1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Public Health
  4. Volume 43, 2022
  5. Article

Annual Review of Public Health

Volume 43, 2022

Reimagining Rural: Shifting Paradigms About Health and Well-Being in the Rural United States

Abstract

Rural health disparities have attracted increased national attention, compelling an expanded focus on rural health research. In this article, we deconstruct the definitions and narratives of “rural” communities and suggest that a paradigm shift is needed that centers the complexity and strength of rural places. We discuss the relevance of health equity frameworks, implementation science, and community-engaged approaches to promote rural well-being. Focusing on rural in its own right will lead to intervention innovations and reinvention with implications beyond rural areas. We conclude with suggestions for research and practice to inspire renewed interest in partnering with rural communities to promote health equity.

Keyword(s): health equity, participation, rural, strength-based
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052020-123413
2022-04-05
2024-04-19
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/publhealth/43/1/annurev-publhealth-052020-123413.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052020-123413&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. 1. 
    Agarwal R, Dugas M, Ramaprasad J, Luo J, Li G, Gao GG 2021. Socioeconomic privilege and political ideology are associated with racial disparity in COVID-19 vaccination. PNAS 118:33e2107873118
     [Google Scholar]
  2. 2. 
    AHRQ (Agency Health Care Res. Quality) 2018. The distribution of the U.S. primary care workforce Primary Care Workforce Facts and Stats 3 AHRQ Rockville, MD: https://www.ahrq.gov/research/findings/factsheets/primary/pcwork3/index.html
  3. 3. 
    Allgood SD, Leeman J, Rosemond CA, Ammerman AS, Samuel-Hodge C, Cykert S. 2019. Reducing cardiovascular disease in a rural community. Public Health Nurs 36:5676–82
     [Google Scholar]
  4. 4. 
    Andresen EM, Diehr PH, Luke DA. 2004. Public health surveillance of low-frequency populations. Annu. Rev. Public Health 25:25–52
     [Google Scholar]
  5. 5. 
    Balazs CL, Morello-Frosch R. 2013. The three R's: how community based participatory research strengthens the rigor, relevance and reach of science. Environ. Justice 6:1 https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2012.0017
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  6. 6. 
    Bambra C, Smith KE, Pearce J. 2019. Scaling up: the politics of health and place. Soc. Sci. Med. 232:36–42
     [Google Scholar]
  7. 7. 
    Baquero B, Kava CM, Ashida S, Daniel-Ulloa J, Laroche HH et al. 2018. Active Ottumwa: adapting evidence-based recommendations to promote physical activity in a micropolitan new destination community. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 15:5917
     [Google Scholar]
  8. 8. 
    Baumann AA, Cabassa LJ. 2020. Reframing implementation science to address inequities in healthcare delivery. BMC Health Serv. Res. 20:1190
     [Google Scholar]
  9. 9. 
    Bell SE, York D. 2010. Community economic identity: the coal industry and ideology construction in West Virginia. Rural Sociol 75:1111–43
     [Google Scholar]
  10. 10. 
    Bennett KJ, Borders TF, Holmes GM, Kozhimannil KB, Ziller E. 2019. What is rural? Challenges and implications of definitions that inadequately encompass rural people and places. Health Aff 38:121985–92
     [Google Scholar]
  11. 11. 
    Bergum A, Catlin B, Willems Van Dijk J, Timberlake K. 2016. What works? Strategies to improve rural health Rep., County Health Rank. Roadmaps, Univ. Wis. Popul. Health Inst., Madison https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/sites/default/files/media/document/documents/webinars/WWFH%20Rural%20Report%202016.pdf Describes policies and programs that have been tested in rural communities to improve health.
  12. 12. 
    Broussard M, Blackwell R, Caillouet LP, Nichols KH, Shipman M. 2003. Connecting our resources: Louisiana's approach to community health network development. J. Rural Health 19:Suppl.372–83
     [Google Scholar]
  13. 13. 
    Brownson RC, Fielding JE, Maylahn CM. 2009. Evidence-based public health: a fundamental concept for public health practice. Annu. Rev. Public Health 30:175–201
     [Google Scholar]
  14. 14. 
