1932

Abstract

How do we learn what we know about others? Answering this question requires understanding the perceptual mechanisms with which we recognize individuals and their actions, and the processes by which the resulting perceptual representations lead to inferences about people's mental states and traits. This review discusses recent behavioral, neural, and computational studies that have contributed to this broad research program, encompassing both social perception and social cognition.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050844
2020-01-04
2024-03-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/psych/71/1/annurev-psych-010419-050844.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050844&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Allen BP, Potkay CR. 1981. On the arbitrary distinction between states and traits. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 41:916–28
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Allport GW, Odbert HS. 1936. Trait-names: a psycho-lexical study. Psychol. Monogr. 47:i–171
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Anderson JR. 1980. Concepts, propositions, and schemata: What are the cognitive units?. Carnegie Mellon Univ Pittsburgh, PA:
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Anzellotti S, Caramazza A. 2014a. Individuating the neural bases for the recognition of conspecifics with MVPA. NeuroImage 89:165–70
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Anzellotti S, Caramazza A. 2014b. The neural mechanisms for the recognition of face identity in humans. Front. Psychol. 5:672
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Anzellotti S, Caramazza A. 2015. From parts to identity: invariance and sensitivity of face representations to different face halves. Cereb. Cortex 26:1900–9
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Anzellotti S, Caramazza A. 2017. Multimodal representations of person identity individuated with fMRI. Cortex 89:85–97
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Anzellotti S, Fairhall SL, Caramazza A 2013. Decoding representations of face identity that are tolerant to rotation. Cereb. Cortex 24:1988–95
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Austin JT, Vancouver JB. 1996. Goal constructs in psychology: structure, process, and content. Psychol. Bull. 120:338–75
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Aviezer H, Trope Y, Todorov A 2012. Body cues, not facial expressions, discriminate between intense positive and negative emotions. Science 338:1225–29
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Baker CL, Tenenbaum JB. 2014. Modeling human plan recognition using Bayesian theory of mind. Plan, Activity, and Intent Recognition: Theory and Practice G Sukthankar, C Geib, HH Bui, DV Pynadath, RP Goldman 177–204 Amsterdam: Elsevier
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Baker CL, Saxe R, Tenenbaum JB 2009. Action understanding as inverse planning. Cognition 113:329–49
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Baker CL, Jara-Ettinger J, Saxe R, Tenenbaum JB 2017. Rational quantitative attribution of beliefs, desires and percepts in human mentalizing. Nat. Hum. Behav. 1:0064
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Bar M. 2004. Visual objects in context. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 5:617–29
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Bar M, Kassam KS, Ghuman AS, Boshyan J, Schmid AM et al. 2006. Top-down facilitation of visual recognition. PNAS 103:449–54
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Baron SG, Gobbini MI, Engell AD, Todorov A 2010. Amygdala and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex responses to appearance-based and behavior-based person impressions. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 6:572–81
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Baron-Cohen S, Leslie AM, Frith U 1985. Does the autistic child have a ‘theory of mind’. ? Cognition 21:137–46
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Barrett LF. 2014. The conceptual act theory: a précis. Emot. Rev. 6:292–97
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Barrett LF, Mesquita B, Gendron M 2011. Context in emotion perception. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 20:286–90
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Barrett LF, Russell JA. 1998. Independence and bipolarity in the structure of current affect. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 74:967–84
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Baudouin JY, Sansone S, Tiberghien G 2000. Recognizing expression from familiar and unfamiliar faces. Pragmat. Cogn. 8:123–46
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Bernstein M, Yovel G. 2015. Two neural pathways of face processing: a critical evaluation of current models. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 55:536–46
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Blake R, Turner LM, Smoski MJ, Pozdol SL, Stone WL 2003. Visual recognition of biological motion is impaired in children with autism. Psychol. Sci. 14:151–57
