Lewis H, Chaudry A, Ndow G, Crossey MM, Garside D et al. 2015. Ebola: Is the response justified?. Pan Afr. Med. J. 22:Suppl. 123
    [Google Scholar]
  71. 71.  Li JX, Hou LH, Meng FY, Wu SP, Hu YM et al. 2017. Immunity duration of a recombinant adenovirus type-5 vector-based Ebola vaccine and a homologous prime-boost immunisation in healthy adults in China: final report of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial. Lancet Glob. Health 5:e324–34
    [Google Scholar]
  72. 72.  Licata JM, Johnson RF, Han Z, Harty RN 2004. Contribution of Ebola virus glycoprotein, nucleoprotein, and VP24 to budding of VP40 virus-like particles. J. Virol. 78:7344–51
    [Google Scholar]
  73. 73.  Lingemann M, Liu X, Surman S, Liang B, Herbert R et al. 2017. Attenuated human parainfluenza virus type 1 expressing Ebola virus glycoprotein GP administered intranasally is immunogenic in African green monkeys. J. Virol. 91:e02469–16
    [Google Scholar]
  74. 74.  Lupton HW, Lambert RD, Bumgardner DL, Moe JB, Eddy GA 1980. Inactivated vaccine for Ebola virus efficacious in guineapig model. Lancet 2:1294–95
    [Google Scholar]
  75. 75.  Martin JE, Sullivan NJ, Enama ME, Gordon IJ, Roederer M et al. 2006. A DNA vaccine for Ebola virus is safe and immunogenic in a phase I clinical trial. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 13:1267–77
    [Google Scholar]
  76. 76.  Martini GA, Knauff HG, Schmidt HA, Mayer G, Baltzer G 1968. A hitherto unknown infectious disease contracted from monkeys: “Marburg-virus” disease. Ger. Med. Mon. 13:457–70
    [Google Scholar]
  77. 77.  Marzi A, Chadinah S, Haddock E, Feldmann F, Arndt N et al. 2018. Recently identified mutations in the Ebola virus-Makona genome do not alter pathogenicity in animal models. Cell Rep 23:1806–16
    [Google Scholar]
  78. 78.  Marzi A, Engelmann F, Feldmann F, Haberthur K, Shupert WL et al. 2013. Antibodies are necessary for rVSV/ZEBOV-GP-mediated protection against lethal Ebola virus challenge in nonhuman primates. PNAS 110:1893–98
    [Google Scholar]
  79. 79.  Marzi A, Feldmann F, Hanley PW, Scott DP, Gunther S, Feldmann H 2015. Delayed disease progression in cynomolgus macaques infected with Ebola virus Makona strain. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 21:1777–83
    [Google Scholar]
  80. 80.  Marzi A, Feldmann H 2014. Ebola virus vaccines: an overview of current approaches. Expert Rev. Vaccines 13:521–31
    [Google Scholar]
  81. 81.  Marzi A, Feldmann H, Geisbert TW, Falzarano D 2011. Vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccines for prophylaxis and treatment of filovirus infections. J. Bioterrorism Biodefense 2011(Suppl. 1):004
    [Google Scholar]
  82. 82.  Marzi A, Halfmann P, Hill-Batorski L, Feldmann F, Shupert WL et al. 2015. Vaccines: An Ebola whole-virus vaccine is protective in nonhuman primates. Science 348:439–42
    [Google Scholar]
  83. 83.  Marzi A, Murphy AA, Feldmann F, Parkins CJ, Haddock E et al. 2016. Cytomegalovirus-based vaccine expressing Ebola virus glycoprotein protects nonhuman primates from Ebola virus infection. Sci. Rep. 6:21674
    [Google Scholar]
  84. 84.  Marzi A, Robertson SJ, Haddock E, Feldmann F, Hanley PW et al. 2015. VSV-EBOV rapidly protects macaques against infection with the 2014/15 Ebola virus outbreak strain. Science 349:739–42
    [Google Scholar]
  85. 85.  Mast TC, Kierstead L, Gupta SB, Nikas AA, Kallas EG et al. 2010. International epidemiology of human pre-existing adenovirus (Ad) type-5, type-6, type-26 and type-36 neutralizing antibodies: correlates of high Ad5 titers and implications for potential HIV vaccine trials. Vaccine 28:950–57
    [Google Scholar]