    Brownson RC, Kumanyika SK, Kreuter MW, Haire-Joshu D. 2021. Implementation science should give higher priority to health equity. Implement. Sci. 16:128
     [Google Scholar]
  15. 15. 
    Brownson RC, Reis RS, Allen P, Duggan K, Fields R et al. 2014. Understanding administrative evidence-based practices: findings from a survey of local health department leaders. Am. J. Prev. Med. 46:149–57
     [Google Scholar]
  16. 16. 
    Case A, Deaton A 2015. Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century. PNAS 112:4915078–83
     [Google Scholar]
  17. 17. 
    Castro FG, Barrera M Jr., Martinez CR Jr. 2004. The cultural adaptation of prevention interventions: resolving tensions between fidelity and fit. Prev. Sci. 5:141–45
     [Google Scholar]
  18. 18. 
    CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) 2018. Success stories. Rural Health https://www.cdc.gov/ruralhealth/successstories.html
    [Google Scholar]
  19. 19. 
    CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) 2020. Public health surveillance in rural communities. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP) https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/factsheets/surveillance-in-rural-communities.htm
    [Google Scholar]
  20. 20. 
    CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) 2021. Project database. Prevention Research Centers https://nccd.cdc.gov/PRCResearchProjects/Search/SearchCriteria.aspx
    [Google Scholar]
  21. 21. 
    Chambers DA, Norton WE. 2016. The adaptome: advancing the science of intervention adaptation. Am. J. Prev. Med. 51:4 Suppl. 2S124–31
     [Google Scholar]
  22. 22. 
    Chinman M, Woodward EN, Curran GM, Hausmann LRM. 2017. Harnessing implementation science to increase the impact of health equity research. Med. Care 55:Suppl. 2S16–23
     [Google Scholar]
  23. 23. 
    Corbie-Smith G. 2021. Vaccine hesitancy is a scapegoat for structural racism. JAMA Health Forum 2:3e210434
     [Google Scholar]
  24. 24. 
    Cosby AG, Neaves TT, Cossman RE, Cossman JS, James WL et al. 2008. Preliminary evidence for an emerging nonmetropolitan mortality penalty in the United States. Am. J. Public Health 98:81470–72
     [Google Scholar]
  25. 25. 
    Crenshaw K. 1989. Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. Univ. Chicago Legal Forum 1989:139–68
     [Google Scholar]
  26. 26. 
    Croker BA, Croker A, Smith SD 2021.. ‘ Dimensions and tensions?’: embracing the complexity of ‘working in a rural area’ through qualitative research interpreting perspectives of dermatologists and dermatology trainees. Rural Remote Health 21:16226
     [Google Scholar]
  27. 27. 
    Cummins S, Curtis S, Diez-Roux AV, Macintyre S. 2007. Understanding and representing ‘place’ in health research: a relational approach. Soc. Sci. Med. 65:91825–38
     [Google Scholar]
  28. 28. 
    Darroch F, Giles A. 2014. Decolonizing health research: community-based participatory research and postcolonial feminist theory. Can. J. Action Res. 15:322–36
     [Google Scholar]
  29. 29. 
    Davis SM, Cruz TH, Kozoll RL. 2017. Research to practice: implementing physical activity recommendations. Am. J. Prev. Med. 52:3 Suppl. 3S300–3
     [Google Scholar]
  30. 30. 
    Diez Roux AV 2017. Despair as a cause of death: more complex than it first appears. Am. J. Public Health 107:101566–67
     [Google Scholar]
  31. 31. 
    Dinishak J. 2016. The deficit view and its critics. Disabil. Stud. Q. 36:4 https://dsq-sds.org/article/view/5236/4475
    [Google Scholar]
  32. 32. 
    Doney BC, Henneberger PK, Humann MJ, Liang X, Kelly KM, Cox-Ganser JM. 2017. Occupational exposure to vapor-gas, dust, and fumes in a cohort of rural adults in Iowa compared with a cohort of urban adults. MMWR Surveill. Summ. 66:211–5
     [Google Scholar]
  33. 33. 
    Doogan NJ, Roberts ME, Wewers ME, Tanenbaum ER, Mumford EA, Stillman FA. 2018. Validation of a new continuous geographic isolation scale: a tool for rural health disparities research. Soc. Sci. Med. 215:123–32
     [Google Scholar]
  34. 34. 