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Buccino G, Binkofski F, Fink GR, Fadiga L, Fogassi L et al. 2001. Action observation activates premotor and parietal areas in a somatotopic manner: an fMRI study. Eur. J. Neurosci. 13:400–4
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Burton AM, Wilson S, Cowan M, Bruce V 1999. Face recognition in poor-quality video: evidence from security surveillance. Psychol. Sci. 10:243–48
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Calder AJ, Young AW. 2005. Understanding the recognition of facial identity and facial expression. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 6:641–51
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Calvo-Merino B, Grèzes J, Glaser DE, Passingham RE, Haggard P 2006. Seeing or doing? Influence of visual and motor familiarity in action observation. Curr. Biol. 16:1905–10
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Caramazza A, Anzellotti S, Strnad L, Lingnau A 2014. Embodied cognition and mirror neurons: a critical assessment. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 37:1–15
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Caramazza A, Mahon BZ. 2003. The organization of conceptual knowledge: the evidence from category-specific semantic deficits. Trends Cogn. Sci. 7:354–61
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Carroll JM, Russell JA. 1996. Do facial expressions signal specific emotions? Judging emotion from the face in context. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 70:205–18
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Cassandra AR. 1998. A survey of POMDP applications Work. Pap., Microelectron. Comput. Technol. Corp Austin, TX: http://www.pomdp.org/papers/applications.pdf
  32. Castelhano MS, Pereira EJ. 2018. The influence of scene context on parafoveal processing of objects. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 71:229–40
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Cauchoix M, Barragan-Jason G, Serre T, Barbeau EJ 2014. The neural dynamics of face detection in the wild revealed by MVPA. J. Neurosci. 34:846–54
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Chang L, Tsao DY. 2017. The code for facial identity in the primate brain. Cell 169:1013–28
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Chao LL, Haxby JV, Martin A 1999. Attribute-based neural substrates in temporal cortex for perceiving and knowing about objects. Nat. Neurosci. 2:913–19
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Christensen DL, Braun KVN, Baio J, Bilder D, Charles J et al. 2018. Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years—autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2012. MMWR Surveill. Summ. 65:1–23
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Chulef AS, Read SJ, Walsh DA 2001. A hierarchical taxonomy of human goals. Motiv. Emot. 25:191–232
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Cross ES, Hamilton AFdC, Grafton ST 2006. Building a motor simulation de novo: observation of dance by dancers. NeuroImage 31:1257–67
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Cross ES, Hamilton AFdC, Kraemer DJM, Kelley WM, Grafton ST 2009. Dissociable substrates for body motion and physical experience in the human action observation network. Eur. J. Neurosci. 30:1383–92
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Deen B, Saxe R. 2019. Parts-based representations of perceived face movements in the superior temporal sulcus. Hum. Brain Mapp. 40:2499–510
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Digman JM. 1990. Personality structure: emergence of the five-factor model. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 41:417–40
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Digman JM, Takemoto-Chock NK. 1981. Factors in the natural language of personality: re-analysis, comparison, and interpretation of six major studies. Multivar. Behav. Res. 16:149–70
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Dinstein I, Gardner JL, Jazayeri M, Heeger DJ 2008. Executed and observed movements have different distributed representations in human aIPS. J. Neurosci. 28:11231–39
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Dobs K, Bulthoff I, Schultz J 2016. Identity information content depends on the type of facial movement. Sci. Rep. 6:34301
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Dobs K, Ma WJ, Reddy L 2017. Near-optimal integration of facial form and motion. Sci. Rep. 7:11002
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Downing PE, Jiang Y, Shuman M, Kanwisher N 2001. A cortical area selective for visual processing of the human body. Science 293:2470–73
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Ekman P. 1992. Are there basic emotions. ? Psychol. Rev. 99:550–53
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Ekman P. 1999. Basic emotions. Handbook of Cognition and Emotion, ed. T Dalgleish, M Power45–60 New York: Wiley
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Ellis AW, Young AW, Critchley EMR 1989. Loss of memory for people following temporal lobe damage. Brain 112:1469–83
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Ellis HD, Shepherd JW, Davies GM 1979. Identification of familiar and unfamiliar faces from internal and external features: some implications for theories of face recognition. Perception 8:431–39
