1932

Abstract

Approximately 75% of farmworkers in the United States are Latino migrants, and about 50% of hired farmworkers do not have authorization to work in the United States. Farmworkers face numerous chemical, physical, and biological threats to their health. The adverse effects of these hazards may be amplified among Latino migrant farmworkers, who are concurrently exposed to various psychosocial stressors. Factors such as documentation status, potential lack of authorization to work in the United States, and language and cultural barriers may also prevent Latino migrants from accessing federal aid, legal assistance, and health programs. These environmental, occupational, and social hazards may further exacerbate existing health disparities among US Latinos. This population is also likely to be disproportionately impacted by emerging threats, including climate change and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Latino migrant farmworkers are essential to agriculture in the United States, and actions are needed to protect this vulnerable population.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-012420-105014
2021-04-01
2024-03-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/publhealth/42/1/annurev-publhealth-012420-105014.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-012420-105014&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. 1. 
    Adno M. 2020.. ‘ Our bills won't wait’: the Florida town where farm laborers risk their lives to work amid COVID-19. The Guardian June 18. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/17/farmworkers-covid-19-immokalee-florida
    [Google Scholar]
  2. 2. 
    Arcury TA, Quandt SA 2009. Latino Farmworkers in the Eastern United States New York: Springer-Verlag
  3. 3. 
    Arcury TA, Trejo G, Suerken CK, Grzywacz JG, Ip EH, Quandt SA. 2015. Housing and neighborhood characteristics and Latino farmworker family well-being. J. Immigr. Minor. Health 17:1458–67
    [Google Scholar]
  4. 4. 
    Arcury TA, Weir MM, Summers P, Chen H, Bailey M et al. 2012. Safety, security, hygiene and privacy in migrant farmworker housing. New Solut 22:153–73
    [Google Scholar]
  5. 5. 
    Atwood D, Paisley-Jones C. 2017. Pesticides industry sales and usage: 2008–2012 market estimates. Rep., US Environ. Prot. Agency Washington, DC: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/pesticides-industry-sales-usage-2016_0.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  6. 6. 
    Bail KM, Foster J, Dalmida SG, Kelly U, Howett M et al. 2012. The impact of invisibility on the health of migrant farmworkers in the southeastern United States: a case study from Georgia. Nurs. Res. Pract. 2012.760418
    [Google Scholar]
  7. 7. 
    Balazs CL, Ray I. 2014. The Drinking Water Disparities Framework: on the origins and persistence of inequities in exposure. Am. J. Public Health 104:603–11
    [Google Scholar]
  8. 8. 
    Baron S, Estill CF, Steege A, Lalich N 2001. Simple solutions: ergonomics for farm workers Rep., Natl. Inst. Occup. Saf. Health Cincinnati, OH: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2001-111/pdfs/2001-111.pdf?id=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2001111
  9. 9. 
    Bayram H, Bauer AK, Abdalati W, Carlsten C, Pinkerton KE et al. 2017. Environment, global climate change, and cardiopulmonary health. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 195:718–24
    [Google Scholar]
  10. 10. 
    Benson P. 2008. EL CAMPO: faciality and structural violence in farm labor camps. Cult. Anthropol. 23:589–629
    [Google Scholar]
  11. 11. 
    Bethel JW, Harger R. 2014. Heat-related illness among Oregon farmworkers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 11:9273–85
    [Google Scholar]
  12. 12. 
    Blair A, Freeman LB. 2009. Epidemiologic studies in agricultural populations: observations and future directions. J. Agromed. 14:125–31
    [Google Scholar]
  13. 13. 
    Blake KS, Kellerson RL, Simic A. 2007. Measuring overcrowding in housing Rep., Dep. Hous. Urban Dev., Off. Policy Dev. Res. Washington, DC: https://www.huduser.gov/publications/pdf/measuring_overcrowding_in_hsg.pdf
  14. 14. 
    Bohme SR. 2015. EPA's proposed Worker Protection Standard and the burdens of the past. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health 21:161–65
    [Google Scholar]
  15. 15. 
    Bradley K. 2002. Health hazards in agriculture: an emerging issue. Farm Saf Fact Sheet, US Dep. Agric. Washington, DC: https://nasdonline.org/1246/d001050/health-hazards-in-agriculture-an-emerging-issue.html
    [Google Scholar]
  16. 16. 
    Bradman A, Chevrier J, Tager I, Lipsett M, Sedgwick J et al. 2005. Association of housing disrepair indicators with cockroach and rodent infestations in a cohort of pregnant Latina women and their children. Environ. Health Perspect. 113:1795–801
    [Google Scholar]
  17. 17. 