    Dover DC, Belon AP. 2019. Correction to: The health equity measurement framework: a comprehensive model to measure social inequities in health. Int. J. Equity Health 18:58
     [Google Scholar]
  35. 35. 
    Dover DC, Belon AP. 2019. The health equity measurement framework: a comprehensive model to measure social inequities in health. Int. J. Equity Health 18:36Centers the social, economic, and political context as influencing people's opportunities to be healthy.
     [Google Scholar]
  36. 36. 
    Eccles MP, Mittman BS. 2006. Welcome to Implementation Science. Implement. Sci. 1:1
     [Google Scholar]
  37. 37. 
    Escoffery C, Lebow-Skelley E, Haardoerfer R, Boing E, Udelson H et al. 2018. A systematic review of adaptations of evidence-based public health interventions globally. Implement. Sci. 3:1125
     [Google Scholar]
  38. 38. 
    Escoffery C, Lebow-Skelley E, Udelson H, Böing EA, Wood R et al. 2019. A scoping study of frameworks for adapting public health evidence-based interventions. Transl. Behav. Med. 9:11–10
     [Google Scholar]
  39. 39. 
    Eslava-Schmalbach J, Garzón-Orjuela N, Elias V, Reveiz L, Tran N, Langlois EV 2019. Conceptual framework of equity-focused implementation research for health programs (EquIR). Int. J. Equity Health 18:80
     [Google Scholar]
  40. 40. 
    Estabrooks PA, Brownson RC, Pronk NP. 2018. Dissemination and implementation science for public health professionals: an overview and call to action. Prev. Chronic Dis. 5:E162
     [Google Scholar]
  41. 41. 
    Fogarty W, Lovell M, Langenberg J, Heron M-J. 2018. Deficit discourse and strengths-based approaches: changing the narrative of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health and wellbeing Rep., Lowitja Inst. Indig. Stud., Aust. Natl. Univ. Melbourne: https://www.lowitja.org.au/content/Document/Lowitja-Publishing/deficit-discourse-strengths-based.pdf
  42. 42. 
    Ford CL, Airhihenbuwa CO. 2010. Critical Race Theory, race equity, and public health: toward antiracism praxis. Am. J. Public Health 100:Suppl. 1S30–35
     [Google Scholar]
  43. 43. 
    Ford CL, Airhihenbuwa CO. 2010. The public health critical race methodology: praxis for antiracism research. Soc. Sci. Med. 71:81390–98
     [Google Scholar]
  44. 44. 
    Frerichs L, Lich KH, Dave G, Corbie-Smith G 2016. Integrating systems science and community-based participatory research to achieve health equity. Am. J. Public Health 106:2215–22
     [Google Scholar]
  45. 45. 
    Garcia MC, Rossen LM, Bastian B, Faul M, Dowling NF et al. 2019. Potentially excess deaths from the five leading causes of death in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan counties—United States, 2010–2017. MMWR Surveill. Summ. 68:101–11A comprehensive analysis of rural-urban health disparities.
     [Google Scholar]
  46. 46. 
    Gilbert PA, Laroche HH, Wallace RB, Parker EA, Curry SJ 2018. Extending work on rural health disparities: a commentary on Matthews and colleagues' report. J. Rural Health 34:2119–21
     [Google Scholar]
  47. 47. 
    Harris JK, Beatty K, Leider JP, Knudson A, Anderson BL, Meit M. 2016. The double disparity facing rural local health departments. Annu. Rev. Public Health 37:167–84
     [Google Scholar]
  48. 48. 
    Hartley D. 2004. Rural health disparities, population health, and rural culture. Am. J. Public Health 94:101675–78
     [Google Scholar]
  49. 49. 
    Healthy People 2030, US Dep. Health Hum. Serv., Off. Dis. Prev. Health Promot 2021. Social determinants of health. Health People 2030 https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/social-determinants-health
    [Google Scholar]
  50. 50. 
    Heard E, Fitzgerald L, Wigginton B, Mutch A 2020. Applying intersectionality theory in health promotion research and practice. Health Promot. Int. 35:4866–76
     [Google Scholar]
  51. 51. 