  86. 86.  Matassov D, Marzi A, Latham T, Xu R, Ota-Setlik A et al. 2015. Vaccination with a highly attenuated recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vector protects against challenge with a lethal dose of Ebola virus. J. Infect. Dis. 212:Suppl. 2S443–51
    [Google Scholar]
  87. 87.  Meyer M, Garron T, Lubaki NM, Mire CE, Fenton KA et al. 2015. Aerosolized Ebola vaccine protects primates and elicits lung-resident T cell responses. J. Clin. Investig. 125:3241–55
    [Google Scholar]
  88. 88.  Milligan ID, Gibani MM, Sewell R, Clutterbuck EA, Campbell D et al. 2016. Safety and immunogenicity of novel adenovirus type 26- and modified vaccinia Ankara-vectored Ebola vaccines: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 315:1610–23
    [Google Scholar]
  89. 89.  Miranda ME, Miranda NL 2011. Reston ebolavirus in humans and animals in the Philippines: a review. J. Infect. Dis. 204:Suppl. 3S757–60
    [Google Scholar]
  90. 90.  Mire CE, Geisbert JB, Agans KN, Satterfield BA, Versteeg KM et al. 2014. Durability of a vesicular stomatitis virus-based Marburg virus vaccine in nonhuman primates. PLOS ONE 9:e94355
    [Google Scholar]
  91. 91.  Mire CE, Geisbert JB, Marzi A, Agans KN, Feldmann H, Geisbert TW 2013. Vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccines protect nonhuman primates against Bundibugyo ebolavirus. PLOS Negl. Trop. Dis. 7:e2600
    [Google Scholar]
  92. 92.  Mire CE, Geisbert TW, Feldmann H, Marzi A 2016. Ebola virus vaccines—reality or fiction?. Expert Rev. Vaccines 15:1421–30
    [Google Scholar]
  93. 93.  Mire CE, Matassov D, Geisbert JB, Latham TE, Agans KN et al. 2015. Single-dose attenuated Vesiculovax vaccines protect primates against Ebola Makona virus. Nature 520:688–91
    [Google Scholar]
  94. 94.  Murphy AA, Redwood AJ, Jarvis MA 2016. Self-disseminating vaccines for emerging infectious diseases. Expert Rev. Vaccines 15:31–39
    [Google Scholar]
  95. 95.  Negredo A, Palacios G, Vazquez-Moron S, Gonzalez F, Dopazo H et al. 2011. Discovery of an ebolavirus-like filovirus in Europe. PLOS Pathogens 7:e1002304
    [Google Scholar]
  96. 96.  Perkins MD, Dye C, Balasegaram M, Brechot C, Mombouli JV et al. 2017. Diagnostic preparedness for infectious disease outbreaks. Lancet 390:2211–14
    [Google Scholar]
  97. 97.  Prescott JB, Marzi A, Safronetz D, Robertson SJ, Feldmann H, Best SM 2017. Immunobiology of Ebola and Lassa virus infections. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 17:195–207
    [Google Scholar]
  98. 98.  Pushko P, Bray M, Ludwig GV, Parker M, Schmaljohn A et al. 2000. Recombinant RNA replicons derived from attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus protect guinea pigs and mice from Ebola hemorrhagic fever virus. Vaccine 19:142–53
    [Google Scholar]
  99. 99. RealStar Ebolavirus RT-PCR Kit 1.0 [instructions for use]. San Francisco, CA: Altona Diagnostics; 2014. https://www.fda.gov/downloads/MedicalDevices/Safety/EmergencySituations/UCM425024.pdf
  100. 100.  Regules JA, Beigel JH, Paolino KM, Voell J, Castellano AR et al. 2017. A recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus Ebola vaccine. New Engl. J. Med. 376:330–41
    [Google Scholar]
  101. 101.  Reynolds P, Marzi A 2017. Ebola and Marburg virus vaccines. Virus Genes 53:501–15
    [Google Scholar]
  102. 102.  Richardson JS, Pillet S, Bello AJ, Kobinger GP 2013. Airway delivery of an adenovirus-based Ebola virus vaccine bypasses existing immunity to homologous adenovirus in nonhuman primates. J. Virol. 87:3668–77
    [Google Scholar]
  103. 103.  Riemenschneider J, Garrison A, Geisbert J, Jahrling P, Hevey M et al. 2003. Comparison of individual and combination DNA vaccines for B. anthracis, Ebola virus, Marburg virus and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Vaccine 21:4071–80
