Strengthening the Public Health Impacts of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Through Policy

Literature Cited

1. 1. 

   Afshin A, Sur PJ, Fay KA, Cornaby L, Ferrara G et al. 2019. Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 393:1958–72
   [Google Scholar]
2. 2. 

   Algert SJ, Reibel M, Renvall MJ 2006. Barriers to participation in the Food Stamp Program among food pantry clients in Los Angeles. Am. J. Public Health 96:807–9
   [Google Scholar]
3. 3. 

   Almy J, Wooton MG. 2015. Temptation at checkout: the food industry's sneaky strategy for selling more Rep., Cent. Sci. Public Interest Washington, DC: https://cspinet.org/protecting-our-health/nutrition/temptation-checkout
4. 4. 

   An R. 2013. Effectiveness of subsidies in promoting healthy food purchases and consumption: a review of field experiments. Public Health Nutr 16:1215–28
   [Google Scholar]
5. 5. 

   Barnhill A. 2011. Impact and ethics of excluding sweetened beverages from the SNAP program. Am. J. Public Health 101:2037–43
   [Google Scholar]
6. 6. 

   Baronberg S, Dunn L, Nonas C, Dannefer R, Sacks R 2013. The impact of New York City's Health Bucks Program on electronic benefit transfer spending at farmers markets, 2006–2009. Prev. Chronic Dis. 10:E163
   [Google Scholar]
7. 7. 

   Bartlett S, Klerman JA, Wilde P, Olsho L, Logan C et al. 2014. Evaluation of the Healthy Incentives Pilot (HIP) final report—summary Rep., US Dep. Agric. (USDA) Washington, DC: https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/hip/final-evaluation-report
8. 8. 

   Basu S, Seligman H, Bhattacharya J 2013. Nutritional policy changes in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program: a microsimulation and cost-effectiveness analysis. Med. Decis. Making 33:937–48
   [Google Scholar]
9. 9. 

   Basu S, Seligman HK, Gardner C, Bhattacharya J 2014. Ending SNAP subsidies for sugar-sweetened beverages could reduce obesity and type 2 diabetes. Health Aff 33:1032–39
   [Google Scholar]
10. 10. 

    Beckman AL, Herrin J, Nasir K, Desai NR, Spatz ES 2017. Trends in cardiovascular health of US adults by income, 2005–2014. JAMA Cardiol 2:814–16
    [Google Scholar]
11. 11. 

    Berkowitz SA, Basu S, Meigs JB, Seligman HK 2018. Food insecurity and health care expenditures in the United States, 2011–2013. Health Serv. Res. 53:1600–20
    [Google Scholar]
12. 12. 

    Bernstein H, McTarnaghan S, Gonzalez D 2019. Safety net access in the context of the public charge rule: voices of immigrant families Rep., Urban Inst Washington, DC: https://www.urban.org/research/publication/safety-net-access-context-public-charge-rule
13. 13. 

    Bhattacharya J, DeLeire T, Haider S, Currie J 2003. Heat or eat? Cold-weather shocks and nutrition in poor American families. Am. J. Public Health 93:1149–54
    [Google Scholar]
14. 14. 

    Bipartis. Policy Cent. SNAP Task Force 2018. Leading with nutrition: leveraging federal programs for better health Rep., Bipartis. Policy Cent Washington, DC: https://bipartisanpolicy.org/report/leading-with-nutrition-leveraging-federal-programs-for-better-health/
15. 15. 

    Bitler MP, Hoynes HW. 2013. Immigrants, welfare reform, and the U.S. safety net. Immigration, Poverty, and Socioeconomic Inequality D Card, S Raphael 315–80 New York: Russell Sage
    [Google Scholar]
16. 16. 

    Bleich SN, Findling MTG, Block JP 2019. Antihunger groups are blocking nutrition progress in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. JAMA Pediatr 173:110–11
    [Google Scholar]
17. 17. 

    Bleich SN, Fleischhacker S. 2019. Hunger or deportation: implications of the Trump administration's proposed public charge rule. J. Nutr. Educ. Behav. 51:4505–9
    [Google Scholar]
18. 18. 

    Bleich SN, Rimm EB, Brownell KD 2017. US nutrition assistance, 2018—modifying SNAP to promote population health. New Engl. J. Med. 376:1205–7
    [Google Scholar]
19. 19. 

    Brownell KD, Ludwig DS. 2011. The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, soda, and USDA policy: Who benefits?. JAMA 306:1370–71
    [Google Scholar]
20. 20. 

