1932

Abstract

Traditional energy technologies and consumer products contribute to household well-being in diverse ways but also often harm household air quality. We review the problem of household air pollution at a global scale, focusing particularly on the harmful effects of traditional cooking and heating. Drawing on the theory of household production, we illustrate the ambiguous relationship between household well-being and adoption of behaviors and technologies that reduce air pollution. We then review how the theory relates to the seemingly contradictory findings emerging from the literature on developing country household demand for clean fuels and stoves. In conclusion, we describe an economics research agenda to close the knowledge gaps so that policies and programs can be designed and evaluated to solve the global household air pollution problem.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-resource-100814-125048
2015-10-05
2024-03-28
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/resource/7/1/annurev-resource-100814-125048.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-resource-100814-125048&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Addae-Dapaah K, Wai TK, Bin Dollah MJ, Foo Y. 2010. Indoor air quality and office property value. J. Sustain. Real Estate 2:91–115 [Google Scholar]
  2. Akpalu W, Dasmani I, Aglobitse PB. 2011. Demand for cooking fuels in a developing country: To what extent do taste and preferences matter?. Energy Policy 39:6525–31 [Google Scholar]
  3. Alem Y, Hassen S, Köhlin G. 2013. The dynamics of electric cookstove adoption: panel data evidence from Ethiopia. Discuss. Pap., Resour. Future
  4. American Lung Association 2011. Toxic Air: The Case for Cleaning Up Coal-Fired Power Plants Washington, DC: Am. Lung Assoc
  5. Andalón M. 2013. Clean indoor air policies and smoking in Mexico. Econ. Pap. J. Appl. Econ. Policy 32:10–31 [Google Scholar]
  6. Arcenas A, Bojö J, Larsen BR, Ruiz Ñunez F. 2010. The economic costs of indoor air pollution: new results for Indonesia, the Philippines, and Timor-Leste. J. Nat. Resour. Policy Res. 2:75–93 [Google Scholar]
  7. Ashraf N, Jack BK, Kamenica E. 2013. Information and subsidies: complements or substitutes?. J. Econ. Behav. Organ. 88:133–39 [Google Scholar]
  8. Atmadja S, Sills E, Pattanayak SK, Patil SR, Yang J-C. 2014. Explaining environmental health behaviors: evidence from rural India on the influence of discount rates. Work. Pap., Sanford Sch. Public Policy, Duke Univ.
  9. Bailis R, Drigo R, Ghilardi A, Masera O. 2014. The carbon footprint of traditional woodfuels. Nat. Clim. Change 5::26672 [Google Scholar]
  10. Barnes DF, Openshaw K, Smith KR, van der Plas R. 1993. The design and diffusion of improved cooking stoves. World Bank Res. Obs. 8:2119–41 [Google Scholar]
  11. Baumgartner J, Schauer JJ, Ezzati M, Lu L, Cheng C et al. 2011. Indoor air pollution and blood pressure in adult women living in rural China. Environ. Health Perspect. 119:139095 [Google Scholar]
  12. Baumgartner J, Zhang Y, Schauer JJ, Huang W, Wang Y, Ezzati M. 2014. Highway proximity and black carbon from cookstoves as a risk factor for higher blood pressure in rural China. PNAS 111:13229–34 [Google Scholar]
  13. Bellanger AP, Reboux G, Roussel S, Grenouillet F, Didier‐Scherer E et al. 2009. Indoor fungal contamination of moisture‐damaged and allergic patient housing analysed using real‐time PCR. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 49:260–6 [Google Scholar]