    Bradman A, Salvatore AL, Boeniger M, Castorina R, Snyder J et al. 2009. Community-based intervention to reduce pesticide exposure to farmworkers and potential take-home exposure to their families. J. Exp. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 19:79–89
    [Google Scholar]
  18. 18. 
    Bunke J, Receveur K, Oeser AC, Gutsmann I, Schubert S et al. 2020. Epidemiology of bacteria and viruses in the respiratory tract of humans and domestic pigs. APMIS 128:451–62
    [Google Scholar]
  19. 19. 
    Buralli RJ, Ribeiro H, Mauad T, Amato-Lourenço LF, Salge JM et al. 2018. Respiratory condition of family farmers exposed to pesticides in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 15:1203
    [Google Scholar]
  20. 20. 
    Calvert GM, Karnik J, Mehler L, Beckman J, Morrissey B et al. 2008. Acute pesticide poisoning among agricultural workers in the United States, 1998–2005. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51:883–98
    [Google Scholar]
  21. 21. 
    Carlisle L, Montenegro de Wit M, DeLonge MS, Iles A, Calo A et al. 2019. Transitioning to sustainable agriculture requires growing and sustaining an ecologically skilled workforce. Front. Sustain. Food Syst. 3:96
    [Google Scholar]
  22. 22. 
    Castañeda H, Holmes SM, Madrigal DS, DeTrinidad Young M-E, Beyeler N, Quesada J 2015. Immigration as a social determinant of health. Annu. Rev. Public Health 36:375–92
    [Google Scholar]
  23. 23. 
    Cavazos-Rehg PA, Zayas LH, Spitznagel EL. 2007. Legal status, emotional well-being and subjective health status of Latino immigrants. J. Natl. Med. Assoc. 99:1126–31
    [Google Scholar]
  24. 24. 
    CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) 2018. Health, United States, 2018—data finder. National Center for Health Statistics https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus/contents2018.htm
    [Google Scholar]
  25. 25. 
    CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) 2020. National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2020, estimates of diabetes and its burden in the United States Rep., CDC Atlanta: https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pdfs/data/statistics/national-diabetes-statistics-report.pdf
  26. 26. 
    CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.), US Dep. Labor 2020. Agriculture workers and employers: interim guidance from CDC and the U.S. Department of Labor Fact Sheet, CDC: Atlanta https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/88622
  27. 27. 
    Ciesielski SD, Seed JR, Ortiz JC, Metts J. 1992. Intestinal parasites among North Carolina migrant farmworkers. Am. J. Public Health 82:1258–62
    [Google Scholar]
  28. 28. 
    Culp K, Tonelli S, Ramey SL, Donham K, Fuortes L. 2011. Preventing heat-related illness among Hispanic farmworkers. AAOHN J 59:23–32
    [Google Scholar]
  29. 29. 
    Curl CL, Spivak M, Phinney R, Montrose L. 2020. Synthetic pesticides and health in vulnerable populations: agricultural workers. Curr. Environ. Health Rep. 7:13–29
    [Google Scholar]
  30. 30. 
    Davis JH. 2018. President wants to use executive order to end birthright citizenship. New York Times Oct. 30. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/30/us/politics/trump-birthright-citizenship.html
    [Google Scholar]
  31. 31. 
    Davis KG, Kotowski SE. 2007. Understanding the ergonomic risk for musculoskeletal disorders in the United States agricultural sector. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:501–11
    [Google Scholar]
  32. 32. 
    Dep. Ind. Relat 2009. Sufficient amounts of drinking water: elements of your written program and effective work practices. T8CCR 3395(c) Cal/OSHA Oakland, CA: https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/etools/08-006/EWP_water.htm
    [Google Scholar]
  33. 33. 
    Deziel NC, Beane Freeman LE, Graubard BI, Jones RR, Hoppin JA et al. 2017. Relative contributions of agricultural drift, para-occupational, and residential use exposure pathways to house dust pesticide concentrations: meta-regression of published data. Environ. Health Perspect. 125:296–305
    [Google Scholar]
  34. 34. 
    Deziel NC, Friesen MC, Hoppin JA, Hines CJ, Thomas K, Beane Freeman LE 2015. A review of nonoccupational pathways for pesticide exposure in women living in agricultural areas. Environ. Health Perspect. 123:515–24
    [Google Scholar]
  35. 35. 
    Dreby J. 2015. Everyday Illegal: When Policies Undermine Immigrant Families. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Press
  36. 36. 
    Early J, Davis SW, Quandt SA, Rao P, Snively BM, Arcury TA. 2006. Housing characteristics of farmworker families in North Carolina. J. Immigr. Minor. Health 8:173–84
    [Google Scholar]
  37. 37. 