    Bucher T, Collins C, Rollo ME, McCaffrey TA, De Vlieger N et al. 2016. Nudging consumers towards healthier choices: a systematic review of positional influences on food choice. Br. J. Nutr. 115:2252–63
    [Google Scholar]
21. 21. 

    Butcher KF, Schanzenbach DW. 2018. Most workers in low-wage labor market work substantial hours, in volatile jobs Rep., Cent. Budget Policy Priorities Washington, DC: https://www.cbpp.org/research/poverty-and-inequality/most-workers-in-low-wage-labor-market-work-substantial-hours-in
22. 22. 

    Calloway EE, Fricke HE, Pinard CA, Smith TM, Yaroch AL 2015. Monthly SNAP benefit duration and its association with food security, hunger-coping, and physiological hunger symptoms among low-income families. J. App. Res. Child. 6:5
    [Google Scholar]
23. 23. 

    Cardwell A, Hensley-Quinn M. 2018. Federal proposal broadens “public charge” definition for immigrants: What are the implications for states?. National Academy for State Health Policy Sept. 25. https://nashp.org/federal-proposal-broadens-public-charge-definition-what-are-the-implications-for-states/
    [Google Scholar]
24. 24. 

    Carlson S, Rosenbaum D, Keith-Jennings B, Nchako C 2016. SNAP works for America's children Rep., Cent. Budget Policy Priorities Washington, DC: https://www.cbpp.org/research/food-assistance/snap-works-for-americas-children
25. 25. 

    Castner L, Henke J. 2011. Benefit redemption patterns in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Final Rep., Mathematica Policy Res. Washington, DC: https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/benefit-redemption-patterns-supplemental-nutrition-assistance-program
26. 26. 

    Cent. Budget Policy Priorities 2018. A quick guide to SNAP eligibility and benefits Guide, Cent. Budget Policy Priorities Washington, DC: https://www.cbpp.org/research/food-assistance/a-quick-guide-to-snap-eligibility-and-benefits
27. 27. 

    Cent. Health Prog 2018. Finalized “public charge” rule change forces families to make impossible choices Statement, Sept. 24. https://centerforhealthprogress.org/blog/publications/proposed-public-charge-rule-change/?gclid=Cj0KCQiAm5viBRD4ARIsADGUT254ObjuaRe95TMH3z1peQnRTLA-Znx6Zld3E8j0pMAeQVB8cZ-LmuGYaAueFEALw_wcB
28. 28. 

    Chriqui JF, Eidson SS, Chaloupka FJ 2014. State sales taxes on regular soda (as of January 2014) BTG Fact Sheet, Bridging the Gap (BTG), Health Policy Cent., Inst. Health Res. Policy, Univ. Ill Chicago: http://www.bridgingthegapresearch.org/_asset/s2b5pb/BTG_soda_tax_fact_sheet_April2014.pdf
29. 29. 

    Code Am 2019. Integrated Benefits Initiative: a new approach toward a more human-centered social safety net. Code for America https://www.codeforamerica.org/programs/integrated-benefits
    [Google Scholar]
30. 30. 

    Cohen DA, Collins R, Hunter G, Ghosh-Dastidar B, Dubowitz T 2015. Store impulse marketing strategies and body mass index. Am. J. Public Health 105:1446–52
    [Google Scholar]
31. 31. 

    Cronquist K, Lauffer S. 2019. Characteristics of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program households: fiscal year 2017 Rep. SNAP-18-CHAR, US Dep. Agric Alexandria, VA: https://fns-prod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/ops/Characteristics2017.pdf
32. 32. 

    Cunnyngham K. 2018. Trends in Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program participation rates: fiscal year 2010 to fiscal year 2016 Rep., US Dep. Agric Washington, DC: https://fns-prod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/snap/Trends2010-2016.pdf
33. 33. 

    Cunnyngham K. 2019. Proposed changes to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program: waivers to work-related time limits Rep., Mathematica Policy Res. Washington, DC: https://www.mathematica-mpr.com/our-publications-and-findings/publications/proposed-changes-to-the-supplemental-nutrition-assistance-program-waivers-to-work-related-time
34. 34. 

    Cunnyngham K. 2019. Reaching those in need: estimates of state Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program participation rates in 2016 Rep., US Dep. Agric Washington, DC: https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/reaching-those-need-estimates-state-supplemental-nutrition-assistance-program-participation-rates-fy
35. 35. 

    Davis GC, You W. 2011. Not enough money or not enough time to satisfy the Thrifty Food Plan? A cost difference approach for estimating a money–time threshold. Food Policy 36:101–7
    [Google Scholar]
36. 36. 