  14. Beltramo T, Blalock G, Levine DI, Simons AM. 2015a. Does peer use influence adoption of efficient cookstoves? Evidence from a randomized controlled trial in Uganda. J. Health Commun. Int. Perspect. 20(Suppl. 1):55–66
  15. Beltramo T, Blalock G, Levine DI, Simons AM. 2015b. The effect of marketing messages and payment over time on willingness to pay for fuel-efficient cookstoves. J. Econ. Behav. Organ. In press
  16. Bensch G, Grimm M, Peters J. 2015. Why do households forego high returns from technology adoption? Evidence from improved cook stoves in Burkina Faso. J. Econ. Behav. Organ. 116:187–205
  17. Bensch G, Peters J. 2015. The intensive margin of technology adoption—experimental evidence on improved cooking stoves in rural Senegal. J. Health Econ. 42:44–63 [Google Scholar]
  18. Beyene AD, Koch SF. 2013. Clean fuel-saving technology adoption in urban Ethiopia. Energy Econ. 36:605–13 [Google Scholar]
  19. Bhojvaid V, Jeuland M, Kar A, Lewis JJ, Pattanayak SK et al. 2014. How do people in rural India perceive improved stoves and clean fuel? Evidence from Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 11:1341–58 [Google Scholar]
  20. Biran A, Smith L, Lines J, Ensink J, Cameron M. 2007. Smoke and malaria: Are interventions to reduce exposure to indoor air pollution likely to increase exposure to mosquitoes?. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 101:1065–71 [Google Scholar]
  21. Bluffstone R, Toman M. 2014. An analytical framework for assessing the economic costs and benefits of household cooking energy alternatives. Rep. to Energy Sect. Manag. Assist. Progr., World Bank
  22. Brooks N, Bhojvaid V, Jeuland M, Lewis J, Patange O, Pattanayak S. 2015. How much do alternative cookstoves reduce biomass fuel use? Evidence from north India. Work. Pap., Sanford Sch. Public Policy, Duke Univ.
  23. Bruce N, Perez-Padilla R, Albalak R. 2000. Indoor air pollution in developing countries: a major environmental and public health challenge. Bull. WHO 78:1078–92 [Google Scholar]
  24. Bureau of Labor Statistics 2014. Table 12. Average hours per day spent in primary activities for the civilian population, 2013 quarterly and annual averages. http://www.bls.gov/news.release/atus.t12.htm
  25. Burnett RT, Pope CA, Ezzati M, Olives C, Lim SS et al. 2014. An integrated risk function for estimating the global burden of disease attributable to ambient fine particulate matter exposure. Environ. Health Perspect. 122:397–403 [Google Scholar]
  26. Burr ML, Matthews IP, Arthur RA, Watson HL, Gregory CJ et al. 2007. Effects on patients with asthma of eradicating visible indoor mould: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax 62:767–72 [Google Scholar]
  27. Carlsson F, Johansson-Stenman O. 2000. Willingness to pay for improved air quality in Sweden. Appl. Econ. 32:661–69 [Google Scholar]
  28. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control) 2014. Formaldehyde exposure in homes: a reference for state officials to use in decision-making. http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehhe/trailerstudy/pdfs/08_118152_compendium-for-states.pdf
  29. Chaloupka FJ, Warner KE. 2000. The economics of smoking. Handb. Health Econ. 1:1539–627 [Google Scholar]
  30. Chau C, Hui W, Tse M. 2008. Valuing the health benefits of improving indoor air quality in residences. Sci. Total Environ. 394:25–38 [Google Scholar]
  31. Chaudhuri S, Pfaff AS. 2003. Fuel-choice and indoor air quality: a household-level perspective on economic growth and the environment. Work. Pap., Dep. Econ./Sch. Int. Public Aff., Columbia Univ.