    [Google Scholar]
  104. 104.  Rose NF, Marx PA, Luckay A, Nixon DF, Moretto WJ et al. 2001. An effective AIDS vaccine based on live attenuated vesicular stomatitis virus recombinants. Cell 106:539–49
    [Google Scholar]
  105. 105.  Rose NF, Roberts A, Buonocore L, Rose JK 2000. Glycoprotein exchange vectors based on vesicular stomatitis virus allow effective boosting and generation of neutralizing antibodies to a primary isolate of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 74:10903–10
    [Google Scholar]
  106. 106.  Roy S, Zhi Y, Kobinger GP, Figueredo J, Calcedo R et al. 2006. Generation of an adenoviral vaccine vector based on simian adenovirus 21. J. Gen. Virol. 87:2477–85
    [Google Scholar]
  107. 107.  Sarwar UN, Costner P, Enama ME, Berkowitz N, Hu Z et al. 2015. Safety and immunogenicity of DNA vaccines encoding Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus wild-type glycoproteins in a phase I clinical trial. J. Infect. Dis. 211:549–57
    [Google Scholar]
  108. 108.  Snoy PJ 2010. Establishing efficacy of human products using animals: the US Food and Drug Administration's “animal rule. .” Vet. Pathol. 47:774–78
    [Google Scholar]
  109. 109.  Sprecher A, Feldmann H, Hensley LE, Kobinger G, Nichol ST et al. 2016. Ebola virus is unlikely to become endemic in West Africa. Nat. Microbiol. 1:16007
    [Google Scholar]
  110. 110.  Stanley DA, Honko AN, Asiedu C, Trefry JC, Lau-Kilby AW et al. 2014. Chimpanzee adenovirus vaccine generates acute and durable protective immunity against ebolavirus challenge. Nat. Med. 20:1126–29
    [Google Scholar]
  111. 111.  Suder E, Furuyama W, Feldmann H, Marzi A, de Wit E 2018. The vesicular stomatitis virus-based Ebola virus vaccine: from concept to clinical trials. Hum. Vaccines Immunother. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2018.1473698
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  112. 112.  Sullivan NJ, Geisbert TW, Geisbert JB, Xu L, Yang ZY et al. 2003. Accelerated vaccination for Ebola virus haemorrhagic fever in non-human primates. Nature 424:681–84
    [Google Scholar]
  113. 113.  Sullivan NJ, Hensley L, Asiedu C, Geisbert TW, Stanley D et al. 2011. CD8+ cellular immunity mediates rAd5 vaccine protection against Ebola virus infection of nonhuman primates. Nat. Med. 17:1128–31
    [Google Scholar]
  114. 114.  Sullivan NJ, Martin JE, Graham BS, Nabel GJ 2009. Correlates of protective immunity for Ebola vaccines: implications for regulatory approval by the animal rule. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 7:393–400
    [Google Scholar]
  115. 115.  Sullivan NJ, Sanchez A, Rollin PE, Yang ZY, Nabel GJ 2000. Development of a preventive vaccine for Ebola virus infection in primates. Nature 408:605–9
    [Google Scholar]
  116. 116.  Swenson DL, Wang D, Luo M, Warfield KL, Woraratanadharm J et al. 2008. Vaccine to confer to nonhuman primates complete protection against multistrain Ebola and Marburg virus infections. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 15:460–67
    [Google Scholar]
  117. 117.  Tapia MD, Sow SO, Lyke KE, Haidara FC, Diallo F et al. 2016. Use of ChAd3-EBO-Z Ebola virus vaccine in Malian and US adults, and boosting of Malian adults with MVA-BN-Filo: a phase 1, single-blind, randomised trial, a phase 1b, open-label and double-blind, dose-escalation trial, and a nested, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Infect. Dis. 16:31–42
    [Google Scholar]
  118. 118.  Towner JS, Amman BR, Sealy TK, Carroll SA, Comer JA et al. 2009. Isolation of genetically diverse Marburg viruses from Egyptian fruit bats. PLOS Pathog 5:e1000536