    DHS (Dep. Homel. Secur.) 2018. DHS announces new proposed immigration rule to enforce long-standing law that promotes self-sufficiency and protects American taxpayers Press Release, Sept. 22. https://www.dhs.gov/news/2018/09/22/dhs-announces-new-proposed-immigration-rule-enforce-long-standing-law-promotes-self
37. 37. 

    DHS (Dep. Homel. Secur.) 2018. Inadmissibility on public charge grounds. Fed. Regist. 83:19651114
    [Google Scholar]
38. 38. 

    Econ. Res. Serv 2019. Food security and nutrition assistance. US Department of Agriculture https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/ag-and-food-statistics-charting-the-essentials/food-security-and-nutrition-assistance/
    [Google Scholar]
39. 39. 

    Edwards JR Jr 2001. Public charge doctrine: a fundamental principle of American immigration policy Background., Cent. Immigr. Stud Washington, DC: https://cis.org/Report/Public-Charge-Doctrine-Fundamental-Principle-American-Immigration-Policy
40. 40. 

    Fleischhacker S, Moran A, Bleich SN 2019. Legislative and executive branch developments affecting the United States Department of Agriculture Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. J. Food Law Policy 15:5
    [Google Scholar]
41. 41. 

    Fleischhacker S, Parks CA, Yaroch A 2019. Addressing food insecurity in the United States: the role of policy, systems changes, and environmental supports. Transl. Behav. Med. 9:5827–36
    [Google Scholar]
42. 42. 

    Forrestal S, Cabili C, Dotter D, Logan C, Connor P et al. 2019. School Nutrition and Meal Cost Study. Final report volume 1: school meal program operations and school nutrition environments. Rep., US Dep. Agric. Washington, DC: https://fns-prod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/resource-files/SNMCS-Volume1.pdf
43. 43. 

    Fox L. 2018. The Supplemental Poverty Measure: 2017 Rep. P60–265 US Dep. Commerce Washington, DC: https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2018/demo/p60-265.html
44. 44. 

    Franck K. 2016. Delphi Study summary: barriers, facilitators, and training needs for successful PSE implementation in SNAP-ED and EFNEP Rep., Univ. Tenn Knoxville: https://snapedpse.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/RNECE-PSE-Delphi-summary-2016.pdf
45. 45. 

    Franckle RL, Moran A, Hou T, Blue D, Greene J et al. 2017. Transactions at a northeastern supermarket chain: differences by Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program use. Am. J. Prev. Med. 53:e131–e38
    [Google Scholar]
46. 46. 

    Furman J, Muñoz C, Black S 2015. Long-term benefits of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Rep., Exec. Off. Pres., Counc. Econ. Advis Washington, DC: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/documents/SNAP_report_final_nonembargo.pdf
47. 47. 

    Garasky S, Mbwana K, Romualdo A, Tenaglio A, Roy M 2016. Foods typically purchased by Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) households Rep., US Dep. Agric., Food Nutr. Serv Washington, DC: https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/foods-typically-purchased-supplemental-nutrition-assistance-program-snap-households
48. 48. 

    Geliebter A, Ang IYH, Bernales‐Korins M, Hernandez D, Ochner CN et al. 2013. Supermarket discounts of low‐energy density foods: effects on purchasing, food intake, and body weight. Obesity 21:E542–48
    [Google Scholar]
49. 49. 

    Gleason S, Wolford B, Wilkin M, Hofer B, Woloshin D et al. 2018. Analysis of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education (SNAP-Ed) Data for All States Study Rep., US Dep. Agric., Food Nutr. Serv., Off. Policy Support Washington, DC: https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/analysis-supplemental-nutrition-assistance-program-education-snap-ed-data-all-states
50. 50. 

    Gordon AR, Briefel RR, Collins AM, Rowe GM, Klerman JA 2017. Delivering summer electronic benefit transfers for children through the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program or the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children: benefit use and impacts on food security and foods consumed. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet 117:367–75.e2
    [Google Scholar]
51. 51. 

    Gorman KS, Smith AM, Cimini ME, Halloran KM, Lubiner AG 2013. Reaching the hard to reach: lessons learned from a statewide outreach initiative. J. Community Pract. 21:105–23
    [Google Scholar]
52. 52. 

    Gregory CA, Coleman-Jensen A. 2013. Do high food prices increase food insecurity in the United States?. Appl. Econ. Perspect. Policy 35:679–707
    [Google Scholar]
53. 53. 