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Engell AD, Haxby JV. 2007. Facial expression and gaze-direction in human superior temporal sulcus. Neuropsychologia 45:3234–41
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Ferrari C, Vecchi T, Todorov A, Cattaneo Z 2016. Interfering with activity in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex via TMS affects social impressions updating. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 16:626–34
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Fiske ST, Cuddy AJC, Glick P, Xu J 2002. A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 82:6878–902
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Fiske ST, Linville PW. 1980. What does the schema concept buy us. ? Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 6:543–57
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Fletcher PC, Happe F, Frith U, Baker SC, Dolan RJ et al. 1995. Other minds in the brain: a functional imaging study of ‘theory of mind’ in story comprehension. Cognition 57:109–28
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Formisano E, De Martino F, Bonte M, Goebel R 2008. ‘Who’ is saying ‘what’? Brain-based decoding of human voice and speech. Science 322:970–73
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Fox CJ, Hanif HM, Iaria G, Duchaine BC, Barton JJS 2011. Perceptual and anatomic patterns of selective deficits in facial identity and expression processing. Neuropsychologia 49:3188–200
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Freiwald WA, Tsao DY. 2010. Functional compartmentalization and viewpoint generalization within the macaque face-processing system. Science 330:845–51
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Frith C, Frith U. 2000. The physiological basis of theory of mind: functional neuroimaging studies. Understanding Other Minds: Perspectives from Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience S Baron-Cohen, H Tager-Flusberg, DJ Cohen 334–56 Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press. , 2nd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Gallagher HL, Frith CD. 2003. Functional imaging of `theory of mind. Trends Cogn. Sci. 7:77–83
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Gallagher HL, Happé F, Brunswick N, Fletcher PC, Frith U, Frith CD 2000. Reading the mind in cartoons and stories: an fMRI study of `theory of mind' in verbal and nonverbal tasks. Neuropsychologia 38:11–21
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Gershman SJ, Gerstenberg T, Baker CL, Cushman FA 2016. Plans, habits, and theory of mind. PLOS ONE 11:e0162246
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Gershman SJ, Pouncy HT, Gweon H 2017. Learning the structure of social influence. Cogn. Sci. 41:545–75
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Gobbini MI, Haxby JV. 2007. Neural systems for recognition of familiar faces. Neuropsychologia 45:32–41
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Goodie AS, Doshi P, Young DL 2012. Levels of theory-of-mind reasoning in competitive games. J. Behav. Decis. Mak. 25:95–108
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Goodman ND, Tenenbaum JB, Gerstenberg T 2014. Concepts in a probabilistic language of thought. The Conceptual Mind: New Directions in the Study of Concepts D Casasanto, G Lupyan, E Margolis, S Laurence 623–54 Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Grafton ST, Arbib MA, Fadiga L, Rizzolatti G 1996. Localization of grasp representations in humans by positron emission tomography. Exp. Brain Res. 112:103–11
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Gray HM, Gray K, Wegner DM 2007. Dimensions of mind perception. Science 315:619
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Grèzes J, Fonlupt P, Bertenthal B, Delon-Martin C, Segebarth C, Decety J 2001. Does perception of biological motion rely on specific brain regions. ? NeuroImage 13:775–85
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Grill-Spector K, Weiner KS, Gomez J, Stigliani A, Natu VS 2018. The functional neuroanatomy of face perception: from brain measurements to deep neural networks. Interface Focus 8:20180013
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Gruppuso V, Lindsay DS, Masson MEJ 2007. I'd know that face anywhere. ! Psychon. Bull. Rev. 14:1085–89
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Gygax P, Oakhill J, Garnham A 2003. The representation of characters' emotional responses: Do readers infer specific emotions. ? Cogn. Emot. 17:413–28
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Hahn CA, O'Toole AJ. 2017. Recognizing approaching walkers: neural decoding of person familiarity in cortical areas responsive to faces, bodies, and biological motion. NeuroImage 146:859–68
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Hahn CA, O'Toole AJ, Phillips PJ 2016. Dissecting the time course of person recognition in natural viewing environments. Br. J. Psychol. 107:117–34
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Hanczakowski M, Zawadzka K, Macken B 2015. Continued effects of context reinstatement in recognition. Mem. Cogn. 43:788–97
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Hasan BAS, Valdes-Sosa M, Gross J, Belin P 2016. Hearing faces and seeing voices: amodal coding of person identity in the human brain. Sci. Rep. 6:37494