  32. Cho S-H, Reponen T, Lemasters G, Levin L, Huang J et al. 2006. Mold damage in homes and wheezing in infants. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 97:539–45 [Google Scholar]
  33. Courbage C, Rey B. 2006. Prudence and optimal prevention for health risks. Health Econ. 15:1323–27 [Google Scholar]
  34. Dasgupta S, Huq M, Khaliquzzaman M, Pandey K, Wheeler D. 2006. Indoor air quality for poor families: new evidence from Bangladesh. Indoor Air 16:426–44 [Google Scholar]
  35. Dherani M, Pope D, Mascarenhas M, Smith KR, Weber M, Bruce N. 2008. Indoor air pollution from unprocessed solid fuel use and pneumonia risk in children aged under five years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bull. WHO 86:C390–98 [Google Scholar]
  36. Dow WH, Philipson TJ, Sala-i-Martin X. 1999. Longevity complementarities under competing risks. Am. Econ. Rev. 89:1358–71 [Google Scholar]
  37. Duong A, Steinmaus C, McHale CM, Vaughan CP, Zhang L. 2011. Reproductive and developmental toxicity of formaldehyde: a systematic review. Mutat. Res. Rev. 728:118–38 [Google Scholar]
  38. Edwards JH, Langpap C. 2012. Fuel choice, indoor air pollution and children's health. Environ. Dev. Econ. 17:379–406 [Google Scholar]
  39. Eisner MD, Anthonisen N, Coultas D, Kuenzli N, Perez-Padilla R et al. 2010. An official American Thoracic Society public policy statement: novel risk factors and the global burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 182:693–718 [Google Scholar]
  40. Ezzati M, Kammen DM. 2001. Indoor air pollution from biomass combustion and acute respiratory infections in Kenya: an exposure-response study. Lancet 358:619–24 [Google Scholar]
  41. Ezzati M, Saleh H, Kammen DM. 2000. The contributions of emissions and spatial microenvironments to exposure to indoor air pollution from biomass combustion in Kenya. Environ. Health Perspect. 108:833–39 [Google Scholar]
  42. Farsi M, Filippini M, Pachauri S. 2007. Fuel choices in urban Indian households. Environ. Dev. Econ. 12:757–74 [Google Scholar]
  43. Finkelstein A, McGarry K. 2006. Multiple dimensions of private information: evidence from the long-term care insurance market. Am. Econ. Rev. 96:938–58 [Google Scholar]
  44. Fisk W, Seppanen O. 2007. Providing better indoor environmental quality brings economic benefits. Presented at REHVA World Congr. CLIMA, “Wellbeing Indoors,” Helsinki
  45. Fisk WJ. 2000. Health and productivity gains from better indoor environments and their relationship with building energy efficiency. Annu. Rev. Energy Environ. 25:537–66 [Google Scholar]
  46. Ford ES, Eheman CR. 1997. Radon retesting and mitigation behavior among the US population. Health Phys. 72:611–14 [Google Scholar]
  47. Franklin PJ. 2007. Indoor air quality and respiratory health of children. Paediatr. Respir. Rev. 8:281–86 [Google Scholar]
  48. Gajate-Garrido G. 2013. The impact of indoor air pollution on the incidence of life threatening respiratory illnesses: evidence from young children in Peru. J. Dev. Stud. 49:500–15 [Google Scholar]
  49. Gebreegziabher Z, Damte A, Mekonnen A, Toman M, Bluffstone R et al. 2014. Can improved biomass cookstoves contribute to REDD+ contracts in low-income countries? Initial results from a randomized trial in Ethiopia. Work. Pap., Inst. Econ. Environ., Portland State Univ.