    Econ. Res. Serv., USDA (US Dep. Agric.) 2019. Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018: highlights and implications. Economic Research Service https://www.ers.usda.gov/agriculture-improvement-act-of-2018-highlights-and-implications/
    [Google Scholar]
  38. 38. 
    Edokpayi JN, Rogawski ET, Kahler DM, Hill CL, Reynolds C et al. 2018. Challenges to sustainable safe drinking water: a case study of water quality and use across seasons in rural communities in Limpopo province, South Africa. Water 10:159
    [Google Scholar]
  39. 39. 
    Eskenazi B, Fahey CA, Kogut K, Gunier R, Torres J et al. 2019. Association of perceived immigration policy vulnerability with mental and physical health among US-born Latino adolescents in California. JAMA Pediatr 173:744–53
    [Google Scholar]
  40. 40. 
    Evangelou E, Ntritsos G, Chondrogiorgi M, Kavvoura FK, Hernández AF et al. 2016. Exposure to pesticides and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ. Int. 91:60–68
    [Google Scholar]
  41. 41. 
    Finch BK, Vega WA. 2003. Acculturation stress, social support, and self-rated health among Latinos in California. J. Immigr. Health 5:109–17
    [Google Scholar]
  42. 42. 
    Gentry AL, Grzywacz JG, Quandt SA, Davis SW, Arcury TA. 2007. Housing quality among North Carolina farmworker families. J. Agric. Saf. Health 13:323–37
    [Google Scholar]
  43. 43. 
    Goldner WS, Sandler DP, Yu F, Hoppin JA, Kamel F, LeVan TD. 2010. Pesticide use and thyroid disease among women in the Agricultural Health Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 171:455–64
    [Google Scholar]
  44. 44. 
    Goldner WS, Sandler DP, Yu F, Shostrom V, Hoppin JA et al. 2013. Hypothyroidism and pesticide use among male private pesticide applicators in the agricultural health study. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 55:1171–78
    [Google Scholar]
  45. 45. 
    Gowda P, Steiner JL, Olson C, Boggess M, Farrigan T, Grusak MA 2018. Agriculture and rural communities. Fourth National Climate Assessment. Vol. II: Impacts, Risks, Adaptation in the United States DR Reidmiller, CW Avery, DR Easterling, KE Kunkel, KLM Lewis, et al 391–437 Washington, DC: US Glob. Change Res. Progr.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. 46. 
    Grube A, Donaldson D, Kiely T, Wu L. 2011. Pesticides industry sales and usage: 2006–2007 market estimates. Rep., US Environ. Prot. Agency Washington, DC: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-10/documents/market_estimates2007.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  47. 47. 
    Gustafson CJ, Feldman SR, Quandt SA, Isom S, Chen H et al. 2014. The association of skin conditions with housing conditions among North Carolina Latino migrant farm workers. Int. J. Dermatol. 53:1091–97
    [Google Scholar]
  48. 48. 
    Hajek D. 2020. Farmworkers, deemed essential, don't feel protected from pandemic. NPR March 31. https://www.npr.org/2020/03/31/824358228/farmworkers-deemed-essential-dont-feel-protected-from-pandemic
    [Google Scholar]
  49. 49. 
    Hernandez T, Gabbard S. 2018. Findings from the National Agricultural Workers Survey (NAWS) 2015–2016: a demographic and employment profile of United States farmworkers Res. Rep. 13, US Dep. Labor, Employ. Train. Adm Washington, DC: https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ETA/naws/pdfs/NAWS_Research_Report_13.pdf
  50. 50. 
    Hernandez T, Gabbard S, Carroll D 2016. Findings from the National Agricultural Workers Survey (NAWS) 2013–2014: a demographic and employment profile of United States farmworkers Res. Rep. 12, US Dep. Labor, Employ. Train. Adm Washington, DC:
  51. 51. 
    Heyman JM, Núñez GG, Talavera V. 2009. Healthcare access and barriers for unauthorized immigrants in El Paso County, Texas. Fam. Community Health 32:4–21
    [Google Scholar]
  52. 52. 
    Hill BG, Moloney AG, Mize T, Himelick T, Guest JL. 2011. Prevalence and predictors of food insecurity in migrant farmworkers in Georgia. Am. J. Public Health 101:831–33
    [Google Scholar]
  53. 53. 
    Hoppin JA, Umbach DM, Long S, London SJ, Henneberger PK et al. 2017. Pesticides are associated with allergic and non-allergic wheeze among male farmers. Environ. Health Perspect. 125:535–43
    [Google Scholar]
  54. 54. 