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Hassabis D, Spreng RN, Rusu AA, Robbins CA, Mar RA, Schacter DL 2013. Imagine all the people: how the brain creates and uses personality models to predict behavior. Cereb. Cortex 24:1979–87
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Hassin RR, Aviezer H, Bentin S 2013. Inherently ambiguous: facial expressions of emotions, in context. Emot. Rev. 5:60–65
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Hastie R. 1980. Memory for behavioral information that confirms or contradicts a personality impression. Person Memory: Personality Traits as Organizing Principles in Memory for Behavior R Hastie, TM Ostrom, EB Ebbesen, RS Wyer Jr., DL Hamilton, DE Carlson 155–78 Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Haxby JV, Hoffman EA, Gobbini MI 2000. The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trends Cogn. Sci. 4:223–33
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Hecaen H, Angelergues R. 1962. Agnosia for faces (prosopagnosia). Arch. Neurol. 7:92–100
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Heider F, Simmel M. 1944. An experimental study of apparent behavior. Am. J. Psychol. 57:243–59
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Hill CA, Suzuki S, Polania R, Moisa M, O'Doherty JP, Ruff CC 2017. A causal account of the brain network computations underlying strategic social behavior. Nat. Neurosci. 20:1142
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Hodges JR, Patterson K, Oxbury S, Funnell E 1992. Semantic dementia: progressive fluent aphasia with temporal lobe atrophy. Brain 115:1783–806
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Iacoboni M, Woods RP, Brass M, Bekkering H, Mazziotta JC, Rizzolatti G 1999. Cortical mechanisms of human imitation. Science 286:2526–28
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Jara-Ettinger J, Floyd S, Tenenbaum JB, Schulz LE 2017. Children understand that agents maximize expected utilities. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 146:1574–85
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Jara-Ettinger J, Gweon H, Schulz LE, Tenenbaum JB 2016. The naive utility calculus: computational principles underlying commonsense psychology. Trends Cogn. Sci. 20:589–604
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Jern A, Kemp C. 2015. A decision network account of reasoning about other people's choices. Cognition 142:12–38
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Jern A, Lucas CG, Kemp C 2011. Evaluating the inverse decision-making approach to preference learning. Adv. Neural Inform. Process. Syst. 24:2276–84
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Jozwik K, Charest I, Kriegeskorte N, Cichy RM 2018. Animacy dimensions ratings and approach for decorrelating stimuli dimensions Paper presented at the 2018 Conference on Cognitive Computational Neuroscience Philadelphia, PA:5–8 Sept. https://www2.securecms.com/CCNeuro/docs-0/59285d3868ed3f803a8a256e.pdf
  91. Kaiser D, Cichy RM. 2018. Typical visual-field locations facilitate access to awareness for everyday objects. Cognition 180:118–22
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Kanwisher N, McDermott J, Chun MM 1997. The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. J. Neurosci. 17:4302–11
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Kietzmann TC, Gert AL, Tong F, Konig P 2017. Representational dynamics of facial viewpoint encoding. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 29:637–51
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Konkle T, Caramazza A. 2013. Tripartite organization of the ventral stream by animacy and object size. J. Neurosci. 33:10235–42
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Koster-Hale J, Richardson H, Velez N, Asaba M, Young L, Saxe R 2017. Mentalizing regions represent distributed, continuous, and abstract dimensions of others' beliefs. NeuroImage 161:9–18
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Koster-Hale J, Saxe R. 2013. Functional neuroimaging of theory of mind. Understanding Other Minds: Perspectives from Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience S Baron-Cohen, H Tager-Flusberg, DJ Cohen 132–63 Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press, 3rd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Koster-Hale J, Saxe R, Dungan J, Young LL 2013. Decoding moral judgments from neural representations of intentions. PNAS 110:5648–53
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Kraft-Todd GT, Reinero DA, Kelley JM, Heberlein AS, Baer L, Riess H 2017. Empathic nonverbal behavior increases ratings of both warmth and competence in a medical context. PLOS ONE 12:e0177758
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Kriegeskorte N, Douglas PK. 2018. Cognitive computational neuroscience. Nat. Neurosci. 21:1148–60
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Kriegeskorte N, Formisano E, Sorger B, Goebel R 2007. Individual faces elicit distinct response patterns in human anterior temporal cortex. PNAS 104:20600–5
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Kryven M. 2018. Attributed intelligence PhD Diss., Waterloo Univ Waterloo, Can:.