  50. Gebreegziabher Z, Mekonnen A, Kassie M, Köhlin G. 2012. Urban energy transition and technology adoption: the case of Tigrai, northern Ethiopia. Energy Econ. 34:410–18 [Google Scholar]
  51. Gill J. 1987. Improved stoves in developing countries: a critique. Energy Policy 15:2135–44 [Google Scholar]
  52. Golden R. 2011. Identifying an indoor air exposure limit for formaldehyde considering both irritation and cancer hazards. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 41:672–721 [Google Scholar]
  53. Graff-Zivin J, Neidell M. 2013. Environment, health, and human capital. J. Econ. Lit. 51:3689–730 [Google Scholar]
  54. Gray A, Read S, McGale P, Darby S. 2009. Lung cancer deaths from indoor radon and the cost effectiveness and potential of policies to reduce them. BMJ 338:a3110 [Google Scholar]
  55. Greenstone M, Hanna R. 2014. Environmental regulations, air and water pollution, and infant mortality in India. Am. Econ. Rev. 104:3038–72 [Google Scholar]
  56. Grieshop AP, Marshall JD, Kandlikar M. 2011. Health and climate benefits of cookstove replacement options. Energy Policy 39:7530–42 [Google Scholar]
  57. Grossman M. 1972. On the concept of health capital and the demand for health. J. Polit. Econ. 80:223–55 [Google Scholar]
  58. Gundimeda H, Köhlin G. 2008. Fuel demand elasticities for energy and environmental policies: Indian sample survey evidence. Energy Econ. 30:517–46 [Google Scholar]
  59. Gupta G, Köhlin G. 2006. Preferences for domestic fuel: analysis with socio-economic factors and rankings in Kolkata, India. Ecol. Econ. 57:107–21 [Google Scholar]
  60. Hanna R, Duflo E, Greenstone M. 2012. Up in smoke: the influence of household behavior on the long-run impact of improved cooking stoves. Work. Pap. Ser. 12-10, Dep. Econ., MIT
  61. Harrington W, Portney PR. 1987. Valuing the benefits of health and safety regulation. J. Urban Econ. 22:101–12 [Google Scholar]
  62. Hartinger S, Commodore A, Hattendorf J, Lanata C, Gil A et al. 2013. Chimney stoves modestly improved indoor air quality measurements compared with traditional open fire stoves: results from a small‐scale intervention study in rural Peru. Indoor Air 23:342–52 [Google Scholar]
  63. Hauri D, Spycher B, Huss A, Zimmermann F, Grotzer M et al. 2013. Domestic radon exposure and risk of childhood cancer: a prospective census-based cohort study. Environ. Health Perspect. 121:1239 [Google Scholar]
  64. Heltberg R. 2003. Household fuel and energy use in developing countries: a multicountry study. Rep., Oil Gas Policy Div., World Bank
  65. Heltberg R. 2004. Fuel switching: evidence from eight developing countries. Energy Econ. 26:869–87 [Google Scholar]
  66. Howden‐Chapman P, Saville‐Smith K, Crane J, Wilson N. 2005. Risk factors for mold in housing: a national survey. Indoor Air 15:469–76 [Google Scholar]
  67. Huang L, Mo J, Sundell J, Fan Z, Zhang Y. 2013. Health risk assessment of inhalation exposure to formaldehyde and benzene in newly remodeled buildings, Beijing. PLOS ONE 8:e79553 [Google Scholar]
  68. Hun D, Corsi R, Morandi M, Siegel J. 2010. Formaldehyde in residences: long‐term indoor concentrations and influencing factors. Indoor Air 20:196–203 [Google Scholar]
  69. Hutton G, Rehfuess E, Tediosi F. 2007. Evaluation of the costs and benefits of interventions to reduce indoor air pollution. Energy Sustain. Dev. 11:34–43 [Google Scholar]
  70. Hymel KM, Small KA, Van Dender K. 2010. Induced demand and rebound effects in road transport. Transp. Res. B 44:101220–41 [Google Scholar]
  71. IEA (Int. Energy Agency) 2006. World Energy Outlook 2006 Paris: IEA
  72. IEA (Int. Energy Agency) 2012. World Energy Outlook 2012 Paris: IEA
  73. Jaakkola MS, Quansah R, Hugg TT, Heikkinen SA, Jaakkola JJ. 2013. Association of indoor dampness and molds with rhinitis risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 132:1099–110.e18
  74. Jack D. 2004. Income, household energy and health. In Repsol YPF–Harvard Kennedy School Fellows 2003–2004 Research Papers, ed. WW Hogan, pp. 193–200. Cambridge, MA: Kennedy Sch. Gov., Harvard Univ.