    Horwitz S, Sacchetti M. 2018. Sessions vows to prosecute all illegal border crossers and separate children from their parents. Washington Post May 7. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/sessions-says-justice-dept-will-prosecute-every-person-who-crosses-border-unlawfully/2018/05/07/e1312b7e-5216-11e8-9c91-7dab596e8252_story.html
    [Google Scholar]
  55. 55. 
    Humann MJ, Sanderson WT, Gerr F, Kelly KM, Merchant JA. 2012. Effects of common agricultural tasks on measures of hearing loss. Am. J. Ind. Med. 55:904–16
    [Google Scholar]
  56. 56. 
    Hyland C, Laribi O. 2017. Review of take-home pesticide exposure pathway in children living in agricultural areas. Environ. Res. 156:559–70
    [Google Scholar]
  57. 57. 
    Jepson W. 2014. Measuring ‘no-win’ waterscapes: experience-based scales and classification approaches to assess household water security in colonias on the US–Mexico border. Geoforum 51:107–20
    [Google Scholar]
  58. 58. 
    Jepson W, Brown HL. 2014.. ‘ If no gasoline, no water’: privatizing drinking water quality in South Texas colonias. Environ. Plan. A 46:1032–48
    [Google Scholar]
  59. 59. 
    Johnson RJ, Wesseling C, Newman LS. 2019. Chronic kidney disease of unknown cause in agricultural communities. N. Engl. J. Med. 380:1843–52
    [Google Scholar]
  60. 60. 
    Kiehne E, Mendoza NS. 2015. Migrant and seasonal farmworker food insecurity: prevalence, impact, risk factors, and coping strategies. Soc. Work Public Health 30:397–409
    [Google Scholar]
  61. 61. 
    Kim D, Lim U. 2017. Wage differentials between heat-exposure risk and no heat-exposure risk groups. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 14:685
    [Google Scholar]
  62. 62. 
    Kim EJ. 2016. The impacts of climate change on human health in the United States: a scientific assessment, by US Global Change Research Program. J. Am. Plan. Assoc. 82:418–19
    [Google Scholar]
  63. 63. 
    Kim K-H, Kabir E, Kabir S. 2015. A review on the human health impact of airborne particulate matter. Environ. Int. 74:136–43
    [Google Scholar]
  64. 64. 
    Kjellstrom T, Kovats RS, Lloyd SJ, Holt T, Tol RSJ. 2009. The direct impact of climate change on regional labor productivity. Arch. Environ. Occup. Health 64:217–27
    [Google Scholar]
  65. 65. 
    Koutros S, Alavanja MCR, Lubin JH, Sandler DP, Hoppin JA et al. 2010. An update of cancer incidence in the Agricultural Health Study. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 52:1098–105
    [Google Scholar]
  66. 66. 
    Ku L, Matani S. 2001. Left out: immigrants’ access to health care and insurance. Health Aff 20:247–56
    [Google Scholar]
  67. 67. 
    LePrevost CE, Storm JF, Asuaje CR, Arellano C, Cope WG. 2014. Assessing the effectiveness of the Pesticides and Farmworker Health Toolkit: a curriculum for enhancing farmworkers’ understanding of pesticide safety concepts. J. Agromed. 19:96–102
    [Google Scholar]
  68. 68. 
    Liebman AK, Juarez-Carrillo PM, Cruz Reyes IA, Keifer MC 2016. Immigrant dairy workers’ perceptions of health and safety on the farm in America's Heartland. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:227–35
    [Google Scholar]
  69. 69. 
    Lim CJR. 2019. The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): an analysis of changing political climates, welfare policies, and their subsequent impacts on immigrants and their families in San Diego, CaliforniaMS Thesis Columbia Univ. New York: https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/d8-xww4-qm13
  70. 70. 
    Lopez MH, Gonzalez-Barrera A, Krogstad JM. 2018. Views of immigration policy. More Latinos have serious concerns about their place in America under Trump Rep., Pew Res. Cent Washington, DC: https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2018/10/25/views-of-immigration-policy/
    [Google Scholar]
  71. 71. 
    López-Gálvez N, Wagoner R, Quirós-Alcalá L, Ornelas Van Horne Y, Furlong M et al. 2019. Systematic literature review of the take-home route of pesticide exposure via biomonitoring and environmental monitoring. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 16:2177
    [Google Scholar]
  72. 72. 
    Maldonado CZ, Rodriguez RM, Torres JR, Flores YS, Lovato LM. 2013. Fear of discovery among Latino immigrants presenting to the emergency department. Acad. Emerg. Med. 20:155–61
    [Google Scholar]
  73. 73. 