  102. Kryven M, Ullman T, Cowan W, Tenenbaum J 2016. Outcome or strategy? A Bayesian model of intelligence attribution Paper presented at CogSci 2016: The Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society Philadelphia, PA:
  103. Landi SM, Freiwald WA. 2017. Two areas for familiar face recognition in the primate brain. Science 357:591–95
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Leibo JZ, Liao Q, Anselmi F, Poggio T 2015. The invariance hypothesis implies domain-specific regions in visual cortex. PLOS Comput. Biol. 11:e1004390
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Leshinskaya A, Contreras JM, Caramazza A, Mitchell JP 2017. Neural representations of belief concepts: a representational similarity approach to social semantics. Cereb. Cortex 27:344–57
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Leveroni CL, Seidenberg M, Mayer AR, Mead LA, Binder JR, Rao SM 2000. Neural systems underlying the recognition of familiar and newly learned faces. J. Neurosci. 20:878–86
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Lewis MD. 2005. Bridging emotion theory and neurobiology through dynamic systems modeling. Behav. Brain Sci. 28:169–94
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Lingnau A, Downing PE. 2015. The lateral occipitotemporal cortex in action. Trends Cogn. Sci. 19:268–77
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Lowder MW, Gordon PC. 2015. Natural forces as agents: reconceptualizing the animate–inanimate distinction. Cognition 136:85–90
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Ma N, Vandekerckhove M, Baetens K, Van Overwalle F, Seurinck R, Fias W 2011. Inconsistencies in spontaneous and intentional trait inferences. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 7:937–50
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Malone DR, Morris HH, Kay MC, Levin HS 1982. Prosopagnosia: a double dissociation between the recognition of familiar and unfamiliar faces. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 45:820–22
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Martin A, Weisberg J. 2003. Neural foundations for understanding social and mechanical concepts. Cogn. Neuropsychol. 20:575–87
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Mende-Siedlecki P. 2018. Changing our minds: the neural bases of dynamic impression updating. Curr. Opin. Psychol. 24:72–76
    [Google Scholar]
  114. Mende-Siedlecki P, Cai Y, Todorov A 2012. The neural dynamics of updating person impressions. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 8:623–31
    [Google Scholar]
  115. Mengotti P, Dombert PL, Fink GR, Vossel S 2017. Disruption of the right temporoparietal junction impairs probabilistic belief updating. J. Neurosci. 37:5419–28
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Miller GA. 1995. WordNet: a lexical database for English. Commun. ACM 38:39–41
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Minsky M. 2000. Commonsense-based interfaces. Commun. ACM 43:66–73
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Mitchell JP, Cloutier J, Banaji MR, Macrae CN 2006. Medial prefrontal dissociations during processing of trait diagnostic and nondiagnostic person information. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 1:49–55
    [Google Scholar]
  119. Mitchell JP, Macrae CN, Banaji MR 2004. Encoding-specific effects of social cognition on the neural correlates of subsequent memory. J. Neurosci. 24:4912–17
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Mitchell JP, Macrae CN, Banaji MR 2005. Forming impressions of people versus inanimate objects: social-cognitive processing in the medial prefrontal cortex. NeuroImage 26:251–57
    [Google Scholar]
  121. Molenberghs P, Johnson H, Henry JD, Mattingley JB 2016. Understanding the minds of others: a neuroimaging meta-analysis. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 65:276–91