    Hendryx M. 2010. Poverty and mortality disparities in Central Appalachia: mountaintop mining and environmental justice. J. Health Disparit. Res. Pract. 4:36
     [Google Scholar]
  52. 52. 
    Hinkle H. 2021. Beyond the disease symptoms: additional impacts of COVID-19 on rural health and health professions education: a reflection of where we have been and opportunities for the future. Educ. Health 34:34–36
     [Google Scholar]
  53. 53. 
    Honeycutt S, Leeman J, McCarthy WJ, Bastani R, Carter-Edwards L et al. 2015. Evaluating policy, systems, and environmental change interventions: lessons learned from CDC's Prevention Research Centers. Prev. Chronic Dis. 12:150281
     [Google Scholar]
  54. 54. 
    HRSA (Health Resour. Serv. Adm.) 2021. Defining rural populations. HRSA. https://www.hrsa.gov/rural-health/about-us/definition/index.html
    [Google Scholar]
  55. 55. 
    HRSA (Health Resour. Serv. Adm.) 2021. Explore HPSAs. Health Professional Shortage Areas https://data.hrsa.gov/topics/health-workforce/shortage-areas
    [Google Scholar]
  56. 56. 
    Hughes LS, Anderson BD, Tad-y DB, Deutchman ME, Gold SB et al. 2020. Re-imagining leadership: a pathway for rural health to thrive in a COVID-19 world Rep., Colo. Hosp. Assoc., Eugene S. Farley Jr. Health Policy Cent., Univ. Colo. Denver: https://cha.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Rural-COVID-Playbook_FINAL.pdf
  57. 57. 
    Huttlinger K, Schaller-Ayers JM, Kenny B, Ayers JW 2014. Research and collaboration in rural community health. Online J. Rural Nurs. Health Care 4:122–36
     [Google Scholar]
  58. 58. 
    Israel BA, Schulz AJ, Parker EA, Becker AB, Allen AJ et al. 2018. Critical issues in developing and following CBPR principles. Community-Based Participatory Research for Health N Wallerstein, B Duran, JG Oetzel, M Minkler 31–46 San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. , 3rd ed..
     [Google Scholar]
  59. 59. 
    James CV, Moonesinghe R, Wilson-Frederick SM, Hall JE, Penman-Aguilar A, Bouye K. 2017. Racial/ethnic health disparities among rural adults—United States, 2012–2015. MMWR Surveill. Summ. 66:SS-231–9Disaggregates rural disparities data to uplift racial ethnic inequities.
     [Google Scholar]
  60. 60. 
    James WL. 2014. All rural places are not created equal: revisiting the rural mortality penalty in the United States. Am. J. Public Health 104:112122–29
     [Google Scholar]
  61. 61. 
    Johnson TG, Fannin JM 2019. A new conceptual framework for rural cultural wealth Rural Cult. Wealth Lab Occas. Pap. 2019.2 Rural Policy Res. Inst., Iowa City IA: https://rupri.org/wp-content/uploads/A-New-Conceptual-Framework-for-Rural-Cultural-Wealth.pdf
  62. 62. 
    Jones NL, Gilman SE, Cheng TL, Drury SS, Hill CV, Geronimus AT. 2019. Life course approaches to the causes of health disparities. Am. J. Public Health 109:S1S48–55
     [Google Scholar]
  63. 63. 
    Kegler MC, Norton BL, Aronson RE 2008. Strengthening community leadership: evaluation findings from the California Healthy Cities and Communities program. Health Promot. Pract. 9:2170–79
     [Google Scholar]
  64. 64. 
    Kelly SE. 2003. Bioethics and rural health: theorizing place, space, and subjects. Soc. Sci. Med. 56:112277–88
     [Google Scholar]
  65. 65. 
    Kenny A, Hyett N, Sawtell J, Dickson-Swift V, Farmer J, O'Meara P. 2013. Community participation in rural health: a scoping review. BMC Health Serv. Res. 13:64
     [Google Scholar]
  66. 66. 