  75. Jeuland M, Bhojvaid V, Kar A, Lewis JJ, Patange O, et al. 2014a. Preferences for improved cook stoves: evidence from North Indian villages. Environ. Energy Econ. Work. Pap. Ser. EE 14-07, Sanford Sch. Public Policy, Duke Univ.
  76. Jeuland M, Pattanayak SK, Tan-Soo JS. 2014b. Preference heterogeneity and adoption of environmental health improvements: evidence from a cookstove promotion experiment. Environ. Energy Econ. Work. Pap. Ser. EE 14-10, Sanford Sch. Public Policy, Duke Univ.
  77. Jeuland MA, Pattanayak SK. 2012. Benefits and costs of improved cookstoves: assessing the implications of variability in health, forest and climate impacts. PLOS ONE 7:e30338 [Google Scholar]
  78. Kishore V, Ramana P. 2002. Improved cookstoves in rural India: How improved are they? A critique of the perceived benefits from the National Programme on Improved Chulhas (NPIC). Energy 27:47–63 [Google Scholar]
  79. Lantz PM, Mendez D, Philbert MA. 2013. Radon, smoking, and lung cancer: the need to refocus radon control policy. Am. J. Public Health 103:443–47 [Google Scholar]
  80. Larson BA, Rosen S. 2002. Understanding household demand for indoor air pollution control in developing countries. Soc. Sci. Med. 55:571–84 [Google Scholar]
  81. Levine DI, Beltramo T, Blalock G, Cotterman C. 2013. What impedes efficient adoption of products? Evidence from randomized variation in sales offers for improved cookstoves in Uganda. Work. Pap., CEGA, Univ. Calif., Berkeley
  82. Lewis J, Bhojvaid V, Brooks N, Das I, Jeuland M et al. 2014a. Piloting improved cookstoves in India. J. Health Commun. 20:Suppl. 128–42 [Google Scholar]
  83. Lewis J, Hollingsworth J, Chartier R, Foster W, Gomes G, et al. 2014b. Improved cookstoves in Odisha India reduce fuel consumption, reduce household air pollution, and may impact health. Work. Pap., Sanford Sch. Public Policy, Duke Univ.
  84. Lewis JJ, Pattanayak SK. 2012. Who adopts improved fuels and cookstoves? A systematic review. Environ. Health Perspect. 120:637–45 [Google Scholar]
  85. Lewis JJ, Pattanayak SK, Colvin J, Sasser E, Vergnano E. 2014c. Selling stoves: explaining patterns in global supply. Work. Pap., Sanford Sch. Public Policy, Duke Univ.
  86. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K et al. 2013. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380:2224–60 [Google Scholar]
  87. Loewenstein G, Brennan T, Volpp KG. 2007. Asymmetric paternalism to improve health behaviors. JAMA 298:2415–17 [Google Scholar]
  88. Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K et al. 2012. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380:2095–128 [Google Scholar]
  89. Manibog FR. 1984. Improved cooking stoves in developing countries: problems and opportunities. Annu. Rev. Energy 9:199–227 [Google Scholar]
  90. Masera OR, Saatkamp BD, Kammen DM. 2000. From linear fuel switching to multiple cooking strategies: a critique and alternative to the energy ladder model. World Dev. 28:2083–103 [Google Scholar]