    Gundersen C, Ziliak JP. 2015. Food insecurity and health outcomes. Health Aff 34:1830–39
    [Google Scholar]
54. 54. 

    Hamrick KS, Andrews M. 2016. SNAP participants’ eating patterns over the benefit month: a time use perspective. PLOS ONE 11:e0158422
    [Google Scholar]
55. 55. 

    Harnack L, Oakes JM, Elbel B, Beatty T, Rydell S, French S 2016. Effects of subsidies and prohibitions on nutrition in a food benefit program: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern. Med. 176:1610–18
    [Google Scholar]
56. 56. 

    Harris JL, Pomeranz JL, Lobstein T, Brownell KD 2009. A crisis in the marketplace: how food marketing contributes to childhood obesity and what can be done. Annu. Rev. Public Health 30:211–25
    [Google Scholar]
57. 57. 

    Hartline-Grafton H, Weill J. 2012. Replacing the Thrifty Food Plan in order to provide adequate allotments for SNAP beneficiaries Rep., Food Res. Action Cent Washington, DC: https://www.frac.org/research/resource-library/replacing-thrifty-food-plan-order-provide-adequate-allotments-snap-beneficiaries
58. 58. 

    Hastings J, Shapiro JM. 2018. How are SNAP benefits spent? Evidence from a retail panel. Am. Econ. Rev. 108:3493–540
    [Google Scholar]
59. 59. 

    Haynes-Maslow L, Osborne I, Jilcott Pitts SB 2018. Best practices and innovative solutions to overcome barriers to delivering policy, systems and environmental changes in rural communities. Nutrients 10:81012
    [Google Scholar]
60. 60. 

    Heflin C, Arteaga I, Hodges L, Ndashiyme JF, Rabbitt MP 2019. SNAP benefits and childhood asthma. Soc. Sci. Med. 220:203–11
    [Google Scholar]
61. 61. 

    Heflin C, Hodges L, Mueser P 2017. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program benefits and emergency room visits for hypoglycaemia. Public Health Nutr 20:1314–21
    [Google Scholar]
62. 62. 

    Hesson T, Cook N, Bottemiller Evich H, Restuccia A 2018. Immigrants may be denied green cards if they've received benefits. Politico Sept. 22. https://www.politico.com/story/2018/09/22/poor-immigrants-green-cards-trump-836456
    [Google Scholar]
63. 63. 

    IOM (Inst. Med., Natl. Res. Counc.) 2013. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program: Examining the Evidence to Define Benefit Adequacy JA Caswell, AL Yaktine Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/supplemental-nutrition-assistance-program-examining-evidence-define-benefit-adequacy
64. 64. 

    Jahns L, Scheett AJ, Johnson LK, Krebs-Smith SM, Payne CR et al. 2016. Diet quality of items advertised in supermarket sales circulars compared to diets of the US population, as assessed by the Healthy Eating Index-2010. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet 116:115–22.e1
    [Google Scholar]
65. 65. 

    Kaiser L. 2008. Why do low-income women not use food stamps? Findings from the California Women's Health Survey. Public Health Nutr 11:1288–95
    [Google Scholar]
66. 66. 

    Kasperkevic J. 2014. Food stamps: why recipients are haunted by stigmas and misconceptions. The Guardian April 17. https://www.theguardian.com/money/2014/apr/17/food-stamps-snap-coordinators-challenges
    [Google Scholar]
67. 67. 

    Laraia BA. 2013. Food insecurity and chronic disease. Adv. Nutr. 4:203–12
    [Google Scholar]
68. 68. 

    Leftin J, Wemmerus N, Mabli J, Godfrey T, Tordella S 2014. Dynamics of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program participation from 2008 to 2012 Rep., US Dep. Agric., Food Nutr. Serv Alexandria, VA: https://fns-prod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/ops/Dynamics2008-2012.pdf
69. 69. 

    Leibtag ES. 2007. Stretching the food stamp dollar: regional food prices affect affordability of food Econ. Inf. Bull. 29-2, US Dep. Agric Washington, DC: https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/35106/PDF
70. 70. 

    Lopez-Landin H. 2013. SNAP access barriers faced by low income 50–59 year olds Rep., AARP Found Washington, DC: https://www.aarp.org/content/dam/aarp/aarp_foundation/2013-pdfs/SNAP_White_Paper_Mar_2013.pdf
71. 71. 

    Mabli J, Ohls J, Dragoset L, Castner L, Santos B 2013. Measuring the effect of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participation on food security Rep., Mathematica Policy Res Cambridge, MA: https://www.fns.usda.gov/measuring-effect-snap-participation-food-security-0
72. 72. 