    Mamane A, Baldi I, Tessier J-F, Raherison C, Bouvier G. 2015. Occupational exposure to pesticides and respiratory health. Eur. Respir. Rev. 24:306–19
    [Google Scholar]
  74. 74. 
    Mangini LD, Hayward MD, Zhu Y, Dong Y, Forman MR. 2018. Timing of household food insecurity exposures and asthma in a cohort of US school-aged children. BMJ Open 8:e021683
    [Google Scholar]
  75. 75. 
    Marsh B, Milofsky C, Kissam E, Arcury TA. 2015. Understanding the role of social factors in farmworker housing and health. New Solut 25:313–33
    [Google Scholar]
  76. 76. 
    Martin P, Hooker B, Akhtar M, Stockton M. 2017. How many workers are employed in California agriculture?. Calif. Agricult. 71:30–34
    [Google Scholar]
  77. 77. 
    Martínez AD, Ruelas L, Granger DA. 2018. Household fear of deportation in relation to chronic stressors and salivary proinflammatory cytokines in Mexican-origin families post-SB 1070. SSM Popul. Health 5:188–200
    [Google Scholar]
  78. 78. 
    McMichael AJ, Dear KBG 2010. Climate change: heat, health, and longer horizons. PNAS 107:9483–84
    [Google Scholar]
  79. 79. 
    Migr. Clin. Netw 2017. Water and Sanitation. Migrant Clinicians Network https://www.migrantclinician.org/issues/occupational-health/water-and-sanitation.html
    [Google Scholar]
  80. 80. 
    Mix J, Elon L, Thien Mac VV, Flocks J, Economos E et al. 2018. Hydration status, kidney function, and kidney injury in Florida agricultural workers. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 60:e253–60
    [Google Scholar]
  81. 81. 
    Mora DC, Miles CM, Chen H, Quandt SA, Summers P, Arcury TA. 2016. Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among immigrant Latino farmworkers and non-farmworkers in North Carolina. Arch. Environ. Occup. Health 71:136–43
    [Google Scholar]
  82. 82. 
    Mora DC, Quandt SA, Chen H, Arcury TA. 2016. Associations of poor housing with mental health among North Carolina Latino migrant farmworkers. J. Agromed. 21:327–34
    [Google Scholar]
  83. 83. 
    Morris JE, Palazuelos D. 2015. The health implications of deportation policy. J. Health Care Poor Underserved 26:406–09
    [Google Scholar]
  84. 84. 
    Moyce S, Mitchell D, Armitage T, Tancredi D, Joseph J, Schenker M. 2017. Heat strain, volume depletion and kidney function in California agricultural workers. Occup. Environ. Med. 74:402–9
    [Google Scholar]
  85. 85. 
    Muñoz-Quezada MT, Lucero BA, Iglesias VP, Muñoz MP, Cornejo CA et al. 2016. Chronic exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides and neuropsychological functioning in farm workers: a review. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health 22:68–79
    [Google Scholar]
  86. 86. 
    Napolitano M, Goldberg B 2013. Migrant health. Handbook of Immigrant Health S Loue 261–76 New York: Springer Sci. Bus. Media
    [Google Scholar]
  87. 87. 
    NCFH (Natl. Cent. Farmworker Health) 2018. Tuberculosis Fact Sheet, NCFH Buda, TX: http://www.ncfh.org/uploads/3/8/6/8/38685499/fs-what_is_tb_2018.pdf
  88. 88. 
    Neef A. 2020. Legal and social protection for migrant farm workers: lessons from COVID-19. Agric. Hum. Values 37:641–42
    [Google Scholar]
  89. 89. 
    Nevin RL, Bernt J, Hodgson M. 2017. Association of poultry processing industry exposures with reports of occupational finger amputations: results of an analysis of OSHA Severe Injury Report (SIR) data. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 59:e159–63
    [Google Scholar]
  90. 90. 
    Ng JK-C, Li PK-T. 2018. Chronic kidney disease epidemic: How do we deal with it?. Nephrology 23:116–20
    [Google Scholar]
  91. 91. 
    Niculita-Hirzel H, Hantier G, Storti F, Plateel G, Roger T. 2016. Frequent occupational exposure to Fusarium mycotoxins of workers in the Swiss grain industry. Toxins 8:370
    [Google Scholar]
  92. 92. 
    NIOSH (Natl. Inst. Occup. Saf. Health), CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) 2020. Agricultural safety. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/aginjury/default.html
    [Google Scholar]
  93. 93. 
    OSHA (Occup. Saf. Health Adm.) 2015. Protecting agricultural workers from tractor hazards Agric. Saf. Fact Sheet US Dep. Labor Washington, DC: https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3835.pdf
  94. 94. 