    Key KD, Furr-Holden D, Lewis EY, Cunningham R, Zimmerman MA et al. 2019. The continuum of community engagement in research: a roadmap for understanding and assessing progress. Prog. Community Health Partnersh. 13:4427–34
     [Google Scholar]
  67. 67. 
    Kirzinger A, Sparks G, Brodie M 2021. KFF COVID-19 vaccine monitor—rural America Rep., Kaiser Family Found., Menlo Park CA: https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/poll-finding/kff-covid-19-vaccine-monitor-rural-america/
  68. 68. 
    Klein RJ, Proctor SE, Boudreault MA, Turczyn KM. 2002. Healthy People 2010 criteria for data suppression Stat. Notes 24 Natl. Cent. Health Stat. Hyattsville, MD: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt24.pdf
  69. 69. 
    Korngiebel DM, Taualii M, Forquera R, Harris R, Buchwald D 2015. Addressing the challenges of research with small populations. Am. J. Public Health 105:91744–47
     [Google Scholar]
  70. 70. 
    Kristjansson AL, Mann MJ, Sigfusson J, Thorisdottir IE, Allegrante JP, Sigfusdottir ID 2020. Development and guiding principles of the Icelandic model for preventing adolescent substance use. Health Promot. Pract. 21:162–69
     [Google Scholar]
  71. 71. 
    Leider JP, Meit M, McCullough JM, Resnick B, Dekker D et al. 2020. The state of rural public health: enduring needs in a new decade. Am. J. Public Health 110:91283–90Provides a historical summary of disinvestment in rural areas and recommendations to support local health departments.
     [Google Scholar]
  72. 72. 
    Letiecq B, Schmalzbauer L. 2012. Community-based participatory research with Mexican migrants in a new rural destination: a good fit?. Action Res 10:3244–59
     [Google Scholar]
  73. 73. 
    Lewis CC, Mettert K, Lyon AR. 2021. Determining the influence of intervention characteristics on implementation success requires reliable and valid measures: results from a systematic review. Implement. Res. Pract. 2:1–15
     [Google Scholar]
  74. 74. 
    Lichter DT, Brown DL. 2011. Rural America in an urban society: changing spatial and social boundaries. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 37:1565–92Identifies common conceptions of rural America reflecting its social/economic diversity and changing spatial/social boundaries.
     [Google Scholar]
  75. 75. 
    Mader E, Busse H. 2011. Hungry in the heartland: using community food systems as a strategy to reduce rural food deserts. J. Hunger Environ. Nutr. 6:45–53
     [Google Scholar]
  76. 76. 
    Malatzky C, Bourke L. 2016. Re-producing rural health: challenging dominant discourses and the manifestation of power. J. Rural Stud. 45:157–64
     [Google Scholar]
  77. 77. 
    Malatzky C, Gillespie J, Couch DL, Cosgrave C. 2020. Why place matters: a rurally-orientated analysis of COVID-19’s differential impacts. Soc. Sci. Humanit. Open 2:1100063
     [Google Scholar]
  78. 78. 
    Matthews KA, Croft JB, Liu Y, Lu H, Kanny D et al. 2017. Health-related behaviors by urban-rural county classification—United States; 2013. MMWR Surveill. Summ. 66:SS-51–8
     [Google Scholar]
  79. 79. 
    McCloskey DJ, McDonald MA, Cook J, Heurtin-Roberts S, Updegrove S et al. 2011. Community engagement: definitions and organizing concepts from the literature. Principles of Community Engagement. Clinical and Translational Science Awards Consortium, Community Engagement Key Function Committee Task Force on the Principles of Community Engagement M Silberberg, J Cook, C Drescher, DJ McCloskey, S Weaver, L Ziegahn 3–41 Bethesda, MD: US Natl. Inst. Health. , 2nd ed.. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/communityengagement/pdf/PCE_Report_508_FINAL.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  80. 80. 
    McNulty M, Smith JD, Villamar J, Burnett-Zeigler I, Vermeer W et al. 2019. Implementation research methodologies for achieving scientific equity and health equity. . Ethn. Dis. 29:Suppl. 183–92
     [Google Scholar]
  81. 81. 
    Meit M, Knudson A. 2009. Why is rural public health important? A look to the future. J. Public Health Manag. Pract. 15:3185–90
     [Google Scholar]
  82. 82. 