    Martin KS, Cook JT, Rogers BL, Joseph HM 2003. Public versus private food assistance: barriers to participation differ by age and ethnicity. J. Nutr. Educ. Behav. 35:249–54
    [Google Scholar]
73. 73. 

    McKernan S-M, Ratcliffe C, Iceland J 2018. The effect of the US safety net on material hardship over the past quarter century Rep., Urban Inst Washington, DC: https://www.urban.org/research/publication/effect-us-safety-net-material-hardship
74. 74. 

    McMinimy MA. 2019. The 2018 Farm Bill (P.L. 115–334): summary and side-by-side comparison. Rep., Congr. Res. Serv Washington, DC: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R45525.pdf
75. 75. 

    Moran AJ, Musicus A, Findling MTG, Brissette IF, Lowenfels AA et al. 2018. Increases in sugary drink marketing during Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program benefit issuance in New York. Am. J. Prev. Med. 55:155–62
    [Google Scholar]
76. 76. 

    Mozaffarian D, Griffin T, Mande J 2019. The 2018 Farm Bill—implications and opportunities for public health. JAMA 321:9835–36
    [Google Scholar]
77. 77. 

    Mullainathan S, Shafir E. 2013. Scarcity: Why Having Too Little Means So Much New York: Macmillan
78. 78. 

    Nakamura R, Pechey R, Suhrcke M, Jebb SA, Marteau TM 2014. Sales impact of displaying alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages in end-of-aisle locations: an observational study. Soc. Sci. Med. 108:68–73
    [Google Scholar]
79. 79. 

    Natl. Res. Counc 2006. Food Insecurity and Hunger in the United States: An Assessment of the Measure GS Wunderlich, JL Norwood Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press https://www.nap.edu/catalog/11578/food-insecurity-and-hunger-in-the-united-states-an-assessment
80. 80. 

    NCOA (Natl. Counc. Aging) 2016. An end to stigma: challenging the stigmatization of public assistance among older adults and people with disabilities Brief, NCOA Washington, DC: https://www.ncoa.org/wp-content/uploads/An-End-to-Stigma-Issue-Brief-NCOA.pdf
81. 81. 

    Noar SM. 2006. A 10-year retrospective of research in health mass media campaigns: Where do we go from here?. J. Health Commun. 11:21–42
    [Google Scholar]
82. 82. 

    Nord M, Hopwood H. 2007. Higher cost of food in some areas may affect food stamp households' ability to make healthy food choices Econ. Inf. Bull. 29-3, US Dep. Agric., Econ. Res. Serv Washington, DC: https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/catalog/35363
83. 83. 

    Nord M, Prell M. 2011. Food security improved following the 2009 ARRA increase in SNAP benefits ERS Rep. Summ., US Dep. Agric., Econ. Res. Serv. (ERS) Washington, DC: https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/44837/7468_err116_reportsummary.pdf?v=0
84. 84. 

    Ojinnaka CO, Heflin C. 2018. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program size and timing and hypertension-related emergency department claims among Medicaid enrollees. J. Am. Soc. Hypertens. 12:e27–34
    [Google Scholar]
85. 85. 

    Oliveira V. 2019. The food assistance landscape: FY 2018 annual report Econ. Inf. Bull. 207, US Dep. Agric., Econ. Res. Serv Washington, DC: https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details/?pubid=92895
86. 86. 

    Oliveira V, Prell M, Tiehen L 2018. Eligibility requirements for SNAP retailers: balancing access, nutrition, and integrity Newsl. Artic., Jan. 25, US Dep. Agric., Econ. Res. Serv Washington, DC: https://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2018/januaryfebruary/eligibility-requirements-for-snap-retailers-balancing-access-nutrition-and-integrity/
87. 87. 

    Oliveira V, Prell M, Tiehen L, Smallwood D 2018. Design issues in USDA's Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program: looking ahead by looking back Econ. Res. Rep. 243, US Dep. Agric., Econ. Res. Serv Washington, DC: https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/86924/err-243.pdf?v=43124
88. 88. 

    Olsho LE, Klerman JA, Wilde PE, Bartlett S 2016. Financial incentives increase fruit and vegetable intake among Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program participants: a randomized controlled trial of the USDA Healthy Incentives Pilot–3. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 104:423–35
    [Google Scholar]
89. 89. 

    Pinard CA, Bertmann FMW, Byker Shanks C, Schober DJ, Smith TM et al. 2017. What factors influence SNAP participation? Literature reflecting enrollment in food assistance programs from a social and behavioral science perspective. J. Hunger Environ. Nutr. 12:151–68
    [Google Scholar]
90. 90. 