    OSHA (Occup. Saf. Health Adm.) 2018. FATALFacts: Confined space entry on a farm Fact Sheet 16–2018 US Dep. Labor Washington, DC.: https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3939.pdf
  95. 95. 
    OSHA (Occup. Saf. Health Adm.) 2020. Animal-acquired infections and related hazards. Hazards and Controls https://www.osha.gov/dsg/topics/agriculturaloperations/hazards_controls.html
    [Google Scholar]
  96. 96. 
    OSHA (Occup. Saf. Health Adm.) 2020. Clinician's guide to OSHA Field Sanitation Standard Fact Sheet, Farmworker Justice Washington, DC: http://www.farmworkerjustice.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/2016-OSHAs-Field-Sanitation-Standard-Clinicians-Guide.pdf
  97. 97. 
    Paquette D. 2018. During California wildfires, farmworkers say they felt pressure to keep working or lose their jobs. Washington PostNovemb. 20 https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/during-california-wildfires-farm-workers-felt-pressured-to-keep-working-or-lose-their-jobs/2018/11/20/757f92a0-ec06-11e8-baac-2a674e91502b_story.html
    [Google Scholar]
  98. 98. 
    Park E-K, Hannaford-Turner K, Lee HJ 2009. Use of personal protective equipment in agricultural workers under hot and humid conditions. Ind. Health 47:200–1
    [Google Scholar]
  99. 99. 
    Pena AA, Teather-Posadas ER. 2018. Field sanitation in US agriculture: evidence from NAWS and future data needs. J. Agromed. 23:123–33
    [Google Scholar]
  100. 100. 
    Philbin MM, Flake M, Hatzenbuehler ML, Hirsch JS. 2018. State-level immigration and immigrant-focused policies as drivers of Latino health disparities in the United States. Soc. Sci. Med. 199:29–38
    [Google Scholar]
  101. 101. 
    Piil JF, Lundbye-Jensen J, Trangmar SJ, Nybo L. 2017. Performance in complex motor tasks deteriorates in hyperthermic humans. Temperature 4:420–28
    [Google Scholar]
  102. 102. 
    Prado JB, Mulay PR, Kasner EJ, Bojes HK, Calvert GM. 2017. Acute pesticide-related illness among farmworkers: barriers to reporting to public health authorities. J. Agromed. 22:395–405
    [Google Scholar]
  103. 103. 
    Quandt SA, Brooke C, Fagan K, Howe A, Thornburg TK, McCurdy SA. 2015. Farmworker housing in the United States and its impact on health. New Solut 25:263–86
    [Google Scholar]
  104. 104. 
    Quandt SA, Grzywacz JG, Talton JW, Trejo G, Tapia J et al. 2013. Evaluating the effectiveness of a lay health promoter-led, community-based participatory pesticide safety intervention with farmworker families. Health Promot. Practice 14:425–32
    [Google Scholar]
  105. 105. 
    Quandt SA, Schulz MR, Talton JW, Verma A, Arcury TA. 2012. Occupational eye injuries experienced by migrant farmworkers. J. Agromed. 17:63–69
    [Google Scholar]
  106. 106. 
    Rabbitt MP, Smith MD, Coleman-Jensen A. 2016. Food security among Hispanic adults in the United States, 2011–2014 Econ. Inf. Bull. 153 US Dep. Agric. Washington, DC: https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/44080/59326_eib-153.pdf
  107. 107. 
    Radnofsky L, Andrews N, Fassihi F. 2018. Trump defends family-separation policy. Wall Street Journal June 18. https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-administration-defends-family-separation-policy-1529341079
    [Google Scholar]
  108. 108. 
    Reid A, Schenker MB. 2016. Hired farmworkers in the US: demographics, work organisation, and services. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:644–55
    [Google Scholar]
  109. 109. 
    Riden HE, Giacinto R, Wadsworth G, Rainwater J, Andrews T, Pinkerton KE. 2020. Wildfire smoke exposure: awareness and safety responses in the agricultural workplace. J. Agromed 25:33038
    [Google Scholar]
  110. 110. 
    Rodriguez L, Horowitz M, Espinoza D, Aguilera A, de la Torre A, Kaiser LL. 2015. The impact of the California drought on food security among rural families of Mexican origin. J. Appl. Res. Child. Inform. Policy Child. Risk 6:11
    [Google Scholar]
  111. 111. 
    Rodríguez-Zamora MG, Medina-Escobar L, Mora G, Zock J-P, van Wendel de Joode B, Mora AM. 2017. Dust exposure in workers from grain storage facilities in Costa Rica. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 220:1039–45
    [Google Scholar]
  112. 112. 