    Meserole WH. 1938. What do you mean: rural and urban?. J. Market. 2:3233–35
     [Google Scholar]
  83. 83. 
    Monnat S. 2020. Why coronavirus could hit rural areas harder Issue Brief 16 Lerner Cent. Health Promot., Syracuse Univ. Syracuse, NY: https://lernercenter.syr.edu/2020/03/24/why-coronavirus-could-hit-rural-areas-harder/
  84. 84. 
    Moy E, Garcia MC, Bastian B, Rossen LM, Ingram DD et al. 2017. Leading causes of death in nonmetropolitan and metropolitan areas—United States, 1999–2014. MMWR Surveill. Summ. 66:SS-11–8
     [Google Scholar]
  85. 85. 
    Mueller JT, McConnell K, Burow PB, Pofahl K, Merdjanoff AA, Farrell J. 2021. Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural America. PNAS 118:12019378118
     [Google Scholar]
  86. 86. 
    Mueller KJ, Coburn AF, Knudson A, Lundblad JP, MacKinney AC, McBride TD. 2020. Considerations for defining rural places in health policies and programs Rep., Rural Policy Res. Inst. Iowa City, IA: https://rupri.public-health.uiowa.edu/publications/policypapers/Considerations%20For%20Defining%20Rural%20Places.pdf
  87. 87. 
    Murthy BP, Sterrett N, Weller D, Zell E, Reynolds L et al. 2021. Disparities in COVID-19 vaccination coverage between urban and rural counties—United States, December 14, 2020–April 10, 2021. MMWR 70:20759–64
     [Google Scholar]
  88. 88. 
    Nápoles AM, Stewart AL. 2018. Transcreation: an implementation science framework for community-engaged behavioral interventions to reduce health disparities. BMC Health Serv. Res. 18:1710
     [Google Scholar]
  89. 89. 
    NASEM (Natl. Acad. Sci. Eng. Med.) 2016. Rationalizing Rural Area Classifications for the Economic Research Service: Workshop Summary Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
  90. 90. 
    Nilsen P. 2015. Making sense of implementation theories, models and frameworks. Implement. Sci. 10:53
     [Google Scholar]
  91. 91. 
    Novak NL, Baquero B, Askelson NM, Diers L, Dunn B et al. 2020. Health equity in midsize rural communities: challenges and opportunities in a changing rural America. Am. J. Public Health 110:91342–43
     [Google Scholar]
  92. 92. 
    Ofrane B, Spoer B. 2021. Making data accessible for small communities. Robert Wood Johnson Found. Cult. Health Blog June 22. https://www.rwjf.org/en/blog/2021/06/making-data-accessible-for-small-communities.html
    [Google Scholar]
  93. 93. 
    Parker EA, Baquero B, Daniel-Ulloa J, Diers L, Haines H et al. 2019. Establishing a community-based participatory research partnership in a rural community in the Midwest. Prog. Community Health Partnersh. 13:2201–8
     [Google Scholar]
  94. 94. 
    Parker EA, Baquero B, Gilbert PG, Daniel-Ulloa J. 2022. Community engaged research. Maxey-Rosenau-Last Public Health and Preventive Medicine M Bolton, sect. ed. K Glanz Chicago: McGraw-Hill. , 16th ed.. In press
    [Google Scholar]
  95. 95. 
    Pennycook G, McPhetres J, Bago B, Rand DG. 2021. Beliefs about COVID-19 in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States: a novel test of political polarization and motivated reasoning. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672211023652
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  96. 96. 
    Peters DH, Adam T, Alonge O, Agyepong IA, Tran N et al. 2014. Implementation research: what it is and how to do it. Br. J. Sports Med. 48:731–36
     [Google Scholar]
  97. 97. 
    Polyakova M, Udalova V, Kocks G, Genadek K, Finlay K, Finkelstein AN 2021. Racial disparities in excess all-cause mortality during the early COVID-19 pandemic varied substantially across states. Health Aff 40:2307–16
     [Google Scholar]
  98. 98. 