    Polacsek M, Moran A, Thorndike AN, Boulos R, Franckle RL et al. 2018. A supermarket double-dollar incentive program increases purchases of fresh fruits and vegetables among low-income families with children: the Healthy Double Study. J. Nutr. Educ. Behav. 50:217–28.e1
    [Google Scholar]
91. 91. 

    Ratcliffe C, McKernan S-M, Zhang S 2011. How much does the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program reduce food insecurity?. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 93:1082–98
    [Google Scholar]
92. 92. 

    Rosenbaum D. 2019. SNAP's “broad-based categorical eligibility” supports working families and those saving for the future Rep., Cent. Budget Policy Priorities Washington, DC: https://www.cbpp.org/research/food-assistance/snaps-broad-based-categorical-eligibility-supports-working-families-and
93. 93. 

    Rosenbaum D. 2019. USDA to fund SNAP for February 2019, but millions face cuts if shutdown continues. Rep., Cent. Budget Policy Priorities Washington, DC: https://www.cbpp.org/research/food-assistance/usda-to-fund-snap-for-february-2019-but-millions-face-cuts-if-shutdown
94. 94. 

    Rosenbaum D, Keith-Jennings B. 2017. SNAP caseload and spending declines accelerated in 2016 Rep., Cent. Budget Policy Priorities Washington, DC: https://www.cbpp.org/research/food-assistance/snap-caseload-and-spending-declines-accelerated-in-2016
95. 95. 

    Sabatier PA, Weible CM. 2007. The advocacy coalition framework: innovations and clarifications. Theories of the Policy Process PA Sabatier 189–220 Boulder, CO: Westview, 2nd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
96. 96. 

    Samuel LJ, Szanton SL, Cahill R, Wolff JL, Ong P et al. 2018. Does the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program affect hospital utilization among older adults? The case of Maryland. Popul. Health Manag. 21:88–95
    [Google Scholar]
97. 97. 

    Sattler ELP, Lee JS. 2013. Persistent food insecurity is associated with higher levels of cost-related medication nonadherence in low-income older adults. J. Nutr. Gerontol. Geriatr. 32:41–58
    [Google Scholar]
98. 98. 

    Schwartz MB. 2017. Moving beyond the debate over restricting sugary drinks in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. Am. J. Prev. Med. 52:S199–205
    [Google Scholar]
99. 99. 

    Seligman HK, Bolger AF, Guzman D, López A, Bibbins-Domingo K 2014. Exhaustion of food budgets at month's end and hospital admissions for hypoglycemia. Health Aff 33:116–23
    [Google Scholar]
100. 100. 

     Seligman HK, Laraia BA, Kushel MB 2010. Food insecurity is associated with chronic disease among low-income NHANES participants. J. Nutr. 140:304–10
     [Google Scholar]
101. 101. 

     Shapiro JM. 2005. Is there a daily discount rate? Evidence from the Food Stamp nutrition cycle. J. Public Econ. 89:303–25
     [Google Scholar]
102. 102. 

     Shear MD, Baumgaertner E. 2018. Trump Administration aims to sharply restrict new green cards for those on public aid. New York Times Sept. 22. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/22/us/politics/immigrants-green-card-public-aid.html
     [Google Scholar]
103. 103. 

     Sonik RA. 2016. Massachusetts inpatient Medicaid cost response to increased Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program benefits. Am. J. Public Health 106:443–48
     [Google Scholar]
104. 104. 

     Sonik RA, Parish S, Mitra M 2018. Inpatient Medicaid usage and expenditure patterns after changes in Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program benefit levels. Prev. Chronic Dis. 15:180185
     [Google Scholar]
105. 105. 

     Sorensen H. 2008. Long tail media in the store. J. Advert. Res. 48:329–38
     [Google Scholar]
106. 106. 

     Stacy B, Tiehen L, Marquardy D 2018. Using a policy index to capture trends and differences in state administration of USDA's Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Econ. Res. Rep. 244, US Dep. Agric., Econ. Res. Serv Washington, DC: https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details/?pubid=87095
107. 107. 

     Story M, Kaphingst KM, Robinson-O'Brien R, Glanz K 2008. Creating healthy food and eating environments: policy and environmental approaches. Annu. Rev. Public Health 29:253–72
     [Google Scholar]
108. 108. 

     Super DA. 2019. Continuing SNAP in a government shutdown Memo., Georgetown Univ. Law Cent Washington, DC: https://www.law.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/SNAP-Govt-Shutdown-Memo-Jan-2019.pdf
109. 109. 