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Molnar-Szakacs I, Kaplan J, Greenfield PM, Iacoboni M 2006. Observing complex action sequences: the role of the fronto-parietal mirror neuron system. NeuroImage 33:923–35
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Natu V, Jiang F, Narvekar A, Keshvari S, O'Toole A 2008. Representations of facial identity over changes in viewpoint. J. Vis. 8:159
    [Google Scholar]
  124. Negri GA, Rumiati RI, Zadini A, Ukmar M, Mahon BZ, Caramazza A 2007. What is the role of motor simulation in action and object recognition? Evidence from apraxia. Cogn. Neuropsychol. 24:795–816
    [Google Scholar]
  125. Nestor A, Plaut DC, Behrmann M 2011. Unraveling the distributed neural code of facial identity through spatiotemporal pattern analysis. PNAS 108:9998–10003
    [Google Scholar]
  126. Norman WT. 1963. Toward an adequate taxonomy of personality attributes: replicated factor structure in peer nomination personality ratings. J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol. 66:574–83
    [Google Scholar]
  127. Ojaleto BL, Medin DL, García SG 2017. Conceptualizing agency: folkpsychological and folkcommunicative perspectives on plants. Cognition 162:103–23
    [Google Scholar]
  128. Ong DC, Zaki J, Goodman ND 2015. Affective cognition: exploring lay theories of emotion. Cognition 143:141–62
    [Google Scholar]
  129. Oosterhof NN, Todorov A. 2008. The functional basis of face evaluation. PNAS 105:11087–92
    [Google Scholar]
  130. Oosterhof NN, Wiggett AJ, Diedrichsen J, Tipper SP, Downing PE 2010. Surface-based information mapping reveals crossmodal vision–action representations in human parietal and occipitotemporal cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 104:1077–89
    [Google Scholar]
  131. O'Toole AJ, Phillips PJ, Weimer S, Roark DA, Ayyad J et al. 2011. Recognizing people from dynamic and static faces and bodies: dissecting identity with a fusion approach. Vis. Res. 51:74–83
    [Google Scholar]
  132. O'Toole AJ, Roark DA, Abdi H 2002. Recognizing moving faces: a psychological and neural synthesis. Trends Cogn. Sci. 6:261–66
    [Google Scholar]
  133. Papeo L, Wurm MF, Oosterhof NN, Caramazza A 2017. The neural representation of human versus nonhuman bipeds and quadrupeds. Sci. Rep. 7:14040
    [Google Scholar]
  134. Peelen MV, Atkinson AP, Vuilleumier P 2010. Supramodal representations of perceived emotions in the human brain. J. Neurosci. 30:10127–34
    [Google Scholar]
  135. Pelphrey KA, Morris JP, Michelich CR, Allison T, McCarthy G 2005. Functional anatomy of biological motion perception in posterior temporal cortex: an fMRI study of eye, mouth and hand movements. Cereb. Cortex 15:1866–76
    [Google Scholar]
  136. Ralph MAL, Jefferies E, Patterson K, Rogers TT 2017. The neural and computational bases of semantic cognition. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 18:42–55
    [Google Scholar]
  137. Ramon M, Caharel S, Rossion B 2011. The speed of recognition of personally familiar faces. Perception 40:437–49
    [Google Scholar]
  138. Rezlescu C, Barton JJS, Pitcher D, Duchaine B 2014. Normal acquisition of expertise with greebles in two cases of acquired prosopagnosia. PNAS 111:5123–28
    [Google Scholar]
  139. Rizzolatti G, Craighero L. 2004. The mirror-neuron system. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 27:169–92
    [Google Scholar]
  140. Rizzolatti G, Fadiga L, Matelli M, Bettinardi V, Paulesu E et al. 1996. Localization of grasp representations in humans by PET. 1. Observation versus execution. Exp. Brain Res. 111:246–52
    [Google Scholar]
  141. Rizzolatti G, Fogassi L, Gallese V 2001. Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the understanding and imitation of action. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2:661–70
    [Google Scholar]
  142. Rizzolatti G, Sinigaglia C. 2016. The mirror mechanism: a basic principle of brain function. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 17:757–65
    [Google Scholar]
  143. Russell JA. 1980. A circumplex model of affect. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 39:1161–78