    Potter LN, Lam CY, Cinciripini PM, Wetter DW. 2021. Intersectionality and smoking cessation: exploring various approaches for understanding health inequities. Nicotine Tob. Res. 23:1115–23
     [Google Scholar]
  99. 99. 
    Probst J, Zahnd W, Breneman C 2019. Declines in pediatric mortality fall short for rural US children. Health Aff 38:122069–76
     [Google Scholar]
  100. 100. 
    Probst JC, Barker JC, Enders A, Gardiner P. 2018. Current state of child health in rural America: how context shapes children's health. J. Rural Health 34:Suppl. 1s3–12
     [Google Scholar]
  101. 101. 
    Puma JE, Belansky ES, Garcia R, Scarbro S, Williford D, Marshall JA. 2017. A community-engaged approach to collecting rural health surveillance data. J. Rural Health 33:3257–65
     [Google Scholar]
  102. 102. 
    Rajaram SS, Bockrath S. 2014. Cultural competence: new conceptual insights into its limits and potential for addressing health disparities. J. Health Disparit. Res. Pract. 7:582–89
     [Google Scholar]
  103. 103. 
    Resnicow K, Page SE. 2008. Embracing chaos and complexity: a quantum change for public health. Am. J. Public Health 98:81382–89
     [Google Scholar]
  104. 104. 
    Rich K. 2021. Rural-urban interdependencies: thinking through the implications of space, leisure, politics and health. Leisure Sci 43:1–2190–96
     [Google Scholar]
  105. 105. 
    Richman L, Pearson J, Beasley C, Stanifer J. 2019. Addressing health inequalities in diverse, rural communities: an unmet need. SSM Popul. Health 7:100398
     [Google Scholar]
  106. 106. 
    Ricketts TC. 2000. The changing nature of rural health care. Annu. Rev. Public Health 21:639–57
     [Google Scholar]
  107. 107. 
    Rogers EM. 2003. Diffusion of Innovations New York: Free Press/Simon and Schuster. , 5th ed..
  108. 108. 
    Samuels GM, Ross-Sheriff F. 2008. Identity, oppression, and power: feminisms and intersectionality theory. Affilia 23:15–9
     [Google Scholar]
  109. 109. 
    Scott SD, Plotnikoff RC, Karunamuni N, Bize R, Rodgers W. 2008. Factors influencing the adoption of an innovation: an examination of the uptake of the Canadian Heart Health Kit (HHK). Implement. Sci. 3:41
     [Google Scholar]
  110. 110. 
    Semuels A. 2019. ‘They're trying to wipe us off the map.’ Small American farmers are nearing extinction. Time Nov. 27. https://time.com/5736789/small-american-farmers-debt-crisis-extinction/
    [Google Scholar]
  111. 111. 
    Shelton RC, Adsul P, Oh A 2021. Recommendations for addressing structural racism in implementation science: a call to the field. Ethn. Dis. 31:Suppl. 1357–64Provides succinct suggestions for advancing health equity in implementation science.
     [Google Scholar]
  112. 112. 
    Shelton RC, Chambers DA, Glasgow RE. 2020. An extension of RE-AIM to enhance sustainability: addressing dynamic context and promoting health equity over time. Front. Public Health 8:134
     [Google Scholar]
  113. 113. 
    Shelton RC, Cooper BR, Stirman SW 2018. The sustainability of evidence-based interventions and practices in public health and health care. Annu. Rev. Public Health 39:55–76
     [Google Scholar]
  114. 114. 
    Singer M, Bulled N, Ostrach B, Mendenhall E 2017. Syndemics and the biosocial conception of health. Lancet 389:10072941–50
     [Google Scholar]
  115. 115. 
    Smith TA, Adimu TF, Martinez AP, Minyard K 2016. Selecting, adapting, and implementing evidence-based interventions in rural settings: an analysis of 70 community examples. J. Health Care Poor Underserved 27:4A181–93Summarizes federal Office of Rural Health Policy grantees’ experiences implementing evidence-based interventions in rural settings.
     [Google Scholar]
  116. 116. 
    Sprague L, Afifi R, Ayala G, El-Nasoor ML. 2019. Participatory praxis as an imperative for health-related stigma research. BMC Med 17:132
     [Google Scholar]
  117. 117. 