     Szanton SL, Samuel LJ, Cahill R, Zielinskie G, Wolff JL et al. 2017. Food assistance is associated with decreased nursing home admissions for Maryland's dually eligible older adults. BMC Geriatr 17:162
     [Google Scholar]
110. 110. 

     Tester JM, Leung CW, Crawford PB 2016. Revised WIC food package and children's diet quality. Pediatrics 137:5e20153557
     [Google Scholar]
111. 111. 

     Thayer J, Murphy C, Cook J, Ettinger de Cuba S, DaCosta R, Chilton M 2008. Coming up short: high food costs outstrip Food Stamp benefits Policy Rep., C-SNAP Boston Med. Cent., Phila. Grow Proj., Drexel Univ Phila., PA: https://childrenshealthwatch.org/coming-up-short-high-food-costs-outstrip-food-stamp-benefits-the-real-cost-of-a-healthy-diet-philadelphia-2008/
112. 112. 

     Thompson FE, Taren DL, Andersen E, Casella G, Lambert JK et al. 1988. Within month variability in use of soup kitchens in New York State. p4. Am. J. Public Health 78:1298–301
     [Google Scholar]
113. 113. 

     Thorndike AN, Sunstein CR. 2017. Obesity prevention in the supermarket—choice architecture and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. Am. J. Public Health 107:1582–83
     [Google Scholar]
114. 114. 

     Tiehen L, Jolliffe D, Gunderson C 2012. Alleviating poverty in the United States: the critical role of SNAP benefits Econ. Res. Rep. 132, US Dep. Agric., Econ. Res. Serv Washington, DC: https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details/?pubid=44965
115. 115. 

     Tiehen L, Jolliffe D, Smeeding T 2013. The effect of SNAP on poverty Discuss. Pap. 17 Univ. Ky. Cent. Poverty Res Lexington: http://www.appam.org/assets/1/7/the_effect_of_snap_on_poverty.pdf
116. 116. 

     Todd JE. 2014. Revisiting the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program cycle of food intake: investigating heterogeneity, diet quality, and a large boost in benefit amounts. Appl. Econ. Perspect. Policy 37:437–58
     [Google Scholar]
117. 117. 

     U.S. Citizsh. Immigr. Serv 2019. Final rule on public charge ground of inadmissability. US Citizenship and Immigration Services, Legal Resources https://www.uscis.gov/legal-resources/final-rule-public-charge-ground-inadmissibility
     [Google Scholar]
118. 117a. 

     U.S. GAO (Gov. Account. Off.) 2019. Nutrition education: USDA actions needed to assess effectiveness, coordinate programs, and leverage expertise GAO-19-572, US GAO Washington, DC: https://www.gao.gov/assets/710/700489.pdf
119. 118. 

     U.S. H.R 2009. Making supplemental appropriations for job preservation and creation, infrastructure investment, energy efficiency and science, assistance to the unemployed, and State and local fiscal stabilization, for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2009, and for other purposes H. R. Rep. 111–16 to Accompany H.R. 1, 111th Congr., US Gov. Print. Off Washington, DC:
120. 119. 

     USDA (U.S. Dep. Agric.) 2011. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). Putting healthy food within reach. State Outreach Toolkit, USDA Washington, DC: https://alliancetoendhunger.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/SNAP_state_ALL.pdf
121. 120. 

     USDA (U.S. Dep. Agric.) 2013. A guide for states agencies on improving access to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Progr. Access Toolkit, USDA Washington, DC: https://fns-prod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/2013-toolkit.pdf
122. 121. 

     USDA (U.S. Dep. Agric.) 2018. Able-bodied adults without dependents (ABAWDs). Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) FAQs https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/able-bodied-adults-without-dependents-abawds
     [Google Scholar]
123. 122. 

     USDA (U.S. Dep. Agric.) 2018. Broad-based categorical eligibility Chart, USDA, Food Nutr. Serv. (FNS) Washington, DC: https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/broad-based-categorical-eligibility
124. 123. 

     USDA (U.S. Dep. Agric.) 2018. Fact sheet: USDA support for older Americans Press Release 0202.15. https://www.fns.usda.gov/pressrelease/2015/020215
125. 124. 

     USDA (U.S. Dep. Agric.) 2018. SNAP retailer management year end summary: fiscal year 2017 at a glance Rep., USDA, Food Nutr. Serv. (FNS) Washington, DC: https://fns-prod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/snap/2017-SNAP-Retailer-Management-Year-End-Summary.pdf
126. 125. 