    [Google Scholar]
  144. Russell JA, Bachorowski J-A, Fernández-Dols J-M 2003. Facial and vocal expressions of emotion. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 54:329–49
    [Google Scholar]
  145. Russell JA, Barrett LF. 1999. Core affect, prototypical emotional episodes, and other things called emotion: dissecting the elephant. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 76:805–19
    [Google Scholar]
  146. Saxe R, Houlihan SD. 2017. Formalizing emotion concepts within a Bayesian model of theory of mind. Curr. Opin. Psychol. 17:15–21
    [Google Scholar]
  147. Saxe R, Kanwisher N. 2003. People thinking about thinking people: the role of the temporo-parietal junction in theory of mind. NeuroImage 19:1835–42
    [Google Scholar]
  148. Schirmer A, Adolphs R. 2017. Emotion perception from face, voice, and touch: comparisons and convergence. Trends Cogn. Sci. 21:216–28
    [Google Scholar]
  149. Sergent J, Ohta S, MacDonald B 1992. Functional neuroanatomy of face and object processing: a positron emission tomography study. Brain 115:15–36
    [Google Scholar]
  150. Serre T, Oliva A, Poggio T 2007. A feedforward architecture accounts for rapid categorization. PNAS 104:6424–29
    [Google Scholar]
  151. Shi B, Weninger T. 2018. Open-world knowledge graph completion Paper presented at the Thirty-Second AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-18) New Orleans, LA: Feb 2–7
  152. Simhi N, Yovel G. 2016. The contribution of the body and motion to whole person recognition. Vis. Res. 122:12–20
    [Google Scholar]
  153. Simon HA. 1978. Information-processing theory of human problem solving. Handbook of Learning and Cognitive Processes, Vol. 5: Human Information Processing, ed. WK Estes271–95 New York: Psychology
    [Google Scholar]
  154. Skerry AE, Saxe R. 2014. A common neural code for perceived and inferred emotion. J. Neurosci. 34:15997–6008
    [Google Scholar]
  155. Skerry AE, Saxe R. 2015. Neural representations of emotion are organized around abstract event features. Curr. Biol. 25:1945–54
    [Google Scholar]
  156. Snowden JS, Thompson JC, Neary D 2004. Knowledge of famous faces and names in semantic dementia. Brain 127:860–72
    [Google Scholar]
  157. Snowden JS, Thompson JC, Neary D 2012. Famous people knowledge and the right and left temporal lobes. Behav. Neurol. 25:35–44
    [Google Scholar]
  158. Speer R, Chin J, Havasi C 2017. ConceptNet 5.5: an open multilingual graph of general knowledge. Proceedings of the 31st AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence4444–51 Menlo Park, CA: AAAI
    [Google Scholar]
  159. Spiers HJ, Love BC, Le Pelley ME, Gibb CE, Murphy RA 2017. Anterior temporal lobe tracks the formation of prejudice. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 29:530–44
    [Google Scholar]
  160. Srinivasan R, Golomb JD, Martinez AM 2016. A neural basis of facial action recognition in humans. J. Neurosci. 36:4434–42
    [Google Scholar]
  161. Srull TK, Wyer RS Jr 1989. Person memory and judgment. Psychol. Rev. 96:58–83
    [Google Scholar]
  162. Tamir DI, Thornton MA. 2018. Modeling the predictive social mind. Trends Cogn. Sci. 22:201–12
    [Google Scholar]
  163. Tenenbaum JB. 1998. Mapping a manifold of perceptual observations. Proceedings of the 1997 Conference on Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems682–88 Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    [Google Scholar]
  164. Thornton MA, Mitchell JP. 2017. Theories of person perception predict patterns of neural activity during mentalizing. Cereb. Cortex 28:3505–20
    [Google Scholar]
  165. Thornton MA, Tamir DI. 2017. Mental models accurately predict emotion transitions. PNAS 114:5982–87
    [Google Scholar]
  166. Thornton MA, Weaverdyck ME, Tamir D 2018. The brain represents people as the mental states they habitually experience. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/uhbpz
