Freezing and Injury in Plants

Figure 1: Sodium sensing and import are the black box of salt stress responses. Na+ induces specific downstream responses, but the sodium-sensing mechanism of plants remains to be identified. Sensing ...

Figure 2: Cellular salt stress signaling over time. Cellular responses can be placed in different phases after salt application. Early signaling represents changes observed within 5 min of salt stress...

Figure 3: Relevance of tissue-specific ion transport, hormone signaling, and tissue growth for salt-induced phenotypic changes. (a) In the Arabidopsis shoot, Na+ delays flowering, and induces abscisic...

Figure 4: Success stories of salt-tolerant plants: a variety of plant species with relatively high salt tolerance. (a) The halophyte Salicornia in southern France. (b) Solanum pennellii, a wild relati...

Figure 1: Comparison of breeding methods used in modern agriculture. Cross breeding: improving a trait (e.g., disease resistance) through crossing an elite recipient line with a donor line and selecti...

Figure 2: CRISPR/Cas systems for genome editing and other manipulations. (a) Two CRISPR/Cas systems used for plant genome engineering: Cas9 and Cpf1. (b) Genome editing with CRISPR/Cas systems can hav...

Figure 3: Mechanisms of base editing. (a) CBE-mediated C-to-T base-editing strategy. The deaminases include rAPOBEC1, hAID, PmCDA1, and hA3A. (b) ABE-mediated A-to-G base-editing strategy. The deamina...

Figure 4: Delivery strategies for CRISPR/Cas systems to plants. (a) Traditional delivery methods for CRISPR/Cas DNA combined with herbicide or antibiotic selection. Transgene-free plants can be obtain...

Figure 5: Overview of potential CRISPR/Cas-based applications for plant breeding. CRISPR/Cas-mediated crop trait improvement mainly focuses on yield, quality, and biotic and abiotic resistance. (a) CR...

Figure 6: Ideal delivery strategies. (Upper panels) Improvements in existing delivery systems and the regulation of developmental genes to overcome species limitations and to speed tissue culture step...

Figure 1: The C2 and C3 cycles of photosynthetic carbon metabolism. This scheme (9, 10) emphasizes that the two cycles coexist, that both represent about equal parts of the process, that carboxylase ...

Figure 1: Generation of different ROS by energy transfer or sequential univalent reduction of ground state triplet oxygen.

Figure 2: The principal features of photosynthetic electron transport under high light stress that lead to the production of ROS in chloroplasts and peroxisomes. Two electron sinks can be used to alle...

Figure 3: The principal modes of enzymatic ROS scavenging by superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, and the glutathione peroxidase (GPX) cycle. SOD converts hydro...

Figure 4: Schematic depiction of cellular ROS sensing and signaling mechanisms. ROS sensors such as membrane-localized histidine kinases can sense extracellular and intracellular ROS. Intracellular RO...

Figure 5: Different roles of ROS under conditions of (a) pathogen attack or (b) abiotic stress. Upon pathogen attack, receptor-induced signaling activates plasma membrane or apoplast-localized oxidase...

Figure 1: Diversity in the salt tolerance of various species, shown as increases in shoot dry matter after growth in solution or sand culture containing NaCl for at least 3 weeks, relative to plant gr...

Figure 2: The growth response to salinity stress occurs in two phases: a rapid response to the increase in external osmotic pressure (the osmotic phase), and a slower response due to the accumulation ...

Figure 3: The thermodynamics and mechanisms of Na+ and Cl− transport at the soil-root and stelar cell–xylem vessel interfaces in roots. Indicative cytosolic pH, ion concentrations, and voltages are de...

Figure 4: Differences in vacuolar concentrations of Na+ across roots of transpiring wheat plants growing in 150 mM NaCl. Concentrations were measured by quantitative and calibrated X-ray microanalysis...

Figure 5: Hypothetical relationships between salinity tolerance and leaf Na+ concentration for three different species, denoted by a, b, and c for rice, durum wheat, and barley. Within most species, t...

Figure 6: Relationships measured between salinity tolerance (biomass in salt as a % of biomass in control conditions) and leaf Na+ concentration in different wheat species. (a) Negative relationship f...