    Rodríguez-Zamora MG, Zock J-P, van Wendel de Joode B, Mora AM. 2018. Respiratory health outcomes, rhinitis, and eczema in workers from grain storage facilities in Costa Rica. Ann. Work Expo. Health 62:1077–86
    [Google Scholar]
  113. 113. 
    Roelofs C, Wegman D. 2014. Workers: the climate canaries. Am. J. Public Health 104:1799–801
    [Google Scholar]
  114. 114. 
    Rosas LG, Harley K, Fernald LC, Guendelman S, Mejia F et al. 2009. Dietary associations of household food insecurity among children of Mexican descent: results of a binational study. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 109:2001–9
    [Google Scholar]
  115. 115. 
    Salvatore AL, Bradman A, Castorina R, Camacho J, López J et al. 2008. Occupational behaviors and farmworkers' pesticide exposure: findings from a study in Monterey County, California. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51:782–94
    [Google Scholar]
  116. 116. 
    Sandberg JC, Talton JW, Quandt SA, Chen H, Weir M et al. 2014. Association between housing quality and individual health characteristics on sleep quality among Latino farmworkers. J. Immigr. Minor. Health 16:265–72
    [Google Scholar]
  117. 117. 
    Sano Y, Garasky S, Greder KA, Cook CC, Browder DE. 2011. Understanding food insecurity among Latino immigrant families in rural America. J. Fam. Econ. Issues 32:111–23
    [Google Scholar]
  118. 118. 
    Singh J, Schwartz DA. 2005. Endotoxin and the lung: insight into the host-environment interaction. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 115:330–33
    [Google Scholar]
  119. 119. 
    Spector JT, Bonauto DK, Sheppard L, Busch-Isaksen T, Calkins M et al. 2016. A case-crossover study of heat exposure and injury risk in outdoor agricultural workers. PLOS ONE 11:e0164498
    [Google Scholar]
  120. 120. 
    Spector JT, Krenz J, Blank KN. 2015. Risk factors for heat-related illness in Washington crop workers. J. Agromed. 20:349–59
    [Google Scholar]
  121. 121. 
    Spiewak R 2020. Farmers and farmworkers. Kanerva's Occupational Dermatology S John, J Johansen, T Rustemeyer, P Elsner, H Maibach 1929–46 Cham, Switz: Springer
    [Google Scholar]
  122. 122. 
    Stapleton EM, O'Shaughnessy PT, Locke SJ, Altmaier RW, Hofmann JN et al. 2018. A task-based analysis of black carbon exposure in Iowa farmers during harvest. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 15:293–304
    [Google Scholar]
  123. 123. 
    Stoecklin-Marois M, Hennessy-Burt T, Mitchell D, Schenker M 2013. Heat-related illness knowledge and practices among California hired farm workers in the MICASA Study. Ind. Health 51:47–55
    [Google Scholar]
  124. 124. 
    Strochlic R, Villarejo D, Nichols S, Wirth C, Liévanos R. 2007. An assessment of the demand for farm worker housing in Napa County Rep., Calif. Inst. Rural Stud Davis, CA: http://www.cirsinc.org/index.php/publications/majorstudies.html
  125. 125. 
    Swan J, Kight SW. 2018. Exclusive: Trump targeting birthright citizenship with executive order. Axios Oct. 30. https://www.axios.com/trump-birthright-citizenship-executive-order-0cf4285a-16c6-48f2-a933-bd71fd72ea82.html
    [Google Scholar]
  126. 126. 
    Taghavi SM, Mokarami H, Ahmadi O, Stallones L, Abbaspour A, Marioryad H. 2017. Risk factors for developing work-related musculoskeletal disorders during dairy farming. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 8:39–45
    [Google Scholar]
  127. 127. 
    Tago D, Andersson H, Treich N. 2014. Pesticides and health: a review of evidence on health effects, valuation of risks, and benefit-cost analysis. Preference Measurement in Health, Vol. 24:203–95 Adv. Health Econ. Health Serv. Res. Ser Bingley, UK: Emerald Group https://doi.org/10.1108/S0731-219920140000024006
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  128. 128. 
    Taylor EV, Vaidyanathan A, Flanders WD, Murphy M, Spencer M, Noe RS. 2018. Differences in heat-related mortality by citizenship status: United States, 2005–2014. Am. J. Public Health 108:S131–36
    [Google Scholar]
  129. 129. 
    Tigchelaar M, Battisti D, Spector J. 2020. Work adaptations insufficient to address growing heat risk for US agricultural workers. Environ. Res. Lett. 15:094035
    [Google Scholar]
  130. 130. 