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  167. Thorpe S, Fize D, Marlot C 1996. Speed of processing in the human visual system. Nature 381:520–22
    [Google Scholar]
  168. Todorov A, Uleman JS. 2002. Spontaneous trait inferences are bound to actors' faces: evidence from a false recognition paradigm. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 83:1051–65
    [Google Scholar]
  169. Todorov A, Uleman JS. 2003. The efficiency of binding spontaneous trait inferences to actors' faces. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 39:549–62
    [Google Scholar]
  170. Tomasello M, Carpenter M, Call J, Behne T, Moll H 2005. Understanding and sharing intentions: the origins of cultural cognition. Behav. Brain Sci. 28:675–91
    [Google Scholar]
  171. Tong F, Nakayama K, Moscovitch M, Weinrib O, Kanwisher N 2000. Response properties of the human fusiform face area. Cogn. Neuropsychol. 17:257–80
    [Google Scholar]
  172. Tupes EC, Christal RE. 1992. Recurrent personality factors based on trait ratings. J. Personal. 60:225–51
    [Google Scholar]
  173. Vannuscorps G, Caramazza A. 2016. Typical action perception and interpretation without motor simulation. PNAS 113:86–91
    [Google Scholar]
  174. Wagner HL, MacDonald CJ, Manstead AS 1986. Communication of individual emotions by spontaneous facial expressions. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 50:737–43
    [Google Scholar]
  175. Wang Y, Collins JA, Koski J, Nugiel T, Metoki A, Olson IR 2017. Dynamic neural architecture for social knowledge retrieval. PNAS 114:E3305–14
    [Google Scholar]
  176. Watson CE, Cardillo ER, Ianni GR, Chatterjee A 2013. Action concepts in the brain: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 25:1191–205
    [Google Scholar]
  177. Waytz A, Young L. 2018. Morality for us versus them. Atlas of Moral Psychology, ed. K Gray, J Graham186–92 New York: Guilford
    [Google Scholar]
  178. Winell M. 1987. Personal goals: the key to self-direction in adulthood. Humans as Self-Constructing Living Systems: Putting the Framework to Work, ed. ME Ford, DH Ford261–87 Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
    [Google Scholar]
  179. Wu Y, Schulz LE. 2018. Inferring beliefs and desires from emotional reactions to anticipated and observed events. Child Dev 89:649–62
    [Google Scholar]
  180. Wurm MF, Ariani G, Greenlee MW, Lingnau A 2016. Decoding concrete and abstract action representations during explicit and implicit conceptual processing. Cereb. Cortex 26:3390–401
    [Google Scholar]
  181. Wurm M, Caramazza A. 2018. Representation of action concepts in left posterior temporal cortex that generalize across vision and language. 361220
    [Google Scholar]
  182. Wurm MF, Caramazza A, Lingnau A 2017. Action categories in lateral occipitotemporal cortex are organized along sociality and transitivity. J. Neurosci. 37:562–75
    [Google Scholar]
  183. Wurm MF, Lingnau A. 2015. Decoding actions at different levels of abstraction. J. Neurosci. 35:7727–35
    [Google Scholar]
  184. Yee E, Jones MN, McRae K 2018. Semantic memory. Stevens' Handbook of Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Vol. 3: Language and Thought JT Wixted, S Thompson-Schill 319–56 New York: Wiley. , 4th ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  185. Young AW, Newcombe F, de Haan EHF, Small M, Hay DC 1993. Face perception after brain injury: selective impairments affecting identity and expression. Brain 116:941–59
    [Google Scholar]
  186. Yovel G, O'Toole AJ. 2016. Recognizing people in motion. Trends Cogn. Sci. 20:383–95
    [Google Scholar]
  187. Zaitchik D, Walker C, Miller S, LaViolette P, Feczko E, Dickerson BC 2010. Mental state attribution and the temporoparietal junction: an fMRI study comparing belief, emotion, and perception. Neuropsychologia 48:2528–36
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050844
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050844
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error