  91. Miller G, Mobarak AM. 2014. Learning about new technologies through opinion leaders and social networks: experimental evidence on non-traditional stoves in rural Bangladesh. Mark. Sci. doi: 10.1287/mksc.2014.0845 [Google Scholar]
  92. Mishra V, Dai X, Smith KR, Mika L. 2004. Maternal exposure to biomass smoke and reduced birth weight in Zimbabwe. Ann. Epidemiol. 14:740–47 [Google Scholar]
  93. Mueller V, Pfaff A, Peabody J, Liu Y, Smith KR. 2011. Demonstrating bias and improved inference for stoves’ health benefits. Int. J. Epidemiol. 40:1643–51 [Google Scholar]
  94. Nepal M, Nepal A, Grimsrud K. 2011. Unbelievable but improved cookstoves are not helpful in reducing firewood demand in Nepal. Environ. Dev. Econ. 16:1–23 [Google Scholar]
  95. Nielsen GD, Wolkoff P. 2010. Cancer effects of formaldehyde: a proposal for an indoor air guideline value. Arch. Toxicol. 84:423–46 [Google Scholar]
  96. Orgill J, Shaheed A, Brown J, Jeuland M. 2013. Water quality perceptions and willingness to pay for clean water in peri-urban Cambodian communities. J. Water Health 11:489–506 [Google Scholar]
  97. Pacheco-Torgal F. 2012. Indoor radon: an overview on a perennial problem. Build. Environ. 58:270–77 [Google Scholar]
  98. Pant KP. 2012. Cheaper fuel and higher health costs among the poor in rural Nepal. AMBIO 41:271–83 [Google Scholar]
  99. Papineau M, Aunan K, Berntsen T. 2009. Distributional determinants of household air pollution in China. Environ. Dev. Econ. 14:621–39 [Google Scholar]
  100. Parikka M. 2004. Global biomass fuel resources. Biomass Bioenergy 27:613–20 [Google Scholar]
  101. Pattanayak S, Jeuland M, Lewis J, Bhojvaid V, Brooks N, et al. 2014. Cooking up change in the Himalayas: evidence from mixing quasi-experiments with an experiment on cookstove promotion. Work. Pap., Sanford Sch. Public Policy, Duke Univ.
  102. Pattanayak S, Poulos C, Yang J, Van Houtven G, Jones K. 2006. Economics of environmental epidemiology: estimates of prevalence elasticity for malaria. Work. Pap., RTI Int.
  103. Pattanayak SK. 1997. Pricing ecological services provided by protected watersheds: micro-econometric applications in agrarian communities of Indonesia and the Philippines. Diss., Dep. Environ., Duke Univ.
  104. Pattanayak SK, Pfaff A. 2009. Behavior, environment, and health in developing countries: evaluation and valuation. Annu. Rev. Resour. Econ. 1:183–217 [Google Scholar]
  105. Pattanayak SK, Yang JC, Whittington D, Bal Kumar KC. 2005. Coping with unreliable public water supplies: averting expenditures by households in Kathmandu, Nepal. Water Resour. Res. 41:WO2012 [Google Scholar]
  106. Pearce D. 1996. Economic valuation and health damage from air pollution in the developing world. Energy Policy 24:7627–30 [Google Scholar]
  107. Philipson T. 2000. Economic epidemiology and infectious diseases. In Handbook of Health Economics, Vol. 1, ed. AJ Culyer, JP Newhouse, pp. 1761–99. Amsterdam: Elsevier
  108. Pitt MM, Rosenzweig MR, Hassan MN. 2005. Sharing the burden of disease: gender, the household division of labor and the health effects of indoor air pollution in Bangladesh and India. Work. Pap. 119, CID, Yale Univ.