     USDA (U.S. Dep. Agric.) 2018. What are staple foods? Rep., USDA, Food Nutr. Serv. (FNS) Washington, DC: https://fns-prod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/snap/SNAP-Staple-Foods.pdf
127. 126. 

     USDA (U.S. Dep. Agric.) 2019. Proposed rule—revision of categorical eligibility in the SNAP RIN 0584-AE62, USDA, Food Nutr. Serv. (FNS) Washington, DC: https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/fr-072419
128. 127. 

     USDA (U.S. Dep. Agric.), Food Nutr. Serv 2016. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program: 2008 Farm Bill provisions on clarification of split issuance; accrual of benefits and definition changes. Fed. Regist 81:18966866–72
     [Google Scholar]
129. 128. 

     USDA (U.S. Dep. Agric.), Food Nutr. Serv 2018. SNAP: The USDA Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, training guide for retailers. Food and Nutrition Service https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/retailer/training
     [Google Scholar]
130. 129. 

     USDA (U.S. Dep. Agric.), Food Nutr. Serv 2018. State options report Rep., USDA, Food Nutr. Serv. (FNS) Washington, DC: https://fns-prod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/snap/14-State-Options.pdf
131. 130. 

     USDA (U.S. Dep. Agric.), Food Nutr. Serv 2019. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program monthly data as of November 2019 Data Table, USDA, Food Nutr. Serv. (FNS) Washington, DC: https://fns-prod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/resource-files/34SNAPmonthly-11.pdf
132. 131. 

     USDA (U.S. Dep. Agric.), Food Nutr. Serv 2018. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program participation and costs Data Table, USDA, Food Nutr. Serv. (FNS) Washington, DC: https://www.fns.usda.gov/pd/supplemental-nutrition-assistance-program-snap
133. 132. 

     USDA (U.S. Dep. Agric.) Food Nutr. Serv 2019. Where can I use SNAP EBT?. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/retailer-locator
     [Google Scholar]
134. 133. 

     Vignola E, Ruiz-Navarro P, Freudenberg N 2018. Expanding immigrant access to food benefits in New York City: defining roles for city and state government Rep., CUNY Urban Food Policy Inst New York: https://www.cunyurbanfoodpolicy.org/news/2018/7/12/immigrant-report
135. 134. 

     Wagner J, Huguelet A. 2016. Opportunities for states to coordinate Medicaid and SNAP renewals Rep., Cent. Budget Policy Priorities Washington, DC: https://www.cbpp.org/research/health/opportunities-for-states-to-coordinate-medicaid-and-snap-renewals
136. 135. 

     Wang DD, Leung CW, Li Y, Ding EL, Chiuve SE et al. 2014. Trends in dietary quality among adults in the United States, 1999 through 2010. JAMA Intern. Med. 174:1587–95
     [Google Scholar]
137. 136. 

     Wheaton L, Lynch V, Johnson M 2016. The overlap in SNAP and Medicaid/CHIP eligibility, 2013. Findings from the Work Support Strategies evaluation. Res. Rep., Urban Inst. Cent. Labor, Hum. Serv., Popul Washington, DC: https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/86971/overlap_in_snap_and_medicaidchip_eligibility.pdf
138. 137. 

     Wilde PE, Ranney CK. 2000. The monthly Food Stamp cycle: shopping frequency and food intake decisions in an endogenous switching regression framework. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 82:200–13
     [Google Scholar]
139. 138. 

     Williams C, Hudman J, O'Malley M 2004. Challenges and tradeoffs in low-income family budgets: implications for health coverage Rep., Kaiser Family Found Menlo Park, CA.: https://www.kff.org/medicaid/report/challenges-and-tradeoffs-in-low-income-family/
140. 139. 

     Wolfson JA, Bleich SN. 2015. Fruit and vegetable consumption and food values: national patterns in the United States by Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program eligibility and cooking frequency. Prev. Med. 76:1–7
     [Google Scholar]
141. 140. 

     Young CR, Aquilante JL, Solomon S, Colby L, Kawinzi MA et al. 2013. Improving fruit and vegetable consumption among low-income customers at farmers markets: Philly Food Bucks, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2011. Prev. Chron Dis. 10:E166
     [Google Scholar]
142. 141. 

     Ziliak JP. 2016. Modernizing SNAP benefits Policy Propos. 2016-06, Hamilton Proj Washington, DC: https://www.hamiltonproject.org/assets/files/ziliak_modernizing_snap_benefits.pdf