    Todd BE, Buchan RM. 2002. Total dust, respirable dust, and microflora toxin concentrations in Colorado corn storage facilities. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 17:411–15
    [Google Scholar]
  131. 131. 
    Torres JM, Deardorff J, Gunier RB, Harley KG, Alkon A et al. 2018. Worry about deportation and cardiovascular disease risk factors among adult women: the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas Study. Ann. Behav. Med. 52:186–93
    [Google Scholar]
  132. 132. 
    Torres JM, Deardorff J, Holland N, Harley KG, Kogut K et al. 2019. Deportation worry, cardiovascular disease risk factor trajectories, and incident hypertension: a community-based cohort study. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 8:e013086
    [Google Scholar]
  133. 133. 
    Trump DJ 2017. Statement from President Donald J.Trump. Immigration News Release, Sept. 5. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/statement-president-donald-j-trump-7/
  134. 134. 
    Tual S, Silverman DT, Koutros S, Blair A, Sandler DP et al. 2016. Use of dieselized farm equipment and incident lung cancer: findings from the Agricultural Health Study Cohort. Environ. Health Perspect. 124:611–18
    [Google Scholar]
  135. 135. 
    US Dep. Labor 1983. The Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act (MSPA). Wage and Hour Division https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/agriculture/mspa#:∼:text=The%20Migrant%20and%20Seasonal%20Agricultural,%2C%20transportation%2C%20disclosures%20and%20recordkeeping
    [Google Scholar]
  136. 136. 
    USDA (US Dep. Agric.) 2018. A national roadmap for Integrated Pest Management. Agricultural Research Service https://www.ars.usda.gov/arsuserfiles/opmp/ipm%20road%20map%20final.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  137. 137. 
    Vaidyanathan A, Malilay J, Schramm P, Saha S. 2020. Heat-related deaths—United States, 2004–2018. MMWR 69:729–34
    [Google Scholar]
  138. 138. 
    Valdez CR, Padilla B, Valentine JL. 2013. Consequences of Arizona's immigration policy on social capital among Mexican mothers with unauthorized immigration status. Hisp. J. Behav. Sci. 35:303–22
    [Google Scholar]
  139. 139. 
    Vallejos QM, Quandt SA, Grzywacz JG, Isom S, Chen H et al. 2011. Migrant farmworkers' housing conditions across an agricultural season in North Carolina. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:533–44
    [Google Scholar]
  140. 140. 
    Vallejos QM, Schulz MR, Quandt SA, Feldman SR, Galvan L et al. 2008. Self report of skin problems among farmworkers in North Carolina. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51:204–12
    [Google Scholar]
  141. 141. 
    Vanos J, Vecellio DJ, Kjellstrom T. 2019. Workplace heat exposure, health protection, and economic impacts: a case study in Canada. Am. J. Ind. Med. 62:1024–37
    [Google Scholar]
  142. 142. 
    Vasquez-Huot LM, Dudley JR. 2020. The voices of Latinx people: overcoming problems of food insecurity. J. Hunger Environ. Nutr. https://doi.org/10.1080/19320248.2020.1717713
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  143. 143. 
    Wadsworth G, Villarejo D, Mines R, Cummings-Carlisle I. 2018. Farmworker study and action plan: Salinas Valley and Pajaro Valley Rep., Calif. Inst. Rural Stud Davis, Calif:.
  144. 144. 
    Wash. Post Staff 2015. Full text: Donald Trump announces a presidential bid. Washington Post June 16. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/06/16/full-text-donald-trump-announces-a-presidential-bid/
    [Google Scholar]
  145. 145. 
    Weaver VM, Fadrowski JJ, Jaar BG. 2015. Global dimensions of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu): a modern era environmental and/or occupational nephropathy?. BMC Nephrol 16:145
    [Google Scholar]
  146. 146. 
    Weigel MM, Armijos RX, Hall YP, Ramirez Y, Orozco R. 2007. The household food insecurity and health outcomes of US–Mexico border migrant and seasonal farmworkers. J. Immigr. Minor. Health 9:157–69
    [Google Scholar]
  147. 147. 
    Winkelman SB, Chaney EH, Bethel JW. 2013. Stress, depression and coping among Latino migrant and seasonal farmworkers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 10:1815–30
    [Google Scholar]
  148. 148. 
    Yoshikawa H. 2011. Immigrants Raising Citizens: Undocumented Parents and Their Children New York: Russell Sage Found.
  149. 149. 
    Ziebarth A. 2006. Housing seasonal workers for the Minnesota processed vegetable industry. Rural Sociol 71:335–57
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-012420-105014
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-012420-105014
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error