  109. Portney PR. 1990. Policy watch: economics and the Clean Air Act. J. Econ. Perspect. 4173–81 [Google Scholar]
  110. Rabinovitch N. 2012. Household mold as a predictor of asthma risk: recent progress, limitations, and future directions. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 130:645–46 [Google Scholar]
  111. Ramanathan V, Carmichael G. 2008. Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon. Nat. Geosci. 1:221–27 [Google Scholar]
  112. Rayner K. 1996. Condensation and mould: the Canadian experience. J. R. Soc. Promot. Health 116:83–86 [Google Scholar]
  113. Reponen T, Vesper S, Levin L, Johansson E, Ryan P et al. 2011. High environmental relative moldiness index during infancy as a predictor of asthma at 7 years of age. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 107:120–26 [Google Scholar]
  114. Riesenfeld EP, Marcy TW, Reinier K, Mongeon JA, Trumbo CW et al. 2007. Radon awareness and mitigation in Vermont: a public health survey. Health Phys. 92:425–31 [Google Scholar]
  115. Rosa G, Majorin F, Boisson S, Barstow C, Johnson M et al. 2014. Assessing the impact of water filters and improved cook stoves on drinking water quality and household air pollution: a randomised controlled trial in Rwanda. PLOS ONE 9:e91011 [Google Scholar]
  116. Ruiz-Mercado I, Masera O, Zamora H, Smith KR. 2011. Adoption and sustained use of improved cookstoves. Energy Policy 39:7557–66 [Google Scholar]
  117. Sainz C, Dinu A, Dicu T, Szacsvai K, Cosma C, Quindós LS. 2009. Comparative risk assessment of residential radon exposures in two radon-prone areas, Ştei (Romania) and Torrelodones (Spain). Sci. Total Environ. 407:4452–60 [Google Scholar]
  118. Smith KR. 1993. Fuel combustion, air pollution exposure, and health: the situation in developing countries. Annu. Rev. Energy Environ. 18:529–66 [Google Scholar]
  119. Smith KR, Bruce N, Balakrishnan K, Adair-Rohani H, Balmes J et al. 2014. Millions dead: How do we know and what does it mean? Methods used in the comparative risk assessment of household air pollution. Annu. Rev. Public Health 35:185–206 [Google Scholar]
  120. Smith KR, Frumkin H, Balakrishnan K, Butler CD, Chafe ZA et al. 2013. Energy and human health. Annu. Rev. Public Health 34:159–88 [Google Scholar]
  121. Smith KR, McCracken JP, Weber MW, Hubbard A, Jenny A et al. 2011. Effect of reduction in household air pollution on childhood pneumonia in Guatemala (RESPIRE): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 378:1717–26 [Google Scholar]
  122. Smith KR, Samet JM, Romieu I, Bruce N. 2000. Indoor air pollution in developing countries and acute lower respiratory infections in children. Thorax 55:518–32 [Google Scholar]
  123. Smith VK, Desvousges WH, Johnson FR, Fisher A. 1990. Can public information programs affect risk perceptions?. J. Policy Anal. Manag. 9:41–59 [Google Scholar]
  124. Smith VK, Huang J-C. 1995. Can markets value air quality? A meta-analysis of hedonic property value models. J. Polit. Econ. 103209–27 [Google Scholar]
  125. Sovacool BK. 2012. Design principles for renewable energy programs in developing countries. Energy Environ. Sci. 5:9157–62 [Google Scholar]
  126. Speizer FE, Horton S, Batt J, Slutsky AS. 2006. Respiratory diseases of adults. In Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, ed. DT Jamison, JG Breman, AR Measham, G Alleyne, M Claeson, et al., pp. 681–94. Washington, DC: World Bank/Oxford Univ. Press. 2nd ed.
  127. Stavins RN. 1998. What can we learn from the grand policy experiment? Lessons from SO2 allowance trading. J. Econ. Perspect. 1269–88 [Google Scholar]
  128. Sundell J. 2004. On the history of indoor air quality and health. Indoor Air 14:51–58 [Google Scholar]
  129. Tan-Soo J-S. 2015. Are policies to improve air quality really valuable for developing countries? The case of Indonesia. PhD Diss., Nicholas Sch. Environ., Duke Univ.