    [Google Scholar]
  119. 119.  Towner JS, Sealy TK, Khristova ML, Albarino CG, Conlan S et al. 2008. Newly discovered Ebola virus associated with hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Uganda. PLOS Pathog 4:e1000212
    [Google Scholar]
  120. 120.  Vanderzanden L, Bray M, Fuller D, Roberts T, Custer D et al. 1998. DNA vaccines expressing either the GP or NP genes of Ebola virus protect mice from lethal challenge. Virology 246:134–44
    [Google Scholar]
  121. 121.  Wang Y, Li J, Hu Y, Liang Q, Wei M, Zhu F 2017. Ebola vaccines in clinical trial: the promising candidates. Hum. Vaccines Immunotherapeutics 13:153–68
    [Google Scholar]
  122. 122.  Warfield KL, Olinger G, Deal EM, Swenson DL, Bailey M et al. 2005. Induction of humoral and CD8+ T cell responses are required for protection against lethal Ebola virus infection. J. Immunol. 175:1184–91
    [Google Scholar]
  123. 123.  Warfield KL, Posten NA, Swenson DL, Olinger GG, Esposito D et al. 2007. Filovirus-like particles produced in insect cells: immunogenicity and protection in rodents. J. Infect. Dis. 196:Suppl. 2S421–29
    [Google Scholar]
  124. 124.  Warfield KL, Swenson DL, Olinger GG, Kalina WV, Aman MJ, Bavari S 2007. Ebola virus-like particle-based vaccine protects nonhuman primates against lethal Ebola virus challenge. J. Infect. Dis. 196:Suppl. 2S430–37
    [Google Scholar]
  125. 125.  Willet M, Kurup D, Papaneri A, Wirblich C, Hooper JW et al. 2015. Preclinical development of inactivated rabies virus-based polyvalent vaccine against rabies and filoviruses. J. Infect. Dis. 212:Suppl. 2S414–24
    [Google Scholar]
  126. 126.  Winslow RL, Milligan ID, Voysey M, Luhn K, Shukarev G et al. 2017. Immune responses to novel adenovirus type 26 and modified vaccinia virus Ankara-vectored Ebola vaccines at 1 year. JAMA 317:1075–77
    [Google Scholar]
  127. 127. World Health Organ. 1978. Ebola heaemorrhagic fever in Sudan, 1976. Bull. World Health Organ. 56:247–70
    [Google Scholar]
  128. 128. World Health Organ. 1978. Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976. Bull. World Health Organ. 56:271–93
    [Google Scholar]
  129. 129. World Health Organ. 2016. Ebola situation report, 30 March 2016 Rep., World Health Organ., Geneva
  130. 130.  Wu L, Zhang Z, Gao H, Li Y, Hou L et al. 2017. Open-label phase I clinical trial of Ad5-EBOV in Africans in China. Hum. Vaccines Immunotherapeutics 13:2078–85
    [Google Scholar]
  131. 131.  Wu S, Kroeker A, Wong G, He S, Hou L et al. 2016. An adenovirus vaccine expressing Ebola virus variant Makona glycoprotein is efficacious in guinea pigs and nonhuman primates. J. Infect. Dis. 214:S326–32
    [Google Scholar]
  132. 132.  Yamaoka S, Banadyga L, Bray M, Ebihara H 2017. Small animal models for studying filovirus pathogenesis. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 411:195–227
    [Google Scholar]
  133. 133.  Zhu FC, Hou LH, Li JX, Wu SP, Liu P et al. 2015. Safety and immunogenicity of a novel recombinant adenovirus type-5 vector-based Ebola vaccine in healthy adults in China: preliminary report of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial. Lancet 385:2272–79
    [Google Scholar]
  134. 134.  Zhu FC, Wurie AH, Hou LH, Liang Q, Li YH et al. 2017. Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus type-5 vector-based Ebola vaccine in healthy adults in Sierra Leone: a single-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet 389:621–28
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062414
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062414
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error