    Stein EM, Gennuso KP, Ugboaja DC, Remington PL. 2017. The epidemic of despair among white Americans: trends in the leading causes of premature death, 1999–2015. Am. J. Public Health 107:101541–47
     [Google Scholar]
  118. 118. 
    Steinman L, Parrish A, Mayotte C, Bravo Acevedo P, Torres E et al. 2021. Increasing social connectedness for underserved older adults living with depression: a pre-post evaluation of PEARLS. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 29:828–42
     [Google Scholar]
  119. 119. 
    Strosnider H, Kennedy C, Monti M, Yip F 2017. Rural and urban differences in air quality, 2008–2012, and community drinking water quality, 2010–2015—United States. MMWR Surveill. Summ. 66:SS-131–10
     [Google Scholar]
  120. 120. 
    Tai DBG, Shah A, Doubeni CA, Sia IG, Wieland ML. 2021. The disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on racial and ethnic minorities in the United States. Clin. Infect. Dis. 72:4703–6
     [Google Scholar]
  121. 121. 
    Tremblay M-C, Richard L 2014. Complexity: a potential paradigm for a health promotion discipline. Health Promot. Int. 29:2378–88
     [Google Scholar]
  122. 122. 
    Ulrich-Schad JD, Duncan CM. 2018. People and places left behind: work, culture and politics in the rural United States. J. Peasant Stud. 45:59–79Deconstructs the myth of a monolithic “rural” to highlight the complexity of rural areas.
     [Google Scholar]
  123. 123. 
    US Census Bur 2016. New Census data show differences between urban and rural populations Press Release, Dec. 8. https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2016/cb16-210.html
  124. 124. 
    US Census Bur 2019. 2010 Census urban and rural classification and urban area criteria. Urban and Rural. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/urban-rural/2010-urban-rural.html
    [Google Scholar]
  125. 125. 
    US Census Bur., Dep. Commer 2021. Urban areas for the 2020 Census-proposed criteria. Fed. Regist. 86:3210237–43
     [Google Scholar]
  126. 126. 
    USDA (US Dep. Agric.), Econ. Res. Serv 2020. Rural-urban commuting area codes. https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/rural-urban-commuting-area-codes.aspx
  127. 127. 
    Vanderpool RC, Gainor SJ, Conn ME, Spencer C, Allen AR, Kennedy S 2011. Adapting and implementing evidence-based cancer education interventions in rural Appalachia: real world experiences and challenges. Rural Remote Health 11:41807
     [Google Scholar]
  128. 128. 
    Waldorf B, Ayoung K. 2015. Defining and measuring rurality in the US: from typologies to continuous indices Comm. Pap., Natl. Acad. Sci. Workshop Ration. Rural Classif. Washington, DC: http://sites.nationalacademies.org/cs/groups/dbassesite/documents/webpage/dbasse_168031.pdf
  129. 129. 
    Wheeler SB, Davis MM. 2017. “Taking the bull by the horns”: four principles to align public health, primary care, and community efforts to improve rural cancer control. J. Rural Health 33:4345–49Using cancer prevention as an example, recommends a rural-informed research approach to advance rural well-being.
     [Google Scholar]
  130. 130. 
    Woodruff RC, Haardörfer R, Gazmararian JA, Ballard D, Addison AR et al. 2019. Home environment-focused intervention improves dietary quality: a secondary analysis from the Healthy Homes/Healthy Families Randomized Trial. J. Nutr. Educ. Behav. 51:196–100
     [Google Scholar]
  131. 131. 
    Woolf SH, Chapman DA, Buchanich JM, Bobby KJ, Zimmerman EB, Blackburn SM. 2018. Changes in midlife death rates across racial and ethnic groups in the United States: systematic analysis of vital statistics. BMJ 362:k3096
     [Google Scholar]
  132. 132. 
    Zahnd WE. 2021. The COVID-19 pandemic illuminates persistent and emerging disparities among rural Black populations. J. Rural Health 37:1215–16
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052020-123413
Loading
Reimagining Rural: Shifting Paradigms About Health and Well-Being in the Rural United States
Annual Review of Public Health 43, 135 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052020-123413
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052020-123413
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052020-123413
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error