  130. Tong J, Qin L, Cao Y, Li J, Zhang J et al. 2012. Environmental radon exposure and childhood leukemia. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B 15:332–47 [Google Scholar]
  131. Tracy BL, Krewski D, Chen J, Zielinski JM, Brand KP, Meyerhof D. 2006. Assessment and management of residential radon health risks: a report from the Health Canada radon workshop. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 69:735–58 [Google Scholar]
  132. Treich N. 2010. The value of a statistical life under ambiguity aversion. J. Environ. Econ. Manag. 59:15–26 [Google Scholar]
  133. US EPA 2014a. Formaldehyde. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/formalde.html
  134. US EPA 2014b. Health risks. http://www.epa.gov/radon/healthrisks.html#Lung_Cancer
  135. van der Kroon B, Brouwer R, Van Beukering PJ. 2014. The impact of the household decision environment on fuel choice behavior. Energy Econ. 44:236–47 [Google Scholar]
  136. Venkataraman C, Habib G, Eiguren-Fernandez A, Miguel A, Friedlander S. 2005. Residential biofuels in South Asia: carbonaceous aerosol emissions and climate impacts. Science 307:1454–56 [Google Scholar]
  137. Venkataramani AS, Fried BJ. 2011. Effect of worldwide oil price fluctuations on biomass fuel use and child respiratory health: evidence from Guatemala. Am. J. Public Health 101:1668 [Google Scholar]
  138. Vesper S, McKinstry C, Haugland R, Wymer L, Bradham K et al. 2007. Development of an environmental relative moldiness index for US homes. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 49:829–33 [Google Scholar]
  139. Vesper SJ, McKinstry C, Haugland RA, Iossifova Y, Lemasters G et al. 2006. Relative moldiness index as predictor of childhood respiratory illness. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 17:88–94 [Google Scholar]
  140. Wang Y, Ju C, Stark AD, Teresi N. 1999. Radon mitigation survey among New York state residents living in high radon homes. Health Phys. 77:403–9 [Google Scholar]
  141. Wargocki P, Wyon DP, Fanger PO. 2000. Productivity is affected by the air quality in offices. Proc. Healthy Build. 1:635–40 [Google Scholar]
  142. Weinhold B. 2007. A spreading concern: inhalational health effects of mold. Environ. Health Perspect. 115:A300 [Google Scholar]
  143. Whittington D, Jeuland M, Barker K, Yuen Y. 2012. Setting priorities, targeting subsidies among water, sanitation, and preventive health interventions in developing countries. World Dev. 40:81546–68 [Google Scholar]
  144. WHO 2006. WHO Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2006/WHO_SDE_PHE_OEH_06.02_eng.pdf
  145. WHO 2007. Environmental burden of disease: country profiles. Part 1: Environmental burden of disease for 3 selected risk factors. http://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/national/countryprofile/intro/en/
  146. WHO. 2009. WHO Handbook on Indoor Radon: A Public Health Perspective. Geneva, Switz.: WHO
  147. WHO. 2013. WHO methods and data sources for global burden of disease estimates 2000–2011. Glob. Health Estim. Tech. Pap., WHO/HIS/HSI/GHE
  148. WHO 2014a. Ambient (outdoor) air pollution in cities database 2014. http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/
  149. WHO 2014b. Household air pollution burden of disease by country, 2012. http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.HAPBYCAUSEBYCOUNTRY?lang=en
  150. Wyon D. 2004. The effects of indoor air quality on performance and productivity. Indoor Air 14:92–101 [Google Scholar]
  151. Yarnoff B. 2011. Prevention versus treatment with competing disease risks. Unpub. Pap., RTI Int.
  152. Yu F. 2011. Indoor air pollution and children’s health: net benefits from stove and behavioral interventions in rural China. Environ. Resour. Econ. 50:495–514 [Google Scholar]
  153. Zhang JJ, Smith KR. 2007. Household air pollution from coal and biomass fuels in China: measurements, health impacts, and interventions. Environ. Health Perspect. 115:848 [Google Scholar]
  154. Zock J-P, Jarvis D, Luczynska C, Sunyer J, Burney P. 2002. Housing characteristics, reported mold exposure, and asthma in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 110:285–92 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-resource-100814-125048
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-resource-100814-125048
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error